The document discusses water sensitive urban design (WSUD) which aims to minimize the hydrological and water quality impacts of urban development through an integrated approach. It describes some key principles of WSUD including protecting natural water systems, integrating stormwater treatment into the landscape, protecting water quality, and reducing runoff and peak flows. It provides examples of WSUD practices such as bioretention systems, wetlands, and detention ponds that can achieve these goals.

1. Water Sensitive Urban Design

3. WATER FACTSHEET: Can Weather Cause War ? Can Water Cause War ? Saat ini sekitar 1.1 milyar penduduk dunia tidak memiliki akses air bersih, dan sebagian besar didominasi oleh wanita dan anak-anak (UNDP) 1 dari 5 orang di negara berkembang hidup dengan air kurang dari 20 liter per hari, sedangkan penduduk negara maju hidup dengan air 200-300 liter/hari. Bahkan penduduk Amerika lebih boros lagi 575liter/hari (UNDP) Penduduk negara berkembang, seperti Indonesia, Philipina dan banyak negara di Amerika Selatan membayar air 5-10 kali LEBIH MAHAL dibandingkan penduduk negara kaya. 9. Banyak sungai besar di dunia, dalam jangka waktu 20 tahun akan surut, saking parahnya malah tidak akan bermuara lagi di laut. Termasuk diantaranya adalah Sungai Mekong, Sungai Kuning dan Sungai Colorado.

4. • Drain/fill land to allow development – pipe everything - ends up in rivers and ocean • Construct trapezoidal drains (modify waterways) leading to sumps • Separate systems for water supply, wastewater and stormwater • Use potable water for everything • Water issue – left too late in the planning process, for example: Puri Indah, Taman Palem TRADITIONAL APPROACH IN WATER ENGINEERING DESIGN

5. WHAT IS WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN ? Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) is a philosophical approach to urban planning and design that aims to minimize hydrological and water quality impacts of urban development. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT sustainable urban water management.

6. “ WATER SENSITIVE” – Sustainable solutions for managing water resources – technical and nontechnical (governance) – Protecting aquatic ecosystems “ URBAN DESIGN” – Integrating total urban water cycle management into the urban design and built form – landscape architecture, building architecture – Enhancing the landscape/recreation/habitat – Creating an “Urban Ecology”

7. Protect natural systems protect and enhance natural water systems within urban developments. Promoting and protecting natural waterways as assets allows them to function more effectively and supports the ecosystems that rely on them. Integrate stormwater treatment into the landscape use stormwater in the landscape by incorporating multiple use corridors that maximise the visual and recreational amenity of developments. The natural stormwater drainage system can be utilised for its aesthetic qualities within parklands and walking paths, making use of natural topography such as creek lines and ponding areas. PURPOSE

8. Protect water quality – improve the quality of water draining from urban developments into receiving environment. Through filtration and retention, water draining from urban developments can be treated to remove pollutants close to their source. This approach reduces the effect that polluted water can have upon the environment and protects the natural waterways. Reduce runoff and peak flows – reduce peak flows from urban development by local detention measures and minimising impervious areas. Local detention and retention enables effective land use for flood mitigation by utilising numerous storage points in contrast to the current practice of utilisation of large retarding basins. This approach subsequently reduces the infrastructure required downstream to effectively drain urban developments during rainfall events. Add value while minimising development costs – minimise the drainage infrastructure cost of the development. The reduction of downstream drainage infrastructure due to reduced peak flows and runoff minimises the development costs for drainage, whilst enhancing natural features such as rivers and lakes that add value to the properties of the area. PURPOSE

12. A Water Sensitive City • Flexibility & Adaptability “ Cities as water supply catchments” – Diversity of water sources of water (ie. alternative sources including stormwater, sewer mining, recycled wastewater, desalinated water) – Diversity of infrastructure (ie. centralised and decentralised systems promoting a fit-for-purpose framework for matching water usage to water quality) “ Like a share portfolio, flexible and cost effective access to the diverse water sources will be underpinned by a diversity of centralised and decentralised water infrastructure”

21. Creating a Reservoir in the City which will act as a tidal barrier to control flooding in low-lying areas i n the city, create a new reservoir to augment Singapore's water supply and serve as a major lifestyle attraction in Singapore's downtown

28. A Water Sensitive City • Flexibility & Adaptability “ Cities as water supply catchments” • Improved water quality and ecosystem health of urban aquatic environment

30. STORMWATER MANAGEMENT = BIORENTENTION An engineered process to manage stormwater runoff, using the chemical, biological and physical properties afforded by a natural, terrestrial-based community of plants, microbes and soil. Bioretention provides two important functions: (i) water quantity (flood) controls; and (ii) improve water quality through removal of pollutants and nutrients associated with runoff. Developed by. Prince George’s County, Maryland (1990)

31. Early concepts

32. Ultra Urban Areas Ultra urban areas are densely developed urban areas in which little pervious surface exists. Bioretention facilities are ideally suited to many ultra urban areas, such as parking lots. While they consume a fairly large amount of space (approximately 5% of the area that drains to them), they can fit into existing parking lot islands or other landscaped areas. Stormwater Hotspots Stormwater hotspots are areas where land use or activities generate highly contaminated runoff, with concentrations of pollutants in excess of those typically found in stormwater. A typical example is a gas station or convenience store parking lot. Bioretention areas can be used to treat stormwater hotspots as long as an impermeable liner is used at the bottom of the filter bed. Stormwater Retrofit A stormwater retrofit is a stormwater management practice (usually structural) put into place after development has occurred, to improve water quality, protect downstream channels, reduce flooding, or meet other objectives. Bioretention can be used as a stormwater retrofit, by modifying existing landscaped areas, or if a parking lot is being resurfaced. In highly urban watersheds, they are one of the few retrofit options that can be employed. However, it is very expensive to retrofit an entire watershed using bioretention areas since they treat small sites. Where ???

44. Improve Stormwater Quality to control sediment discharge To remove coarse to medium sized sediments SEDIMENT BASIN

45. TRADITIONAL SEDIMENTATION BASIN – CONCEPT LAYOUT

46. SEDIMENTATION BASIN – KEY ELEMENTS

54. A Water Sensitive City • Flexibility & Adaptability “ Cities as water supply catchments” • Improved water quality and ecosystem health of urban aquatic environment • Building social capital (ie. community receptivity, professional capacity, institutional capacity)

55. HONGKONG WETLAND PARK

56. Major functions of wetlands are: Store Wetlands absorb massive run-off and release water slowly, e.g. floodplain Filter Wetlands can trap waste and break down pollutants, e.g. reed beds Protect Wetlands protect our shore lines against storm waves, floods and erosions, e.g. mangroves Provide Wetlands provide us food, medicines and natural materials, e.g. rice paddies Shelter Wetlands are home to living organisms and support complex food web, e.g. coral reefs

58. VICTORIA PARK

59. The removal of storm water Contaminated downstream-Alexandra canal

60. Carriageway towards to the center of east-west streets

61. Porous pipes

62. A system of weirs and inlets

63. Central park A detention pond is a low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less around for flood control when large amounts of rain could cause flash flooding if not dealt with properly.

64. Sedimentation pond

66. Networks

67. Vehicular

68. Pedestrian

69. Public Transport

70. Cycle

71. Landscape elements

74. Environmental Vs Developmental Self-reinforcing Strategies? Environmental Developmental 1 Introducing sustainable water management Victoria Park as a model for development and transformation of Green Square 2 Integration of Stormwater Management with open space Broader network of public open space within Green Square 3 Environmental infrastructure across the site Circulation and movement across the site 4 Bioretention Swale System Streetscape Flexibility for future change 5 Infrastructural support – Gross pollutant traps Supporting a highly urbanized landscape 6 Water Detention Central Park Public Domain for the community 7 “ Storm Waters” installation Public Art 8 Sedimentation pond Irrigation Biodiversity

79. RAIN GARDEN – FEDERATION SQUARE

83. RAIN WATER TANKS – RYDER OVAL PAVILION