Descriptive epidemiology studies observe the distribution of diseases in populations to identify characteristics associated with diseases. This presentation discusses descriptive epidemiology, including its uses and procedures. Descriptive studies first define the population and disease, then describe disease distribution by time, place and person. This involves measuring disease prevalence and incidence and comparing rates between groups. Observing these characteristics can provide clues to disease causes and help form hypotheses about risk factors. Descriptive epidemiology provides data on disease burdens to aid health planning, research and evaluation of interventions.
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
Observingthedistributionofdiseaseorhealth related events in human population.
• Identify the characteristics with which the disease is associated.
• Basically 3 questions are asked who, when and where.
• Who means the person affected, where means the place and when is the time distribution.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
Basics of Epidemiology and Descriptive epidemiology by Dr. Sonam AggarwalDr. Sonam Aggarwal
Epidemiology is the basic science of Preventive and Social Medicine.
Epidemiology is scientific discipline of public health to study diseases in the community to acquire knowledge for health care of the society. (prevention, control and treatment).
Hepatitis refers to an inflammatory condition of the liver. It’s commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis and hepatitis that occurs as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins, and alcohol. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease that occurs when your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue.
Evidence Based Practice is the integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and the best research evidence into the decision making process for patient care.
Clinical expertise refers to the clinician’s cumulated experience, education and clinical skills. The patient brings to the encounter his or her own personal preferences and unique concerns, expectations, and values.
The best research evidence is usually found in clinically relevant research that has been conducted using sound methodology.
Access to oral health care services around the world is limited by a lack of universal coverage. The internet and social media can be an important source for patients to access supplementary oral health related information
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esults are said to be "statistically significant" if the probability that the result is compatible with the null hypothesis is very small. Clinical significance, or clinical importance: Is the difference between new and old therapy found in the study large enough for you to alter your practice?
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The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
This document is designed as an introductory to medical students,nursing students,midwives or other healthcare trainees to improve their understanding about how health system in Sri Lanka cares children health.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
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India Diagnostic Labs Market: Dynamics, Key Players, and Industry Projections...Kumar Satyam
According to the TechSci Research report titled “India Diagnostic Labs Market Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2019-2029,” the India Diagnostic Labs Market was valued at USD 16,471.21 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at an impressive compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.55% through 2029. This significant growth can be attributed to various factors, including collaborations and partnerships among leading companies, the expansion of diagnostic chains, and increasing accessibility to diagnostic services across the country. This comprehensive report delves into the market dynamics, recent trends, drivers, competitive landscape, and benefits of the research report, providing a detailed analysis of the India Diagnostic Labs Market.
Collaborations and Partnerships
Collaborations and partnerships among leading companies play a pivotal role in driving the growth of the India Diagnostic Labs Market. These strategic alliances allow companies to merge their expertise, strengthen their market positions, and offer innovative solutions. By combining resources, companies can enhance their research and development capabilities, expand their product portfolios, and improve their distribution networks. These collaborations also facilitate the sharing of technological advancements and best practices, contributing to the overall growth of the market.
Expansion of Diagnostic Chains
The expansion of diagnostic chains is a driving force behind the growing demand for diagnostic lab services. Diagnostic chains often establish multiple laboratories and diagnostic centers in various cities and regions, including urban and rural areas. This expanded network makes diagnostic services more accessible to a larger portion of the population, addressing healthcare disparities and reaching underserved populations. The presence of diagnostic chain facilities in multiple locations within a city or region provides convenience for patients, reducing travel time and effort. A broader network of labs often leads to reduced waiting times for appointments and sample collection, ensuring that patients receive timely and efficient diagnostic services.
Rising Prevalence of Chronic Diseases
The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases is a significant driver for the demand for diagnostic lab services. Chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer require regular monitoring and diagnostic testing for effective management. The rise in chronic diseases necessitates the use of advanced diagnostic tools and technologies, driving the growth of the diagnostic labs market. Additionally, early diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial for managing chronic diseases, further boosting the demand for diagnostic lab services.
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Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
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The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
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Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
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CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
3. Introduction
• The best study of mankind is man.
• Descriptive studies are usually the first phase of an
epidemiological investigation.
• These studies are concerned with observing the distribution
of disease or health related characteristics in human
populations and identifying the characteristics in which the
disease in question seems to be associated.
3
5. Cross Sectional Survey
• Takes place at a single point in time
• Measure disease and exposure simultaneously
in a well-defined population
• Often used to look at the prevalence of
something in a given population
5
6. Longitudinal Survey
• Observations are repeated in the same population or
different populations over a period of time through
follow up examinations.
Advantages
1) To study the natural history of disease and its future
outcome
2) For identifying risk factors
3) Rate of occurrence of new cases of disease
6
7. • Limitations
1) Difficult to organize and more time
consuming
2) Attrition is more common as time goes by
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8. 8
Descriptive epidemiology
• When is the disease occurring?
Time distribution
• Where is it occurring ?
Place distribution
• Who is getting the disease?
Person distribution
“I keep six honest serving Men. They taught
me all I Know. Their names are – what, why,
when, how, where and who.”
Rudyard Kipling 1903
9. Procedures in Descriptive Studies
1. Defining the population to be studied
2. Defining the disease under study
3. Describing the disease under study
4. Measurement of disease
5. Comparing with known indices
6. Formulation of an etiological hypothesis
10. 1.Defining the population to be studied
• Investigations of populations and not an individual
• Define “population base”.
• Defined population
-Whole population: (geographic area)
- Representative sample
• Large enough and stable
10
11. • The concept of “defined population”(or population at risk) is
crucial in epidemiological studies. It provides the denominator
for calculating rates, which are essential to measure the
frequency of disease and study its distribution and
determinants.
• Epidemiologists have been labeled as men in search of a
denominator
11
12. 2.Defining the disease under study
• Epidemiologist needs a precise and valid definition
• Operational definition -
a definition by which the disease or condition can be
identified and measured in the defined population with a
degree of accuracy.
12
14. Characteristics frequently examined in
descriptive studies
Time Place Person
Year, Season Climatic zones Age Birth order
Month, week
Country,
region Sex Family size
Day, hour of
onset
Urban/Rural
Local
community Marital status Height/Weight
Duration
Towns cities
Institutions
Occupation
Social status
Education
Blood Pressure
Blood
Cholesterol
Personal
habits
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17. I. Short term fluctuations
• Best short term fluctuation is epidemic.
• According to the modern concepts an epidemic is defined
as “ the occurence in a community or region of cases of an
illness or other health related events clearly in excess of
normal expectancy”
17
18. Epidemic curve
It is a histogram that displays the course of an outbreak or
epidemic by plotting the number of cases according to time of
onset.
18
19. It suggests:
• A time relationship with exposure to a suspected
source.
• A cyclic or seasonal pattern suggestive of a particular
infection
19
20. A) Common Source Epidemic
• Common source ,single exposure epidemics
Known as ‘point source’ epidemic.
Exposure to the agent is brief and essentially
simultaneous, the resultant cases all develop within one
incubation period of the disease.
20
21. Common source epidemics are frequently, but not always, due to
exposure to an infectious agent.
E.g. : Food poisoning, Bhopal gas tragedy
21
22. Common source, continuous or multiple exposure
• Exposure from the source may be prolonged – continuous,
repeated or intermittent- not necessarily at the same time or
place.
• A variation may be that an epidemic may be initiated from
a common source and then continue as a propagated
epidemic.
22
23. E.g. : Water from contaminated well, Nationally distributed
brand of vaccine or food could result in similar out breaks.
23
24. B) Propagated epidemic
• Most often of infectious origin and results from person to
person transmission of the agent.
• Epidemic shows gradual rise and tails of over a much
longer period of time.
• E.g.: Epidemics of Hepatitis A
24
25. • Transmission continues until the number of susceptible is
depleted or susceptible individuals are no longer exposed to
infected persons or intermediary vectors.
• Speed of spread depends on
- Herd immunity
- Opportunities for contact
25
26. II. Periodic Fluctuations
a) Seasonal trend –
Seasonal variation is a well known characteristic of many
communicable diseases like measles, varicella, sunstroke ,
upper respiratory infections
26
27. b) Cyclic trend –
Some diseases occur in cycles spread over short periods of
time which may be days, weeks, months or years.
E.g.- Measles appeared in cycles with major peaks every 2-3
years and rubella every 6-9 years.
27
28. III. Long term or secular trends
It implies changes in the occurrence of disease over a long
period of time( i.e., a progressive increase or decrease)
generally several years or decades.
E.G : Coronary heart disease, lung cancer, diabetes have shown
a consistent upward trend and diseases like Tuberculosis ,
typhoid fever, diphtheria & polio have shown a downward
trend.
28
29. • Interpretation of time trends :
- Helps us to know which diseases are increasing and which
are the emerging health problem and measures to control the
old problems.
- By studying the time trends, the epidemiologist seeks to
provide guidelines to the health administrator in matters of
prevention or control of diseases.
29
31. • International Variations :
E.g. : Japan – High rates of death from
stomach cancer but unusual in US
31
32. • National variations :
E.g. : Endemic goiter, Fluorosis etc.
• Rural – Urban variations :
E.g. : Rural areas - Skin and zoonotic infections and
nutritional deficiencies.
Urban areas – Chronic Bronchitis, Accidents, C-V
diseases
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35. 4.Measurement of disease
• - Measurement of mortality and Morbidity
- Morbidity has two aspects – Incidence and prevalence.
Incidence can be obtained from Longitudinal studies.
Prevalence can be obtained from Cross sectional studies.
• Cross sectional studies are more useful for the study of chronic
diseases than short lived.
• Longitudinal studies are difficult to organize and more time-
consuming.
35
36. 5.Comparing with known Indices
• By making comparisons between different populations and
sub groups of the same population, it is possible to arrive at
clues to disease etiology.
36
37. 6.Formulation of etiological hypothesis
• Hypothesis is a supposition, arrived at from
observation or reflection.
• An epidemiological Hypothesis should specify the
following:
37
38. a) The population – The characteristics of the persons to
whom the hypothesis applies
b) The specific cause being considered
c) The expected outcome – the disease
d) The dose response – relationship
e) The time response – relationship
38
39. An improved formulation :
“ The smoking of 30-40 cigarettes per day causes lung cancer in
10% of smokers after 20 years of exposure.”
39
40. Uses of Descriptive epidemiology
• To provide data regarding the magnitude of the disease load
and types of disease problems in the community in terms of
morbidity and mortality rates and ratios.
• Provides clues to disease etiology and helps in the
formulation of etiological hypothesis.
40
41. • Provides background data for planning, organizing and
evaluating preventive and curative services
• They contribute to research by describing the variations in
disease occurrence by time, place and person
41
42. Conclusion
For epidemiologists, the identification of descriptive
characteristics frequently constitutes an important
step in search for determinants or risk factors that
can be altered or eliminated to reduce or prevent
disease.
42
43. References
• Park K. Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine. 23rd ed.
Bhanot Publishers. Pg no.62-73
• Peter S. Essentials of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 4th
ed. Arya Medical Publishers Pg no.92-104.
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