The document discusses various concepts in epidemiology including:
1) The epidemiologic triangle which includes the agent, host, and environment as factors that influence disease.
2) Observational study designs like cross-sectional studies which assess disease prevalence at a point in time, and cohort studies which follow groups over time to compare disease rates between exposed and unexposed individuals.
3) Key figures in the history of epidemiology like John Snow who conducted seminal investigations tracing cholera outbreaks to contaminated water sources in London in the 1850s.
4) The overall goal of epidemiology is to identify and quantify relationships between exposures and health outcomes in populations in order to control disease. Descriptive and analytical approaches are used.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
Introduction to Epidemiology
At the end of this session the participants will be able to:
Discuss the historical evolution of epidemiology
Explain the usage of epidemiology
List the core epidemiological functions
Explain types of epidemiological studies
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences
Introduction to Epidemiology
At the end of this session the participants will be able to:
Discuss the historical evolution of epidemiology
Explain the usage of epidemiology
List the core epidemiological functions
Explain types of epidemiological studies
1. Origin Of Epidemiology.
2. Definitions Of Epidemiology.
3. Objectives Of Epidemiology.
4. Branches Of Epidemiology.
5. Timeline Of Epidemiology.
6. John Graunt- The First Epidemiologist.
7. James Lind And Scurvy.
8. Edward Jenner And Small Pox.
9. Ignaz Semmelweis And Childbed Fever.
10. John Snow And Cholera
11. Conclusion
1. Origin Of Epidemiology.
2. Definitions Of Epidemiology.
3. Objectives Of Epidemiology.
4. Branches Of Epidemiology.
5. Timeline Of Epidemiology.
6. John Graunt- The First Epidemiologist.
7. James Lind And Scurvy.
8. Edward Jenner And Small Pox.
9. Ignaz Semmelweis And Childbed Fever.
10. John Snow And Cholera
11. Conclusion
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
For those battling kidney disease and exploring treatment options, understanding when to consider a kidney transplant is crucial. This guide aims to provide valuable insights into the circumstances under which a kidney transplant at the renowned Hiranandani Hospital may be the most appropriate course of action. By addressing the key indicators and factors involved, we hope to empower patients and their families to make informed decisions about their kidney care journey.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
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Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
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India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
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Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
2. MCQ - 1
“Epidemiologic Triangle” is included
A. agent, host and environment
B. Social determinant of health
C. Modern era model
D. All of the above is WRONG
3. MCQ - 2
Observational Cross-sectional Study is
A. To assess the presence (prevalence) of the health outcome
B. Study at that point of time without regard to duration.
C. Used routinely to document the prevalence
D. All of the above is TRUE
4. MCQ - 2
Observational Cross-sectional Study is
A. To assess the presence (prevalence) of the health outcome
B. Study at that point of time without regard to duration.
C. Used routinely to document the prevalence
D. All of the above is TRUE
5. MCQ - 3
Descriptive epidemiology includes
A. 5 W: What, Who, Where, When, Why
B. 3 S: Symptoms, signs and Season
C. 3 Factors: Agent, Host and Environment
D. All of the above is TRUE.
7. Death Toll: 36 million
Cause: HIV/AIDS
First identified in Democratic Republic of
the Congo in 1976, HIV/AIDS has truly
proven itself as a global pandemic, killing
more than 36 million people since 1981.
Between 2005 and 2012 the annual
global deaths from HIV/AIDS dropped
from 2.2 million to 1.6 million.
HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC
(AT ITS PEAK, 2005-2012)
8. Death Toll: 1 million
Cause: Influenza
A category 2 Flu pandemic sometimes
referred to as “the Hong Kong Flu,” the
1968 flu pandemic was caused by the
H3N2 strain of the Influenza A virus, a
genetic offshoot of the H2N2 subtype.
From the first reported case on July 13,
1968 in Hong Kong, it took only 17 days
before outbreaks of the virus were
reported in Singapore and Vietnam, and
within three months had spread to The
Philippines, India, Australia, Europe, and
the United States.
FLU PANDEMIC (1968)
9. ASIAN FLU
(1956-1958)
Death Toll: 2 million
Cause: Influenza
Asian Flu was a pandemic outbreak of Influenza A of the H2N2 subtype,
that originated in China in 1956 and lasted until 1958. In its two-year
spree, Asian Flu traveled from the Chinese province of Guizhou to
Singapore, Hong Kong, and the United States. Estimates for the death toll
of the Asian Flu vary depending on the source, but the World Health
Organization places the final tally at approximately 2 million deaths,
69,800 of those in the US alone.
10. FLU PANDEMIC
(1918)
Death Toll: 20 -50 million
Cause: Influenza
Between 1918 and 1920 a disturbingly deadly outbreak of influenza
tore across the globe, infecting over a third of the world’s
population and ending the lives of 20 – 50 million people. Of the
500 million people infected in the 1918 pandemic, the mortality rate
was estimated at 10% to 20%, with up to 25 million deaths in the
first 25 weeks alone.
11. THIRD
CHOLERA
PANDEMIC
(1852–1860)
Death Toll: 1 million
Cause: Cholera
Generally considered the most deadly of the seven cholera
pandemics, the third major outbreak of Cholera in the 19th century
lasted from 1852 to 1860. Like the first and second pandemics, the
Third Cholera Pandemic originated in India, spreading from the
Ganges River Delta before tearing through Asia, Europe, North
America and Africa and ending the lives of over a million people.
12. THE BLACK
DEATH
(1346-1353)
Death Toll: 75 – 200 million
Cause: Bubonic Plague
From 1346 to 1353 an outbreak of the Plague
ravaged Europe, Africa, and Asia, with an estimated
death toll between 75 and 200 million people.
13. PLAGUE OF
JUSTINIAN
(541-542)
Death Toll: 25 million
Cause: Bubonic Plague
Thought to have killed perhaps half the population of
Europe, the Plague of Justinian was an outbreak of the
bubonic plague that afflicted the Byzantine Empire and
Mediterranean port cities, killing up to 25 million people in
its year long reign of terror.
18. History of Epidemiology
Although epidemiology as a discipline has
blossomed since World War II,
epidemiologic thinking has been traced
from Hippocrates.
Hippocrates attempted to explain disease
occurrence from a rational rather than a
supernatural viewpoint. In his essay
entitled “On Airs, Waters, and Places,”
Hippocrates suggested that environmental
and host factors such as behaviors might
influence the development of disease.
BC 460
19. Fathers of epidemiology
Year
1662 John Graunt, a London
haberdasher and councilman
published a landmark analysis of
mortality data in 1662.
1800 an anesthesiologist named John
Snow
conducting a series of
investigations in London that
warrant his being considered the
“father of field epidemiology.”
Twenty years before the
development of the microscope,
Snow conducted studies of cholera
outbreaks both to discover the
cause of disease and to prevent its
recurrence.
20. Spot map of deaths from cholera
in Golden Square area, London, 1854 (redrawn from original)
his now famous studies in 1854 when an
epidemic of cholera erupted in the Golden
Square of London.
He began his investigation by determining
where in this area persons with cholera
lived and worked.
He marked each residence on a map of the
area, as shown in Figure.
Today, this type of map, showing the
geographic distribution of cases, is called a
spot map.
22. Definition of
Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution
and determinants of health-related states or
events in specified populations, and the
application of this study to the control of health
problems
23. Study:
collection, analysis and interpretation
Distribution:
Frequency (number of health events)
and Pattern (by time, place, person)
Determinants:
Why? How?
Health-related states:
Disease
Specified population:
Community
Application:
Community based practice.
Epidemiology is the study of the
distribution and determinants of health-
related states or events in specified
populations, and the application of this
study to the control of health problems
24. The Epidemiologic Approach
As with all scientific endeavors, the practice of epidemiology relies on a systematic approach. In very simple terms,
the epidemiologist:
Counts cases or health events, and describes them in terms of time, place, and person;
Divides the number of cases by an appropriate denominator to calculate rates; and
Compares these rates over time or for different groups of people.
25. Descriptive epidemiology
The 5W's of descriptive epidemiology:
What = health issue of concern
Who = person
Where = place
When = time
Why/how = causes, risk factors, modes of transmission
26. Analytic Epidemiology
Key feature of analytic epidemiology = Comparison group
Two categories: experimental and observational.
- Clinical Trial
- Community Trial
- Cohort study
- Case control study
- Cross-sectional study
27. Observational Cohort Study
- similar in concept to the experimental study.
- The epidemiologist records whether each study participant is exposed or not, and then
- Tracks the participants to see if they develop the disease of interest.
- After a period of time, the investigator compares the disease rate in the exposed group with the disease rate in the
unexposed group.
- In RH IPD, there are 22 medics. In Medical IPD, there are 22 medics.
- They all are enrolled in “Cohort study of physical change”, 2 year study.
- Exposure is Dr. Menno who works in RH IPD since February 2017.
In February 2019,
- 15 medics from RH IPD become look like “Long neck Karen”
- 2 medics from Medical IPD become same symptom.
To be more
understanding.
28.
29. Relative risk
Disease
Exposure Yes No Total
Yes A B A+B
No C D C+D
Total A+C B+D
Exposure to Dr. Menno has Long neck Karen symptoms.
In epidemiology, it is called “ the exposure is said to be
associated with illness”
Relative risk is 7.6.
“Working inside RH IPD has 7.6 times more risk to get “Long
neck symptom” compared with Medical IPD.
Long neck symptom
Working
with Dr.
Menno
Yes No Total
Yes (RH) 15 (a) 7 (b) 22
No (Med) 2 (c) 20 (d) 22
Total 17 27 44
RR = [a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]
= [15/22] / [2/22]
= 0.68 / 0.09
= 7.6
30. Observational Case-Control Study
- Enrolling a group of people with disease (cases)
- As a comparison group, enrolls a group of people without disease (controls).
- Then compare previous exposures between the two groups.
- The control group provides amount of exposure as well as in case group.
- If the amount of exposure among the case group is substantially higher than the amount you would
expect based on the control group, then illness is said to be associated with that exposure.
31.
32. Observational Cross-sectional Study
- a sample of persons from a population is enrolled
- their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously.
- The cross-sectional study tends to assess the presence (prevalence) of the health outcome at that point of
time without regard to duration.
- For example, in a cross-sectional study of diabetes, some of the enrollees with diabetes may have lived with their
diabetes for many years, while others may have been recently diagnosed.
- Cross-sectional studies are used routinely to document the prevalence in a community of health behaviors
(prevalence of smoking), health states (prevalence of vaccination against measles), and health outcomes,
particularly chronic conditions (hypertension, diabetes).
33.
34. Summary
- Purpose of an analytic study in epidemiology is to identify and quantify the relationship between an exposure and a
health outcome.
- The hallmark of such a study is the presence of at least two groups
- In an observational cohort study, subjects are enrolled or grouped on the basis of their exposure, then are followed to
document occurrence of disease. Differences in disease rates between the exposed and unexposed groups lead
investigators to conclude that exposure is associated with disease.
- In an observational case-control study, subjects are enrolled according to whether they have the disease or not, then
are questioned or tested to determine their prior exposure. Differences in exposure prevalence between the case and
control groups allow investigators to conclude that the exposure is associated with the disease.
- Cross-sectional studies measure exposure and disease status at the same time, and are better suited to descriptive
epidemiology than causation.