The Philippines’ main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and groundwater reservoirs. The longest and largest river, Cagayan River, discharges approximately 53, 943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its groundwater reserves are 47, 895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish cultivation. The four major groundwater reservoirs are in Cagayan, Central Luzon, Agusan, and Cotabato. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams.
Water Shortages Crisis in Karachi : Causes and Consequencesshehricbe
The document summarizes a seminar on the water shortage crisis in Karachi, Pakistan. It outlines several key points:
1) Karachi faces a water shortage due to limited natural sources and an increasing population that outstrips the available supply. Alternative sources like desalination are too expensive.
2) Citizens obtain water through illegal means like private wells and tankers due to inadequate supply from the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB).
3) The KWSB relies on private hydrant operators to distribute water, but they operate without proper oversight and sell water at high uncontrolled rates, compromising water quality and access.
Towards better management of urban water and wastewaterhydrologyproject0
This document discusses the challenges of managing urban water and wastewater in India, using Delhi as a case study. It notes that India's major cities face issues of water scarcity and pollution due to rapid population growth outpacing infrastructure development. In Delhi, the population has increased over 10-fold since 1947 and is projected to exceed 13 million. This places immense strain on Delhi's water and sewage systems. Only 22% of sewage nationally is treated before discharge, and most treatment plants are poorly operated. Delhi relies solely on surface water but produces only 2,163 MLD of accounted water daily, while over 1,000 MLD of groundwater is also extracted. Similarly, sewage generation is estimated at over 3,
The People’s Water Board is a coalition of labor, social justice, and environmental organizations based in Detroit. They work together to confront: 1) devastating lack of access to water faced by tens of thousands of low-income people who have had their water shut off; 2) water pollution due to aging wastewater infrastructure; and 3) the effort of corporate interests to gain control of Detroit’s water system. Listen to this panel discussion to learn about their struggles and victories.
The document summarizes the Louisville MSD infrastructure including its combined sewer system history and efforts to reduce combined sewer overflows through green infrastructure initiatives. It notes that the combined sewer system covers 24,000 acres and 670 miles of pipe, discharging over 2.6 billion gallons of overflow annually. Louisville MSD has invested over $400 million in a program to achieve 95% wet weather capture and comply with regulatory requirements through projects like dam installations, storage basins, and an amended consent decree requiring further improvements. The presentation highlights Louisville MSD's focus on green infrastructure strategies like rain gardens, bioswales, downspout disconnections, and green alleys to further reduce overflows in a cost-effective manner
City of Salina Brochure - Procedures For Draining Swimming PoolsCity of Salina
The document provides recommendations for draining swimming pools in Salina, Kansas. It outlines 3 options for draining chlorinated pools in order of preference: 1) irrigate pool water on pool grounds or nearby area without runoff, 2) slowly pump water to a nearby ditch over several days after discontinuing chlorination for 3-4 days, or 3) discharge to the storm sewer after 3-4 days without chlorination and controlling the flow rate. Saltwater pools should be drained by discontinuing saltwater chlorination for 3-4 days and then discharging across a gravel or planted area owned by the pool owner.
The Philippines’ main sources of water are rivers, lakes, river basins, and groundwater reservoirs. The longest and largest river, Cagayan River, discharges approximately 53, 943 million cubic meters of water annually. Its groundwater reserves are 47, 895 million cubic meters replenished by rainfall and seepage from rivers and lakes. The lakes are utilized mainly for fish cultivation. The four major groundwater reservoirs are in Cagayan, Central Luzon, Agusan, and Cotabato. There are 438 major dams and 423 smaller dams.
Water Shortages Crisis in Karachi : Causes and Consequencesshehricbe
The document summarizes a seminar on the water shortage crisis in Karachi, Pakistan. It outlines several key points:
1) Karachi faces a water shortage due to limited natural sources and an increasing population that outstrips the available supply. Alternative sources like desalination are too expensive.
2) Citizens obtain water through illegal means like private wells and tankers due to inadequate supply from the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB).
3) The KWSB relies on private hydrant operators to distribute water, but they operate without proper oversight and sell water at high uncontrolled rates, compromising water quality and access.
Towards better management of urban water and wastewaterhydrologyproject0
This document discusses the challenges of managing urban water and wastewater in India, using Delhi as a case study. It notes that India's major cities face issues of water scarcity and pollution due to rapid population growth outpacing infrastructure development. In Delhi, the population has increased over 10-fold since 1947 and is projected to exceed 13 million. This places immense strain on Delhi's water and sewage systems. Only 22% of sewage nationally is treated before discharge, and most treatment plants are poorly operated. Delhi relies solely on surface water but produces only 2,163 MLD of accounted water daily, while over 1,000 MLD of groundwater is also extracted. Similarly, sewage generation is estimated at over 3,
The People’s Water Board is a coalition of labor, social justice, and environmental organizations based in Detroit. They work together to confront: 1) devastating lack of access to water faced by tens of thousands of low-income people who have had their water shut off; 2) water pollution due to aging wastewater infrastructure; and 3) the effort of corporate interests to gain control of Detroit’s water system. Listen to this panel discussion to learn about their struggles and victories.
The document summarizes the Louisville MSD infrastructure including its combined sewer system history and efforts to reduce combined sewer overflows through green infrastructure initiatives. It notes that the combined sewer system covers 24,000 acres and 670 miles of pipe, discharging over 2.6 billion gallons of overflow annually. Louisville MSD has invested over $400 million in a program to achieve 95% wet weather capture and comply with regulatory requirements through projects like dam installations, storage basins, and an amended consent decree requiring further improvements. The presentation highlights Louisville MSD's focus on green infrastructure strategies like rain gardens, bioswales, downspout disconnections, and green alleys to further reduce overflows in a cost-effective manner
City of Salina Brochure - Procedures For Draining Swimming PoolsCity of Salina
The document provides recommendations for draining swimming pools in Salina, Kansas. It outlines 3 options for draining chlorinated pools in order of preference: 1) irrigate pool water on pool grounds or nearby area without runoff, 2) slowly pump water to a nearby ditch over several days after discontinuing chlorination for 3-4 days, or 3) discharge to the storm sewer after 3-4 days without chlorination and controlling the flow rate. Saltwater pools should be drained by discontinuing saltwater chlorination for 3-4 days and then discharging across a gravel or planted area owned by the pool owner.
Integrating Flood Risk Into Catchment Management - Michael Butts (DHI)Stephen Flood
Integrating Flood Risk Into Catchment Management - Michael Butts, Head of Innovation (DHI)
Delivered at: -
ICE Flooding 2014:
Sustainable Flood Risk Management for Communities and Infrastructure
13 May 2014 - London, UK
http://www.ice-conferences.com/ice-flooding-2014/
IRJET- Groundwater Replenishment in Ambernath RegionIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a research paper on groundwater replenishment techniques for the Ambernath region of India. It describes how the region is experiencing water scarcity due to a rising population and overextraction of groundwater. The paper proposes several artificial groundwater recharge methods to help boost water levels, including injection wells, ditches and furrows, percolation tanks, and stream channel modifications. These techniques are suggested for specific villages based on factors like available land area, proximity to water sources, and permeability of the soil. Implementing these low-cost recharge methods is expected to provide a steady water source and curb further declines in groundwater levels during dry periods.
Waukesha Diversion Impacts on the Baseflow of the Fox RiverPatrick Siwula
This document discusses a study investigating the potential impacts of rerouting Waukesha, Wisconsin's wastewater effluent from the Fox River to the Root River based on the city's approved plan to divert water from Lake Michigan. Currently, the Fox River receives around 10 million gallons per day from Waukesha's wastewater treatment plant. The study analyzed how this reduction in baseflow could impact the Fox River's water levels, habitat, and quality. Results found water level declines up to 2.91 inches downstream of the treatment plant, with minimal impacts further downstream and none at the state line. Continued monitoring is needed to validate these findings and assess long-term impacts on the Fox River from the wastew
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Wasa guidelines for design of water and wastewater systemsJeffrey James
This document provides guidelines for the design and construction of water and wastewater systems in Trinidad and Tobago. It outlines the administrative approval process, which involves obtaining outline approval, final approval, and a completion certificate. It provides design guidelines for water pipelines and related infrastructure, including estimating water demand, allowable pipeline velocities, head losses, and material specifications. Guidelines are also provided for wastewater sewers, pumping stations, and on-site wastewater disposal systems. The document aims to assist practitioners in meeting statutory requirements for water and wastewater facilities in a safe and efficient manner.
The massive increase in residential development in Lower Macungie Township has adversely affected the local stream systems. Urbanization has increased impervious surfaces and stormwater runoff, causing flooding along Little Lehigh Creek and degrading the stream's water quality and habitat. The township recognizes these effects and has undertaken efforts like stormwater management programs and zoning ordinances to better protect the environment while accommodating further development. Citizens also need more education on how their actions impact the local environment.
The Silver Lake Sanitary District was founded in 1970 to address failing septic systems that were polluting the five lakes near Wautoma, Wisconsin. The district built a $10.6 million wastewater treatment plant in 1988 that collects sewage through lines from over 1,400 properties. This sewer system has protected water quality and significantly increased property values in the district, which have risen from $34.6 million to $195.3 million over 26 years. The treatment plant continues to treat wastewater effectively while generating biosolids that are used as fertilizer on farmland.
Pakistan Flood Control System (PFCS) is designed to offer control of extreme floods in the Indus Basin through a system of five dams and three canals. The core of PFCS is the Soan Dam, which alone can successfully handle floods like those in 2010. PFCS would increase Pakistan's water storage capacity by 644% and play the role of a "Water Bank of Pakistan" to ensure adequate water supply for all provinces according to their shares. In addition to complete flood control, PFCS is estimated to add over $70 billion annually to Pakistan's economy and have strategic geopolitical impacts.
The document discusses water and electricity challenges in Saudi Arabia and the role of the Saudi Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) in addressing them. SWCC was established in 1974 to support natural water resources through seawater desalination and electric power generation. It is now the largest producer of desalinated water in the world, accounting for 18% of total global production. The Saudi government is committed to expanding desalination capacity to meet growing national demand for water and electricity in a sustainable manner.
This document discusses urban stormwater design in Malaysia. It provides background on past drainage practices that led to increased flooding and introduces a new Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA) effective in 2001. The MSMA aims to manage stormwater quantity and quality through techniques like swales, dry ponds and wetlands. It also covers estimating peak flows, including time of concentration, rainfall intensities and IDF curves. Design examples are provided for sizing drains based on development type, design storm recurrence interval and flow calculations. The document emphasizes controlling stormwater at the source to mitigate flooding issues from urbanization.
Idukki district Water Development Plan Aby Mundackal
This document provides an overview of drinking water sources and supply in Idukki District, Kerala. Some key points:
- Idukki's main water sources are surface water (rivers, reservoirs, springs, streams) and groundwater (wells, borewells). Rainfall is high throughout the district.
- The Kerala Water Authority operates 144 schemes serving over 400,000 people via public taps and connections. Coverage varies across panchayats from 0-75%.
- Groundwater availability and development has increased over time but excessive extraction and lack of recharge is a problem in some areas.
- Rainwater harvesting is encouraged to sustainably use the district's high rainfall
Water Services:Introduction
Water treatment
Demineralization
Cold-water services
Hot-water services
Pipe sizing
Materials for water services
water supply sanitation
Drain systems
The document discusses Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), which are designed to manage environmental risks from urbanization, contribute to environmental enhancement, and minimize the impact of development on water quality and quantity while maximizing amenity and biodiversity opportunities. Ideal SUDS have elements that address water quantity, quality, and amenity/biodiversity. Examples of SUDS include soakaways, swales, permeable paving. The document provides examples of SUDS implementations and highlights regulatory considerations for SUDS. It also introduces Stephen Gibson and his consulting firm Wilsham which provides civil engineering services including SUDS design.
The document discusses water challenges and management in Andhra Pradesh, India. It notes that India is already water stressed and will become more so by 2020. Andhra Pradesh receives average annual rainfall of 500-1100mm but faces issues like depleting groundwater, overexploitation of resources, and a growing population. Various government initiatives aim to improve irrigation infrastructure, promote crop diversification, water conservation, and establish water user associations. Recommendations include expanding micro-irrigation, low-input sustainable agriculture, improved crop insurance and water harvesting, and facilitating contract farming and market access for farmers.
A paradigm shift in Brittany: How a change in agricultural practice has helpe...EIP Water
Presentation hold during EIP Water Conference in Porto, as part of the Porto Water Innovation Week in Session 5 “Water and the circular economy, part 2 - agriculture”
Management of Urban Water Supply and Sewerage System
Introduction to Decentralized Sanitation Systems and Fecal Sludge Management / Faecal sludge management Value Chain
It is fully based on the concept of manual scavenging (i.e.) Clearing drainage blocks using bots and sensors at a cheaper rate with reducing human work.
The Effect of Penurious Sanitation facilities (septic tanks/latrine) on groun...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the level of contamination in groundwater sources in the Cowfield Community of Liberia due to nearby sanitation facilities like septic tanks and latrines. Water samples from six hand-dug wells were tested for various water quality parameters. All wells were found to have high microbial contamination and did not meet WHO or Liberia drinking water standards. Measurements showed that all wells were located less than 30 meters from latrines or septic tanks, which is the recommended minimum distance. The proximity of the unsanitary facilities negatively impacted water quality. The community relies heavily on groundwater sources for water, but the current infrastructure is vulnerable to contamination, especially during rainy seasons.
Integrating Flood Risk Into Catchment Management - Michael Butts (DHI)Stephen Flood
Integrating Flood Risk Into Catchment Management - Michael Butts, Head of Innovation (DHI)
Delivered at: -
ICE Flooding 2014:
Sustainable Flood Risk Management for Communities and Infrastructure
13 May 2014 - London, UK
http://www.ice-conferences.com/ice-flooding-2014/
IRJET- Groundwater Replenishment in Ambernath RegionIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a research paper on groundwater replenishment techniques for the Ambernath region of India. It describes how the region is experiencing water scarcity due to a rising population and overextraction of groundwater. The paper proposes several artificial groundwater recharge methods to help boost water levels, including injection wells, ditches and furrows, percolation tanks, and stream channel modifications. These techniques are suggested for specific villages based on factors like available land area, proximity to water sources, and permeability of the soil. Implementing these low-cost recharge methods is expected to provide a steady water source and curb further declines in groundwater levels during dry periods.
Waukesha Diversion Impacts on the Baseflow of the Fox RiverPatrick Siwula
This document discusses a study investigating the potential impacts of rerouting Waukesha, Wisconsin's wastewater effluent from the Fox River to the Root River based on the city's approved plan to divert water from Lake Michigan. Currently, the Fox River receives around 10 million gallons per day from Waukesha's wastewater treatment plant. The study analyzed how this reduction in baseflow could impact the Fox River's water levels, habitat, and quality. Results found water level declines up to 2.91 inches downstream of the treatment plant, with minimal impacts further downstream and none at the state line. Continued monitoring is needed to validate these findings and assess long-term impacts on the Fox River from the wastew
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Wasa guidelines for design of water and wastewater systemsJeffrey James
This document provides guidelines for the design and construction of water and wastewater systems in Trinidad and Tobago. It outlines the administrative approval process, which involves obtaining outline approval, final approval, and a completion certificate. It provides design guidelines for water pipelines and related infrastructure, including estimating water demand, allowable pipeline velocities, head losses, and material specifications. Guidelines are also provided for wastewater sewers, pumping stations, and on-site wastewater disposal systems. The document aims to assist practitioners in meeting statutory requirements for water and wastewater facilities in a safe and efficient manner.
The massive increase in residential development in Lower Macungie Township has adversely affected the local stream systems. Urbanization has increased impervious surfaces and stormwater runoff, causing flooding along Little Lehigh Creek and degrading the stream's water quality and habitat. The township recognizes these effects and has undertaken efforts like stormwater management programs and zoning ordinances to better protect the environment while accommodating further development. Citizens also need more education on how their actions impact the local environment.
The Silver Lake Sanitary District was founded in 1970 to address failing septic systems that were polluting the five lakes near Wautoma, Wisconsin. The district built a $10.6 million wastewater treatment plant in 1988 that collects sewage through lines from over 1,400 properties. This sewer system has protected water quality and significantly increased property values in the district, which have risen from $34.6 million to $195.3 million over 26 years. The treatment plant continues to treat wastewater effectively while generating biosolids that are used as fertilizer on farmland.
Pakistan Flood Control System (PFCS) is designed to offer control of extreme floods in the Indus Basin through a system of five dams and three canals. The core of PFCS is the Soan Dam, which alone can successfully handle floods like those in 2010. PFCS would increase Pakistan's water storage capacity by 644% and play the role of a "Water Bank of Pakistan" to ensure adequate water supply for all provinces according to their shares. In addition to complete flood control, PFCS is estimated to add over $70 billion annually to Pakistan's economy and have strategic geopolitical impacts.
The document discusses water and electricity challenges in Saudi Arabia and the role of the Saudi Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) in addressing them. SWCC was established in 1974 to support natural water resources through seawater desalination and electric power generation. It is now the largest producer of desalinated water in the world, accounting for 18% of total global production. The Saudi government is committed to expanding desalination capacity to meet growing national demand for water and electricity in a sustainable manner.
This document discusses urban stormwater design in Malaysia. It provides background on past drainage practices that led to increased flooding and introduces a new Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA) effective in 2001. The MSMA aims to manage stormwater quantity and quality through techniques like swales, dry ponds and wetlands. It also covers estimating peak flows, including time of concentration, rainfall intensities and IDF curves. Design examples are provided for sizing drains based on development type, design storm recurrence interval and flow calculations. The document emphasizes controlling stormwater at the source to mitigate flooding issues from urbanization.
Idukki district Water Development Plan Aby Mundackal
This document provides an overview of drinking water sources and supply in Idukki District, Kerala. Some key points:
- Idukki's main water sources are surface water (rivers, reservoirs, springs, streams) and groundwater (wells, borewells). Rainfall is high throughout the district.
- The Kerala Water Authority operates 144 schemes serving over 400,000 people via public taps and connections. Coverage varies across panchayats from 0-75%.
- Groundwater availability and development has increased over time but excessive extraction and lack of recharge is a problem in some areas.
- Rainwater harvesting is encouraged to sustainably use the district's high rainfall
Water Services:Introduction
Water treatment
Demineralization
Cold-water services
Hot-water services
Pipe sizing
Materials for water services
water supply sanitation
Drain systems
The document discusses Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS), which are designed to manage environmental risks from urbanization, contribute to environmental enhancement, and minimize the impact of development on water quality and quantity while maximizing amenity and biodiversity opportunities. Ideal SUDS have elements that address water quantity, quality, and amenity/biodiversity. Examples of SUDS include soakaways, swales, permeable paving. The document provides examples of SUDS implementations and highlights regulatory considerations for SUDS. It also introduces Stephen Gibson and his consulting firm Wilsham which provides civil engineering services including SUDS design.
The document discusses water challenges and management in Andhra Pradesh, India. It notes that India is already water stressed and will become more so by 2020. Andhra Pradesh receives average annual rainfall of 500-1100mm but faces issues like depleting groundwater, overexploitation of resources, and a growing population. Various government initiatives aim to improve irrigation infrastructure, promote crop diversification, water conservation, and establish water user associations. Recommendations include expanding micro-irrigation, low-input sustainable agriculture, improved crop insurance and water harvesting, and facilitating contract farming and market access for farmers.
A paradigm shift in Brittany: How a change in agricultural practice has helpe...EIP Water
Presentation hold during EIP Water Conference in Porto, as part of the Porto Water Innovation Week in Session 5 “Water and the circular economy, part 2 - agriculture”
Management of Urban Water Supply and Sewerage System
Introduction to Decentralized Sanitation Systems and Fecal Sludge Management / Faecal sludge management Value Chain
It is fully based on the concept of manual scavenging (i.e.) Clearing drainage blocks using bots and sensors at a cheaper rate with reducing human work.
The Effect of Penurious Sanitation facilities (septic tanks/latrine) on groun...IRJET Journal
This study evaluated the level of contamination in groundwater sources in the Cowfield Community of Liberia due to nearby sanitation facilities like septic tanks and latrines. Water samples from six hand-dug wells were tested for various water quality parameters. All wells were found to have high microbial contamination and did not meet WHO or Liberia drinking water standards. Measurements showed that all wells were located less than 30 meters from latrines or septic tanks, which is the recommended minimum distance. The proximity of the unsanitary facilities negatively impacted water quality. The community relies heavily on groundwater sources for water, but the current infrastructure is vulnerable to contamination, especially during rainy seasons.
Water issues of Mumbai city from the perspective of the local municipal authority in charges of supply and distribution to the city. Challenges and solutions to meeting the increasing demand for water and dealing with distribution losses among other problems.
The document discusses estimating the quantity of sewage that will flow through sewer pipes. It is theoretically equal to the water supply but there are additions and subtractions in practice. Additions include unaccounted private water sources and infiltration of groundwater into sewer pipes. Subtractions include water used for purposes other than sewage like watering gardens. The design sewage quantity is estimated by considering factors like population growth rates and per capita water consumption rates. Peak sewage flows also need to be estimated to size sewer pipes appropriately.
The document provides an overview of road drainage systems. It discusses the importance of drainage for protecting roads and ensuring safety. Different types of drainage systems used include open drains, French drains, and piped drainage. Open drains are most common but require regular maintenance to prevent blockages. Piped systems are essential in urban areas. The document also categorizes different types of roads, including freeways with limited access, major highways allowing limited turning, and minor highways that balance traffic with local access.
1) Mumbai is prone to urban flooding due to heavy rainfall that exceeds the capacity of its drainage systems. The 2005 floods inundated large parts of the city, disrupting transport and killing over 400 people.
2) Uncontrolled development has reduced open spaces and destroyed mangroves that previously absorbed excess rainfall. The narrow Mithi River is choked with waste and cannot drain water effectively.
3) Flooding affected housing, transport, businesses and critical infrastructure. Efforts since then have focused on widening drains, restoring the Mithi River, and improving disaster response systems. However, rapid urbanization continues to exacerbate flooding risks.
Municipal corporations are responsible for collecting raw water sources, treating the water, and distributing it through piping networks to consumers. The water supply process involves intake works to draw water from sources, a treatment plant to purify the water by processes like aeration, sedimentation, coagulation and filtration, transmission mains to move treated water to service reservoirs, and distribution mains that deliver water to customers through layouts like gridiron, radial, dead-end, or circular methods.
The document discusses trends in sewerage system design, construction, operation, and maintenance with special reference to climate change. It covers several key topics:
1) Climate change impacts like global warming and greenhouse gases and how they affect waste water systems.
2) Future actions needed to address climate change like mitigation efforts and resolutions.
3) Population and economic growth are putting pressure on systems and exacerbating climate change impacts.
4) Proper sewerage system design, execution, operation, and maintenance are needed to handle current and future challenges. Public awareness and involvement are also important.
Most Philippine cities have drainage systems of some kind. There are no separate storm water and waste water (sewerage) systems. Wastewater from septic systems freely mixes with the stormwater. In practice this is not as bad as it sounds as the volume of storm water is large and may well flush out the drainage system and its contents into the streams and rivers. The installation and maintenance of drainage systems (along with roads and water systems), is one of the major responsibility of local government
Storm water practice in Australia – past, present and way forward iv water 2015Iouri Vaisman
Management of the urban water cycle in Australia has changed significantly over the past few decades.
Australia’s variable climate means that droughts and floods are inevitable – we just don’t know when they will next occur, or how severe they will be.
As we lived through a series of droughts and floods, we adapted our water systems to cope with our ever-changing environment.
Living in a dry country, we need to value and use the rain that falls on our land, and the storm water runoff generated by that rainfall.
Case Study No. 9-Philippines’ Integrated Stormwater Managementharoldtaylor1113
The document discusses stormwater management in the Philippines. It begins by defining stormwater and explaining how stormwater runoff can cause pollution and flooding issues in urban areas without proper management. It then discusses stormwater harvesting, which involves collecting, treating, storing and distributing stormwater for reuse. The key aspects of stormwater harvesting systems are collection, treatment, storage and distribution. Twelve principles for integrating effective stormwater practices into the urban landscape are also outlined. Poor stormwater management can lead to downstream flooding, erosion, turbid waters, habitat destruction and contaminated streams/rivers. The Philippines faces challenges with fragmented water agencies, depletion of water resources, and inadequate infrastructure for managing increasing urbanization pressures.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The Analysis of Physio-chemical Properties of Surface Water TreatmentIRJET Journal
Water treatment is essential to provide safe drinking water and reduce waterborne illnesses. The White Plains Water Treatment Plant in Monrovia, Liberia employs conventional treatment processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and disinfection to treat water from the St. Paul River. Testing of physio-chemical parameters at the plant found the water quality to meet WHO standards. Aluminum sulfate is used as the coagulant to remove contaminants through charge neutralization. However, population growth has increased demands on the plant beyond its capacity. The study analyzes treatment optimization to improve water quality for the 1.5 million residents served.
This document provides information about a wastewater and solid waste management course at Arba Minch Water Technology Institute. The course is divided into three parts: [1] sewer systems, [2] wastewater treatment, and [3] solid waste management. Part 1 on sewer systems covers topics like design of sewage quantity estimation, hydraulic design of sewers, and construction and maintenance of sewers. It discusses different types of sewer systems including separate, combined, and partially combined systems. Sanitary sewage estimation methods and factors affecting the selection of different sewer systems are also outlined.
Roll 16,17 and 18_System Evaluation and Selection.pptxsanjaylohani8
This document presents a presentation on sustainable sanitation and ecological engineering for waste management. It discusses the history of sanitation, current status in Nepal and worldwide, and various sanitation system and technology options for both rural and urban settings. These include on-site systems like pit latrines and septic tanks, and off-site systems like simplified sewerage. It also addresses non-technical factors and provides schematic diagrams and references. The overall presentation evaluates appropriate technology choices for sanitation based on location, resources, and other practical considerations.
The document discusses water sensitive urban design (WSUD) which aims to minimize the hydrological and water quality impacts of urban development through an integrated approach. It describes some key principles of WSUD including protecting natural water systems, integrating stormwater treatment into the landscape, protecting water quality, and reducing runoff and peak flows. It provides examples of WSUD practices such as bioretention systems, wetlands, and detention ponds that can achieve these goals.
The document discusses waste water treatment and filtration processes. It provides an overview of the status of the Musi River in India, which had become severely polluted due to waste water discharges from urbanization and lack of treatment. It then describes the key components of the National River Conservation Directorate (NRCD) Project to treat waste water, including the construction of four sewage treatment plants with a total capacity of 592 million liters per day. It explains the treatment process using various components like screens, conveyor belts, reactors, and discusses completed project components like UASB reactors and filtration methods.
The document discusses various aspects of water supply and distribution systems. It covers water sources such as rain, groundwater and surface water. It then discusses water treatment processes involving primary, secondary and tertiary treatments. Key water quality parameters set by WHO are mentioned. Water usage, distribution systems both external and internal, and the water supply system in Malaysia are summarized. Major components of the water supply infrastructure in Selangor like dams and water treatment plants are also highlighted.
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Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...
Description of Lusaka sanitation-network
1. MODULE: SANITATION NETWORKING
SUBJECT: DESCRIPTION OF THE SANITATION NETWORK OF ZAMBIA
BY ; 1. KAPEMA MWABA
2. HYDARA NDEY SIREH
PROFESSOR D. LOUDYI
WATER AND ENVIRONNEMENTAL ENGINEERING
Université Hassan II de Casablanca
Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Mohammedia
2. PLAN
INTRODUCTION
SANITARY SEWERAGE SYSTEM IN LUSAKA
TYPES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL METHODES
SANITARY SEWERAGE PROBLEMS/ CHALLENGES
MEETING THE SANITARY SEWERAGE PROBLEMS/ CHALLENGES
CONCLUSION
3. INTRODUCTION
A). Geography of Zambia
Zambia is a land-locked country in Southern Africa.
AREA: 752,620Km2
POPULATION: 11,9 Million
POLITICS: Democratic Republic
ADMINISTRATION: Divided into 10 provinces with
103 districts.
ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS: 73 languages
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE: English
4. INTRODUCTION
B) WATER RESOURCES
Unlike most countries in the SADCregion, Zambia
has generally sufficient surface water to meet
the present and future demands.
The country is rich in rivers,lakes and streams.
Also Groundwater availability is unevenly distributed
And it having a tropical climate, the annual
rainfall averages between 1400mm(North) and
700mm(South).
5. INTRODUCTION
C) RESPONSIBILITY FOR WATER AND SANITATION
MINISTRY OF WATER DEVELOPMENT, SANITATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
- Responsible for water supply,sanitation infrastructure and resource mobilization
NATIONAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION COUNCIL (NWASCO)
- Advise the government on water supply, sanitation matters and tariff regulations
LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMPANIES
- Companies responsible for service provision owned by the local authorities.The size of
utilities ranges from 3000 to more than 75000 connections
6. INTRODUCTION
D) CASE STUDY; LUSAKA PROVINCE
Lusaka Province is one of Zambia’s 10 Provinces.
The provincial capital is Lusaka,which is also the
national capital. The Province has 8 districts.
Lusaka is the most densely populated with a
population of 2.1 million, about 70% of this population
reside in Peri-Urban areas. In total Lusaka has 33
Different Peri-Urban areas.
7. INTRODUCTION
COMPANY RESPONSIBLE FOR WATER AND SANITATION IN LUSAKA:
- Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC)
The company has an operational area divided in 8
Operational branches;
1. Kabulonga
2. Kabwata
3. Central
4. Lumumba
5. Chelston
6. Matero
7. Peri-urban
8. Kafue
8. INTRODUCTION
Reponsibilities of LWSC:
Piped water supply
Water quality testing
Leak detection
Sewage disposal
Sewerage services
Sewer maintenance and repairs
9. TARRIFICATION
SERVICES TARIFF
SEWERAGE
Domestic 30%
Commercial/ Industrial 45%
WATER
Domestic Metered Customers
1st block - to 6 K/M3 3,93
2nd block 6 to 30 k/M3 4,72
3rd block 30 to 100 K/M3 5,35
Commercial Metered Customers
1st block 0 to 30K/M3 6,85
2nd block 30 to 170K/M3 9,46
3rd block 170 to – K/M3 10,76
Tarrification for sewerage connection is normally calculated as the %of the water consumption. For
customers using own boreholes or other sources, it is base on access bill of similar connected
customers.
10. SANITARY SEWAGE SYSTEMS IN
LUSAKA
LUSAKA HAS BOTH THE COLLECTIVE AND NON COLLECTIVE SANITARY
SEWERAGE SYSTEMS.
COLLECTIVE SEWERAGE SYSTEM:
-Lusaka uses the separative collective system: This means that two separate collecter
methods are used.
1. One for wastewater
2. The other for stormwater
NON COLLECTIVE SEWERAGE SYSTEM:
This system is mainly used in the Peri-Urban areas that do not have a sewer public network
connection.
11. TYPES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
METHODES
1). THE WATERBORNE METHODE
NETWORK OF PIPES + SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANTS
This methode covers about 35% of the areas and is directly managed by the LWSC.
The Lusaka city pipe network covers a total length of about 450km with about 10,000
manholes.
12. TYPES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
METHODES
The network has a total of 8 sewerage pumping stations
15. TYPES OF SEWERAGE DISPOSAL
METHODES
2) ON-SITE SANITATION SYSTEM
The on-site sanitation can be divided into 2 types:
I. SEPTIC TANK AND SOAK-AWAYS: This methode covers about 20% of the areas
16. TYPES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
METHODES
II. PIT-LATRINES: This covers about 45% of the areas
and find wide application in the very high density
residential area in the City. When they are filled,
some are emptied by the local authorities or just
back filled by the owners and construct new ones.
17. TYPES OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL
METHODES
LAYOUT OF SEWAGE COLLECTED MANUALLY AND DISPOSED AT THE NEAREST PLANT
18. SANITATION SEWERAGE
PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES
1). INFRASTRUCTURE PROBLEMS
Aged infrastructure, which makes them beyond useful
lifetime.
Pipeline networks degrade with age, they become weak and
readily burst whilst still in service. Most of the network in
Zambia was constructed in the early 1950s and little to no
rehabilitaions have been done to fix the problem of aged
pipelines.
19. SANITATION SEWERAGE
PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES
2). UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS
Peri-Urban areas are the biggest
challenge. They are disorderly developped
mainly due to rapid increase in population.
• These unplanned settlements result to;
1. Demand being higher than services
Provided.
2. Overloaded sewage treatment plants.
• Corresponding to the sewerage services
in the city, unplanned settlements have posed
as a challenge to the sanitation of the city . In cases where an effort has been made to make sewer
connections to an existing system,volumetric overloading of a particular network occurs because extra
loads had not been catered for when the network and treatment plants were being designed.
20. SANITATION SEWERAGE
PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES
3). SURCHARGING OF SEWER LINES
This is caused by the sanitary system
being separative making waste water
collection independent from rainwater
collection which in most parts of the city is
Non fonctional or absent.
During the rainy season alot of run off, along
with silt finds its way into the sewer system
which causes surcharghing of the pipeline as
they get flooded.
The sewer system then stops functioning and
collection of the sewage is impaired creating then very unsanitary conditions as run offs
mixes with the sewage thereby exposing residents to health hazards.
21. SANITATION SEWERAGE
PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES
4). GEOGRAPHICAL FORMATIONS
Many of the new unplanned residential areas that have
sprung up in the city are in places which have a rocky
Geological formation such as Karstic,Dolomite and
Limestone.
This condition does not favour the use of sewer lines or
Septic tanks.
22. SANITATION SEWERAGE
PROBLEMS/CHALLENGES
5). RISKING THE CONTAMINATION OF UNDERGROUND
WATER
Areas where pit-latrines are used tend to
have high rates of groundwater use .
Studies have associated pit-latrine use with
The transport of fecal coliforms and chemicals
Through soil and into local water sources.
28. CONCLUSION
The disposal of the sewer waste is a day to day problem that many
human settlements, whether villages, town and cities are faced
with. unless the disposal of such is adequately handled, it can pose
very serious dangers to both human and animal life and the
environment at large.