Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. It was previously known as manic depressive psychosis. Bipolar I involves severe mania and depression while Bipolar II involves hypomania and severe depression. The causes are genetic factors, neurochemical imbalances, and environmental stressors. Treatment involves mood stabilizing drugs like lithium, antipsychotics, psychotherapy, and lifestyle management to reduce symptoms and prevent recurrence.
This document defines delusions and describes different types of delusions. It states that a delusion is a false, unshakeable belief that is not accepted by the person's culture. Delusions can be bizarre, non-bizarre, mood congruent, or neutral. Common themes of delusions include persecutory, jealous, erotomanic, somatic, and grandiose delusions. The document also notes that delusional disorder involves only delusions, while schizophrenia involves delusions and other symptoms.
This document discusses delirium and dementia. It defines delirium as a disturbance of consciousness and cognition that develops rapidly. Common causes include medical conditions, substances, and trauma. Dementia involves a progressive decline in cognitive functions due to brain damage or disease. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. The document stages the progression of Alzheimer's disease from no symptoms to severe cognitive decline. It also discusses various types of dementia and their neurological underpinnings.
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
The document discusses schizophrenia, including its characteristic symptoms, subtypes, treatments, and theories about its causes. Some key points include:
- The main symptoms of schizophrenia are delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
- There are several subtypes of schizophrenia including paranoid, catatonic, and undifferentiated.
- Both older "conventional" and newer "atypical" antipsychotic medications are used to treat schizophrenia by reducing positive symptoms.
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests psychotic symptoms are related to excess dopamine activity in the brain, which newer theories have expanded on to include other neurotransmitters.
This document provides information on psychiatric emergencies. It discusses conditions that require immediate psychiatric attention such as suicide, violence, catatonia, panic attacks, and victims of disasters. It outlines characteristics, objectives, types, and general guidelines for managing psychiatric emergencies. Specific conditions like suicide, violence, stupor, and alcohol withdrawal are explained in terms of epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, symptoms, and management. The nursing management of various psychiatric emergencies is also summarized, focusing on ensuring patient safety, monitoring, providing support and treatment, and creating a calm environment.
A psychiatric emergency is a disturbance in thoughts, feelings, or actions that requires immediate treatment to protect the patient's life and safety as well as others. Common types of psychiatric emergencies include suicide attempts, violence, panic attacks, psychosis from drug or alcohol withdrawal, and extreme mental states like catatonia. Immediate interventions may involve de-escalation, sedation, and treating any life-threatening conditions present while evaluating the underlying cause of the emergency.
Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. It was previously known as manic depressive psychosis. Bipolar I involves severe mania and depression while Bipolar II involves hypomania and severe depression. The causes are genetic factors, neurochemical imbalances, and environmental stressors. Treatment involves mood stabilizing drugs like lithium, antipsychotics, psychotherapy, and lifestyle management to reduce symptoms and prevent recurrence.
This document defines delusions and describes different types of delusions. It states that a delusion is a false, unshakeable belief that is not accepted by the person's culture. Delusions can be bizarre, non-bizarre, mood congruent, or neutral. Common themes of delusions include persecutory, jealous, erotomanic, somatic, and grandiose delusions. The document also notes that delusional disorder involves only delusions, while schizophrenia involves delusions and other symptoms.
This document discusses delirium and dementia. It defines delirium as a disturbance of consciousness and cognition that develops rapidly. Common causes include medical conditions, substances, and trauma. Dementia involves a progressive decline in cognitive functions due to brain damage or disease. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. The document stages the progression of Alzheimer's disease from no symptoms to severe cognitive decline. It also discusses various types of dementia and their neurological underpinnings.
Mania is a facet of type I bipolar disorder in which the mood state is abnormally heightened and accompanied by hyperactivity and a reduced need for sleep.
The document discusses schizophrenia, including its characteristic symptoms, subtypes, treatments, and theories about its causes. Some key points include:
- The main symptoms of schizophrenia are delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.
- There are several subtypes of schizophrenia including paranoid, catatonic, and undifferentiated.
- Both older "conventional" and newer "atypical" antipsychotic medications are used to treat schizophrenia by reducing positive symptoms.
- The dopamine hypothesis suggests psychotic symptoms are related to excess dopamine activity in the brain, which newer theories have expanded on to include other neurotransmitters.
This document provides information on psychiatric emergencies. It discusses conditions that require immediate psychiatric attention such as suicide, violence, catatonia, panic attacks, and victims of disasters. It outlines characteristics, objectives, types, and general guidelines for managing psychiatric emergencies. Specific conditions like suicide, violence, stupor, and alcohol withdrawal are explained in terms of epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, symptoms, and management. The nursing management of various psychiatric emergencies is also summarized, focusing on ensuring patient safety, monitoring, providing support and treatment, and creating a calm environment.
A psychiatric emergency is a disturbance in thoughts, feelings, or actions that requires immediate treatment to protect the patient's life and safety as well as others. Common types of psychiatric emergencies include suicide attempts, violence, panic attacks, psychosis from drug or alcohol withdrawal, and extreme mental states like catatonia. Immediate interventions may involve de-escalation, sedation, and treating any life-threatening conditions present while evaluating the underlying cause of the emergency.
The Mental Status Exam (MSE) is the psychological equivalent of a physical exam that describes the mental state and behaviors of the person being seen. It includes both objective observations of the clinician and subjective descriptions given by the patient.
It includes descriptions of the patient's appearance and general behavior, level of consciousness and attentiveness, motor and speech activity, mood and affect, thought and perception, attitude and insight, the reaction evoked in the examiner, and, finally, higher cognitive abilities.
Almost all people affected by emergencies will experience psychological distress which for most people will improve over time.People with severe mental disorder are especially vulnerable during emergencies and need access to mental health care and other basic needs.
This document provides guidance on conducting a mental health assessment using the ABCAPCRI framework. It describes what should be documented for each component: Appearance, Behaviour, Conversation, Affect, Perception, Cognition, and Rapport/Insight. It also discusses recognizing and managing depression in residents, using assessment tools like the Geriatric Depression Scale. Guidelines are given for documenting concerning behaviors, including triggers and management plans. When interviewing, empathetic and non-judgmental questioning is advised to clarify the client's statements.
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSINGVipin Chandran
1. The document discusses various neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders, phobic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and somatoform disorders.
2. It provides classifications of these disorders based on the ICD-10 system and describes key features, symptoms, etiologies, and treatment approaches for each disorder type.
3. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach including psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, drug therapies like antidepressants, and in more severe cases of OCD, electroconvulsive therapy or psychosurgery may be used.
The document discusses mood disorders such as depression. It defines depressive disorders as syndromes involving depressed mood, pessimistic thinking, lack of enjoyment and reduced energy. It classifies depressive disorders and lists their prevalence, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and nursing management considerations.
Conversion disorder and dissociative disorders were originally referred to as hysteria. Conversion disorder involves psychological stressors causing neurological-like symptoms that have no medical cause, like paralysis or sensory deficits. Dissociative disorders involve disruptions to identity, memory, or awareness. Common types include dissociative amnesia and fugue. Psychological theories attribute these disorders to repression of trauma, while behavioral theories involve learned symptom behaviors. Treatment involves psychotherapy, hypnosis, and addressing underlying conflicts. Nursing care focuses on safety, effective coping skills, social skills training, and symptom management.
Mood disorders are characterized by disturbances in emotional and behavioral responses ranging from elation to depression. They include depressive disorders like major depression and dysthymia, as well as bipolar disorders characterized by episodes of mania and depression. Potential causes include genetic and biological factors. Management involves psychopharmacological treatment with mood stabilizers or antidepressants, as well as nursing care, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy.
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that can cause you to experience episodes of extreme highs and extreme lows. These episodes are called mania and depression.
This document provides information on nursing management of patients with mood disorders. It begins with definitions of mood and mood disorders. It then covers the epidemiology, classification, etiology, psychopathology and clinical features of mood disorders like mania, hypomania, and depression. It also discusses the historical perspectives, treatment modalities including pharmacotherapy and psychosocial treatment. Finally, it outlines nursing assessments, diagnoses and interventions for patients experiencing mania.
This document discusses depression, including its symptoms, criteria for diagnosis, prevalence, and treatment approaches. Depression exists on a continuum from normal mood fluctuations to more severe abnormal mood lowering with functional impairment. It is a persistent and pervasive condition with a wide range of psychological and physical symptoms. Treatment involves both antidepressant medication and talking therapies, with the goals of explaining depression, setting a treatment plan and review schedule, and preventing future episodes.
Crisis intervention is an immediate and short-term psychological care aimed at assisting individuals in a crisis situation in order to restore equilibrium to their bio-psycho-social functioning and to minimize the potential of long-term psychological trauma.
The term personality refers to enduring qualities of an individual that are shown in his ways of behaving in a wide variety of circumstances. It is the sum total of a person’s intellectual, emotional and volitional traits; and it is revealed by his appearance, behavior, habits and relationships with other people, which differentiate him as unique individual.
1) Milieu therapy, also known as therapeutic community, was developed in the 1940s independently by T. Main in Birmingham and Maxwell Jones in the UK. It focuses on manipulating the patient's social environment and involving them in community activities and decision making.
2) Milieu therapy aims to use a patient's social environment to provide therapeutic experiences. It enables patients to actively participate in their own care and the daily problems of their community.
3) There are three main types of milieu therapy: genuine therapeutic community, therapeutic milieu of institution, and social therapy or concept-based therapy. The therapeutic community respects individuals and shares decision making with patients.
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to psychological trauma like natural disasters, accidents, or abuse. Genetic and neurological factors increase risk. Symptoms include emotional numbness, disturbing dreams, irritability, and social withdrawal. Diagnosis involves assessing trauma history and symptoms. Treatment includes pharmacotherapy with antidepressants or benzodiazepines, as well as psychotherapy like exposure therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. Nursing care focuses on safety, monitoring for suicidal ideation, providing a calm environment, and supporting rehabilitation.
Neurotic disorders are less severe psychiatric disorders where patients experience excessive or prolonged emotional reactions to stress. These disorders are not caused by organic brain diseases and do not involve hallucinations or delusions. Some examples include somatoform disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Phobic anxiety disorder is characterized by irrational fears of specific objects, situations, or activities. Treatment involves psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, medication, and addressing underlying negative thoughts contributing to anxiety.
Delirium is an acute, fluctuating disturbance of consciousness associated with changes in cognition or the development of perceptual disturbances. It can present as hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed. Hyperactive delirium involves agitation and repetitive behaviors while hypoactive delirium involves withdrawal and is often missed. Causes include substance use, medical conditions like infection or metabolic disorders, and head injuries. Haloperidol is commonly used to treat delirium though it can cause extrapyramidal symptoms and other side effects. A thorough history including baseline cognition and current medications aids in diagnosis and distinguishing delirium from dementia.
This document discusses geropsychiatry and related topics. It defines geropsychiatry as a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental health and illness in older adults. It also defines related terms like geriatrics, gerontology, and gerontics. It discusses theories of aging including biological theories focusing on genetic and cellular changes, and psychosocial theories examining social and psychological factors. Finally, it outlines techniques for effective communication with older adults.
Personal disorganization refers to behavior that deviates from social norms and causes disorder. It has three stages - in the first, an individual attempts to find solutions to problems but loses stability if unsuccessful. In the second stage, some may progress directly to the third stage of permanent unadjustment, potentially leading to insanity or suicide. Personal disorganization can be caused by factors like biological issues, environmental stressors, insecure roles, and social crises. Types include sex offenses, alcoholism, drug addiction, juvenile delinquency, and suicide. Nurses play a role in closely observing clients, providing support, and educating on treatment and prevention.
The Mental Status Exam (MSE) is the psychological equivalent of a physical exam that describes the mental state and behaviors of the person being seen. It includes both objective observations of the clinician and subjective descriptions given by the patient.
It includes descriptions of the patient's appearance and general behavior, level of consciousness and attentiveness, motor and speech activity, mood and affect, thought and perception, attitude and insight, the reaction evoked in the examiner, and, finally, higher cognitive abilities.
Almost all people affected by emergencies will experience psychological distress which for most people will improve over time.People with severe mental disorder are especially vulnerable during emergencies and need access to mental health care and other basic needs.
This document provides guidance on conducting a mental health assessment using the ABCAPCRI framework. It describes what should be documented for each component: Appearance, Behaviour, Conversation, Affect, Perception, Cognition, and Rapport/Insight. It also discusses recognizing and managing depression in residents, using assessment tools like the Geriatric Depression Scale. Guidelines are given for documenting concerning behaviors, including triggers and management plans. When interviewing, empathetic and non-judgmental questioning is advised to clarify the client's statements.
Unit 8 neurotic stress and somatoform, PSYCHIATRIC NURSINGVipin Chandran
1. The document discusses various neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders including anxiety disorders, phobic disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and somatoform disorders.
2. It provides classifications of these disorders based on the ICD-10 system and describes key features, symptoms, etiologies, and treatment approaches for each disorder type.
3. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach including psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, drug therapies like antidepressants, and in more severe cases of OCD, electroconvulsive therapy or psychosurgery may be used.
The document discusses mood disorders such as depression. It defines depressive disorders as syndromes involving depressed mood, pessimistic thinking, lack of enjoyment and reduced energy. It classifies depressive disorders and lists their prevalence, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options including pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and nursing management considerations.
Conversion disorder and dissociative disorders were originally referred to as hysteria. Conversion disorder involves psychological stressors causing neurological-like symptoms that have no medical cause, like paralysis or sensory deficits. Dissociative disorders involve disruptions to identity, memory, or awareness. Common types include dissociative amnesia and fugue. Psychological theories attribute these disorders to repression of trauma, while behavioral theories involve learned symptom behaviors. Treatment involves psychotherapy, hypnosis, and addressing underlying conflicts. Nursing care focuses on safety, effective coping skills, social skills training, and symptom management.
Mood disorders are characterized by disturbances in emotional and behavioral responses ranging from elation to depression. They include depressive disorders like major depression and dysthymia, as well as bipolar disorders characterized by episodes of mania and depression. Potential causes include genetic and biological factors. Management involves psychopharmacological treatment with mood stabilizers or antidepressants, as well as nursing care, psychotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy.
Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that can cause you to experience episodes of extreme highs and extreme lows. These episodes are called mania and depression.
This document provides information on nursing management of patients with mood disorders. It begins with definitions of mood and mood disorders. It then covers the epidemiology, classification, etiology, psychopathology and clinical features of mood disorders like mania, hypomania, and depression. It also discusses the historical perspectives, treatment modalities including pharmacotherapy and psychosocial treatment. Finally, it outlines nursing assessments, diagnoses and interventions for patients experiencing mania.
This document discusses depression, including its symptoms, criteria for diagnosis, prevalence, and treatment approaches. Depression exists on a continuum from normal mood fluctuations to more severe abnormal mood lowering with functional impairment. It is a persistent and pervasive condition with a wide range of psychological and physical symptoms. Treatment involves both antidepressant medication and talking therapies, with the goals of explaining depression, setting a treatment plan and review schedule, and preventing future episodes.
Crisis intervention is an immediate and short-term psychological care aimed at assisting individuals in a crisis situation in order to restore equilibrium to their bio-psycho-social functioning and to minimize the potential of long-term psychological trauma.
The term personality refers to enduring qualities of an individual that are shown in his ways of behaving in a wide variety of circumstances. It is the sum total of a person’s intellectual, emotional and volitional traits; and it is revealed by his appearance, behavior, habits and relationships with other people, which differentiate him as unique individual.
1) Milieu therapy, also known as therapeutic community, was developed in the 1940s independently by T. Main in Birmingham and Maxwell Jones in the UK. It focuses on manipulating the patient's social environment and involving them in community activities and decision making.
2) Milieu therapy aims to use a patient's social environment to provide therapeutic experiences. It enables patients to actively participate in their own care and the daily problems of their community.
3) There are three main types of milieu therapy: genuine therapeutic community, therapeutic milieu of institution, and social therapy or concept-based therapy. The therapeutic community respects individuals and shares decision making with patients.
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to psychological trauma like natural disasters, accidents, or abuse. Genetic and neurological factors increase risk. Symptoms include emotional numbness, disturbing dreams, irritability, and social withdrawal. Diagnosis involves assessing trauma history and symptoms. Treatment includes pharmacotherapy with antidepressants or benzodiazepines, as well as psychotherapy like exposure therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy. Nursing care focuses on safety, monitoring for suicidal ideation, providing a calm environment, and supporting rehabilitation.
Neurotic disorders are less severe psychiatric disorders where patients experience excessive or prolonged emotional reactions to stress. These disorders are not caused by organic brain diseases and do not involve hallucinations or delusions. Some examples include somatoform disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Phobic anxiety disorder is characterized by irrational fears of specific objects, situations, or activities. Treatment involves psychotherapy, relaxation techniques, medication, and addressing underlying negative thoughts contributing to anxiety.
Delirium is an acute, fluctuating disturbance of consciousness associated with changes in cognition or the development of perceptual disturbances. It can present as hyperactive, hypoactive, or mixed. Hyperactive delirium involves agitation and repetitive behaviors while hypoactive delirium involves withdrawal and is often missed. Causes include substance use, medical conditions like infection or metabolic disorders, and head injuries. Haloperidol is commonly used to treat delirium though it can cause extrapyramidal symptoms and other side effects. A thorough history including baseline cognition and current medications aids in diagnosis and distinguishing delirium from dementia.
This document discusses geropsychiatry and related topics. It defines geropsychiatry as a subspecialty of psychiatry dealing with mental health and illness in older adults. It also defines related terms like geriatrics, gerontology, and gerontics. It discusses theories of aging including biological theories focusing on genetic and cellular changes, and psychosocial theories examining social and psychological factors. Finally, it outlines techniques for effective communication with older adults.
Personal disorganization refers to behavior that deviates from social norms and causes disorder. It has three stages - in the first, an individual attempts to find solutions to problems but loses stability if unsuccessful. In the second stage, some may progress directly to the third stage of permanent unadjustment, potentially leading to insanity or suicide. Personal disorganization can be caused by factors like biological issues, environmental stressors, insecure roles, and social crises. Types include sex offenses, alcoholism, drug addiction, juvenile delinquency, and suicide. Nurses play a role in closely observing clients, providing support, and educating on treatment and prevention.
एंग्जायटी (Anxiety) लक्षण प्रकार कारण परिणाम इलाज Symptoms Types Cuases C...Dr Shahnawaz Alam
एंग्जायटी (Anxiety) लक्षण प्रकार कारण परिणाम इलाज Symptoms Types Cuases Complications Treatmentएंग्जायटी (Anxiety) आजकल की भागदौड़ भरी जिंदगी में इंसान को अपने लिए भी समय नहीं मिलता रिश्तो को मधुरता से नहीं निभा पाता रिश्तो के विश्वास में कमी एक दूसरे से आगे निकलने की होड़ लड़ाई झगड़े समाज से दूर रहना अपने में ही व्यस्त रहना अपने भविष्य और अपने वर्तमान के बारे में हर समय चिंतित रहना बेचैनी घबराहट महसूस करना एंग्जायटी कहलाता है यह इंसान के लिए बहुत घातक है यह इंसान के मस्तिष्क को बहुत अधिक नुकसान पहुंचाती है विचारों को प्रभावित करता है और असुरक्षा की भावना मस्तिष्क में पैदा होती है नकारात्मक विचार पैदा होते हैं एंग्जायटी जितना नुकसान और चोट मस्तिष्क को पहुंचाती है उससे कहीं ज्यादा नुकसान शरीर को भी पहुंचाती है जब कोई व्यक्ति डिप्रेशन में रहता है निराश रहता है उदास रहता है अपनी भावनाओं को अनदेखा करता है अपनी इच्छाओं को दबाता है वास्तव में भावनाओं को अनदेखा करना इच्छाओं को दबाना इस प्रकार से ही अवसाद वह डिप्रेशन उत्पन्न होता है जिससे एंग्जायटी का रूप ले सकता है एंग्जायटी से पीड़ित व्यक्ति को हर समय डर लगा रहता है कि उसके साथ कुछ गलत होने वाला है घबराहट होती है उल्टी का मन करता है घबराहट के दौरे पड़ते हैं दिल की धड़कन तेज हो जाती है मतलब यह कहा जा सकता है कि उस व्यक्ति को अपने जीवन में सुकून नहीं मिलता इस तरह के लोग ओवरथिंकिंग होते हैं जो बहुत अधिक सोचते हैं उन्हें अपने सवालों के जवाब नहीं मिल पाते अजीब अजीब से सवाल मन के अंदर उठते हैं और खुद उनका जवाब तलाश करते हैं जब वह जवाब नहीं मिल पाते तो वह विचलित हो जाते हैं इसे एंग्जायटी कहा जाता है तनावपूर्ण घटनाएं :
कार्यस्थल पर तनाव, अपने किसी प्रिय व्यक्ति का निधन, प्रेमिका से ब्रेकअप आदि से भी एंग्जाइटी डिसऑर्डर के लक्षण उभर सकते हैं।
थायरॉयड की समस्या, दमा, डायबिटीज या हृदय रोग से एंग्जाइटी डिसऑर्डर की समस्या हो सकती। डिप्रेशन से पीड़ित लोग भी इसकी चपेट में आ सकते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए, जो व्यक्ति लंबे समय से डिप्रेशन से जूझ रहा हो, उसकी कार्यक्षमता में गिरावट आने लगती है पर्सनैलिटी से जुड़े डिसऑर्डर :
आपने गौर किया होगा कि कुछ लोगों को बहुत ज्यादा परफेक्शन के साथ काम करने की आदत होती है। लेकिन जब ये परफेक्शन की जिद सनक बन जाए तो ये डिसऑर्डर है। वो अपने आप पर शक वहम करने लगते हैं कई बार यही जिद ऐसे लोगों में बिना वजह की घबराहट और चिंता को जन्म देती है।उत्तेजित हो जाना .
. बेवजह की चिंता करना
3. घबराहट हो जाना ...
4. हृदयगति में बढ़ोत्तरी होना
5. थकान हो जाना ...
. लोगों के सामने जाने से डरना
7. ध्यान देने में मुश्किल होना ...
8. चिड़चिड़ापन
9. मांसपेशियों में तनाव ...
10. छाती में खिंचाव महसूस होना
11. सोने में समस्या होना ...
12. सांस फूलना
13. घबराहट का दौरा पड़ना
14. लोगों से बातचीत करने से डरना
सिरदर्द को शरीर के सिर या ऊपरी गर्दन से उत्पन्न होने वाले दर्द के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है। दर्द खोपड़ी या मस्तिष्क को घेरने वाले ऊतकों से उत्पन्न होता है क्योंकि मस्तिष्क में ही कोई नसें नहीं होती हैं जो दर्द की अनुभूति को जन्म देती हैं।
यदि आप भी लगातार सिर दर्द से परेशान है और जयपुर में सिर दर्द का इलाज (Headache Treatment in Jaipur) कराना चाहते है तो अभी संपर्क करे डॉ. राहुल माथुर जीसे ! माथुर जी जयपुर के सर्वश्रेस्ठ सर्वश्रेष्ठ जनरल फिजिशियन (General Physician in Jaipur) में से एक हैं जो आपको सही और बेहतरीन उपचार प्रदान करेंगे आपको
Reduce Your Risk Of Dementia: A presentation in Hindi Swapna Kishore
This presentation explains what the risk factors for dementia are and what you can do to reduce your chance of getting dementia.
इस प्रस्तुति में देखें: डिमेंशिया/ अल्ज़ाइमर से कैसे बचें
डिमेंशिया (मनोभ्रंश) और सम्बंधित देखभाल के अनेक पहलू हैं. इनपर विस्तृत चर्चा के लिए हमारे वेबसाइट पर अनेक पृष्ठ हैं; देखें: http://dementiahindi.com/
Electrohomeopathy was devised by Cesare Mattei (1809–1896) in the latter part of the 19th century. Mattei, a nobleman living in a castle in the vicinity of Bologna,[2] studied natural science, anatomy, physiology, pathology, chemistry and botany. He ultimately focused on the supposed therapeutic power of "electricity" in botanical extracts. Massei made bold, unsupported claims for the efficacy of his treatments, including the claim that his treatments offered a nonsurgical alternative to cancer.[3] His treatment regimens were met with scepticism by mainstream medicine:
The electrohomeopathic system is an invention of Count Mattei who prates of "red," "blue," and "green" electricity, a theory that, in spite of its utter idiocy, has attracted a considerable following and earned a large fortune for its chief promoter Remedies are derived from what are said to be the active micro nutrients or mineral salts of certain plants. One contemporary account of the process of producing electrohomeopathic remedies was as follows:
As to the nature of his remedies we learn...that...they are manufactured from certain herbs, and that the directions for the preparation of the necessary dilutions are given in the ordinary jargon of homeopathy. The globules and liquids, however, are " instinct with a potent, vital, electrical force, which enables them to work wonders." This process of "fixing the electrical principle" is carried on in the secret central chamber of a Neo-Moorish castle which Count Mattei has built for himself in the Bolognese Apennines...The "red electricity" and "white electricity" supposed to be "fixed" in these "vegetable compounds" are in their very nomenclature and suggestion poor and miserable fictions According to Mattei's own ideas however, every disease originates in the change of blood or of the lymphatic system or both, and remedies can therefore be mainly divided into two broad categories groups to be used in response to the dominant affected system. Mattei wrote that having obtained plant extracts, he was "able to determine in the liquid vegetable electricity". Allied to his theories and therapies were elements of Chinese medicine, of medical humours, of apparent Brownianism, as well as modified versions of Samuel Hahnemann's homeopathic principles.[8] Electrohomeopathy has some associations with spagyric medicine, a holistic medical philosophy claimed to be the practical application of alchemy in medical treatment, so that the principle of modern electrohomeopathy is that disease is typically multi-organic in cause or effect and therefore requires holistic treatment that is at once both complex and natural.
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3. डिप्रेशन (अवसाद) - Depression
• दुःख, बरा महसूस करना, दैननक गनिविधियों में रुधि या खशी ना रखना हम इन सभी बािों से पररधिि हैं। लेककन
जब यही सारे लक्षण हमारे जीिन में अधिक समय िक रहिे हैं और हमें बहि अधिक प्रभाविि करिे हैं, िो इसे
अिसाद यानन डिप्रेशन कहिे हैं। विश्ि स्िास््य संगठन (WHO) के अनसार दननया भर में अिसाद सबसे सामान्य
बीमारी है। और दननया भर में लगभग 350 मममलयन लोग अिसाद से प्रभाविि होिे हैं
• अिसाद एक मानमसक स्िास््य विकार है। विशेष रूप से यह एक मूि विकार है जो लगािार उदासी और ककसी भी
िीज़ से कोई लगाि न होने के कारण होिा है। अिसाद कछ ददनों की ही समस्या नहीं है यह एक लम्बी बीमारी है।
अिसाद प्रकरण की औसि समय 6-8 महीने होिी है।
4. डिप्रेशन (अवसाद) के प्रकार - Types of
Depression
• अिसाद के कई अलग-अलग प्रकार हैं, जजनमें शाममल हैं -
• मेजर डिप्रेशन - Major depressive disorder
• िायजस्िममया या क्रोननक अिसाद - Dysthymia and chronic depression
• सीजनल इफे जटिि या मौसम प्रभाविि डिप्रेशन - Seasonal affective disorder
• सायकोदिक डिप्रेशन - Psychotic depression
• बाइपोलर डिप्रेशन - Bipolar depression
5. मेजर डिप्रेशन - Major depressive disorder
• मेजर डिप्रेशन में व्यजटि गहरी ननराशा और आशाहीन्िा में िला जािा है। इस
अिसाद के लक्षण व्यजटि के काम करने, अध्ययन करने, सोने, खाने और
आनन्ददायक गनिविधियों का आनंद लेने की क्षमिा में हस्िक्षेप करिे हैं। मेजर
अिसाद के िल एक बार हो सकिा है लेककन अकसर यह जीिन भर में कई बार
होिा है।
6. िायस्टिममया या क्रोननक अवसाद - Dysthymia
and chronic depression
• िायजस्िममया को लम्बे समय से िल रहें अिसाद के रूप में संदमभिि ककया जािा है। यह
अिसाद का गंभीर रूप नहीं है, लेककन इस अिसाद के लक्षण लंबे समय िक कई िषों
िक रह सकिे हैं। जो लोग िायजस्ियममया से पीड़िि होिे हैं, िे आमिौर पर सामान्य रूप
से कायि करने में सक्षम होिे हैं पर हमेशा नाखश लगिे हैं। िायजस्ियममया की जस्िधि
मेजर डिप्रेशन से मभन्न है। िायजस्ियममया के लक्षण प्रमख अिसाद से कम होिे हैं।
िायजस्ियममया की पहिान करने के मलए ियस्कों में यह कम से कम दो साल और बच्िों
या ककशोरों में एक िषि िक यह रहना िादहए।
7. सीजनल इफे स्टिव या मौसम प्रभाववत डिप्रेशन -
Seasonal affective disorder
• मौसम प्रभाविि डिप्रेशनहर हर साल एक ही समय में आिा है। आम िौर पर यह जस्प्रंग या सददियों
में शरू होिा है और िसंि या गममियों की शरुआि में समाप्ि होिा है। मौसम प्रभाविि डिप्रेशन का
एक दलिभ रूप समर डिप्रेशन (गमी के अिसाद) के रूप में जाना जािा है। यह िसंि या गममियों की
शरुआि में शरू होिा है और जस्प्रंग में समाप्ि होिा है।
• जो लोग सीजनल इफे जटिि डिप्रेशन से पीड़िि हैं, उनमें प्रमख अिसाद के लक्षण होिे हैं जैसे
उदासी, धि़िधि़िापन सामान्य गनिविधियों में रूधि ना होिा, सामाजजक गनिविधियों से भागना
और ध्यान कें दिि करने में कमी आदद।
8. सायकोटिक डिप्रेशन - Psychotic depression
• लोग जो मानमसक अिसाद के मलए अस्पिाल में भिी होिे हैं इनमें लगभग 25%
लोग सायकोदिक डिप्रेशन से पीड़िि होिे हैं। अिसाद के लक्षणों के अनिररटि
सायकोदिक डिप्रेशन िाले लोगों में मनिभ्रम - उन िीजों को देखना या सनना जो
िास्िि में नहीं हैं या भ्रम - िकि हीन वििार और भय के लक्षण भी दीखिे हैं।
9. बाइपोलर डिप्रेशन - Bipolar depression
• इस डिप्रेशन में मन लगािार कई हफ़्िो िक या मदहनों िक बहि उदास या कफर
बहि अत्यधिक खश रहिा है। उदासी में नकारात्मक वििार ििा मैननक डिप्रेशन
में ऊँ िे ऊँ िे वििार आिे हैं। इसमें पीड़िि व्यजटि का मन बारी-बारी से दो अलग
और विपरीि अिस्िाओं में जािा रहिा है। इस बीमारी में इंसान के व्यिहार में
अिानक बदलाि देखने को ममलिा है। कभी मरीज बहि खश िो कभी बहि
उदास रहिा है।
10. डिप्रेशन (अवसाद) के लक्षण - Depression
Symptoms
• अिसाद ककस प्रकार का है, उसके अनसार अिसाद के लक्षण मभन्न हो सकिे है।
• सकिा है। िो िमलए जानिे हैं अिसाद के लक्षणों के बारे में -
• उदासी
• िकान
• ध्यान कें दिि करने में परेशानी
• दख
• गस्सा
• धि़िधि़िापन
• हिाशा
• आनंददायक या मजेदार गनिविधियों में भाग ना लेना
11. Cont..
• बहि अधिक नींद या बहि कम नींद आना
• एनजी में कमी, अस्िस्ि भोजन की लालसा करना
• धिंिा
• दसरो से अलग रहना
• बेिैनी
• धिंनिि रहना
• स्पष्ि रूप से सोिने या ननणिय लेने में परेशानी
12. • काम या स्कू ल में खराब प्रदशिन
• गनिविधियों में भाग ना लेना
• अपरािबोि होना
• मन में आत्मघािी वििार लाना
• मसर या मांसपेमशयों में ददि रहना
• दिा या शराब का दरुपयोग करना
13. डिप्रेशन (अवसाद) के कारण - Depression
Causes
• डिप्रेशन का कारण हो सकिा है आनिंमशकी - Depression caused by genetics
• अिसाद का कारण हैं ददमाग में पररिििन - Depression due to brain chemical
imbalance
• डिप्रेशन का कारण है हामोन पररिििन - Depression as a result of hormonal
imbalance
• मौसम में पररिििन है डिप्रेशन का कारण - Depression during seasonal changes
• जीिन में ब़िा पररिििन है डिप्रेशन का कारण - Situational causes of depression
14. डिप्रेशन का कारण हो सकता है आनुवंमशकी -
Depression caused by genetics
• अिसाद िंशानगि से हो सकिा। यदद आपके पररिार में पहले ककसी सदस्य को
कभी अिसाद हआ हो िो आप भी अिसाद का अनभि कर सकिे हैं। अभी िक
यह पिा नहीं िला है की अिसाद में कौन सा जीन शाममल है।
15. अवसाद का कारण हैं टदमाग में पररवततन -
Depression due to brain chemical
imbalance
• मजस्िष्क में न्यूरोट्ांसमीिर (Neurotransmitters), विशेष रूप से सेरोिोननन (
serotonin), िोपामाइन (dopamine) या नोरेपेनेकिन (norepinephrine) खशी और
आनंद की भािनाओं को प्रभाविि करिे हैं और अिसाद की जस्िधि में ये
असंिमलि हो सकिे हैं। एन्िीडिप्रेंिेंट्स न्यूरोट्ांसमीिर को संिमलि करने का
काम करिा है।
16. डिप्रेशन का कारण है हामोन पररवततन -
Depression as a result of hormonal
imbalance
• हामोन उत्पादन या हामोन के कामकाज में पररिििन से भी अिसाद की शरुआि
हो सकिी है। हामोन में भी बदलाि जैसे रजोननिृवि, प्रसि, िायरॉयि समस्या या
अन्य विकार के दौरान बदलाि भी अिसाद का कारण बन सकिे हैं।
17. मौसम में पररवततन है डिप्रेशन का कारण -
Depression during seasonal changes
• जैसे-जैसे सददियों के ददन आिे हैं और ददन छोिे हो जािे हैं, बहि से लोग सस्िी,
िकान और रोज़मराि के कायों में रूधि ना रख पाना अनभि करिे हैं। इस समस्या
को मौसम प्रभाविि विकार (SAD) कहा जािा है। यह जस्िनि आमिौर पर सददियां
ख़त्म होने पर समाप्ि हो जािी है जब ददन लम्बे हो जािे हैं।
18. जीवन में बडा पररवततन है डिप्रेशन का कारण -
Situational causes of depression
• कोई ट्ॉमा, जीिन में ब़िा पररिििन या संघषि अिसाद जैसी समस्या को बढ़ा सकिा है। ककसी वप्रयजन
को खो देना, नौकरी से ननकाल ददया जाना, िन से सम्बंधिि परेशाननयों का सामना करना या कोई और
गंभीर बदलाि लोगों में अिसाद की समस्या को जन्म देिे हैं।
• पोस्ि-ट्ोमैदिक िनाि विकार (PTSD) अिसाद का एक रूप है जो जीिन में ककस गंभीर पररजस्िनि से
गजरने के बाद होिा है। अटसर यद्ि से लौिने िाले सैननकों में PTSD की समस्या होिी है। यह कई
घिनाओं के कारण भी हो सकिा है जैसे बिपन में ट्ामा के कारण, ककसी िरािनी घिना के कारन,
दव्यििहार या हमले के कारण, गंभीर कार दघििना या अन्य दघििना के कारण, ककसी ने िमकी दी हो
उसके कारण आदद।
19. डिप्रेशन (अवसाद) का परीक्षण - Diagnosis of
Depression
• अवसाद का ननदान कै से करें?
• िॉटिर अिसाद का ननदान ननम्नमलखखि परीक्षणों द्िारा कर सकिे हैं –
• शारीररक पररक्षण - िॉटिर आपका शारीररक पररक्षण कर सकिे हैं, और आपसे आपके स्िास्िय से सम्बंधिि
सिाल भी पूछ सकिें हैं। कछ मामलों में, अिसाद शारीररक समस्याओं के कारण होिा है।
• प्रयोगशाला परीक्षण - िॉटिर रटि परीक्षण कर सकिें हैं। जजसे पूणि रटि गणना कहा जािा है, या िायरॉयि का
परीक्षण कर सकिें हैं, यह सननजश्िि करने के मलए कक िह ठीक से काम कर रहा है।
• मनो-धिककि ्सा संबंिी पररक्षण - िॉटिर आपके लक्षण, वििार, भािनाओं और व्यिहार के पैिनों के बारे में पूछिें है,
इन सिालों के जिाब देने के मलए आपको एक प्रश्नािली भरने के मलए कहा जा सकिा है।
20. डिप्रेशन (अवसाद) का इलाज - Depression
Treatment
• समििन
• साइकोिेरपी - इसे िॉककं ग िेरेपी भी कहा जािा है, जैसे कक - कॉजिनदिि
बबहेवियरल िेरेपी (CBT)।
• दिाइयों द्िारा इलाज - एंिी-िेप्रेसेंट्स का उपयोग होिा होिा है।
21. Cont..
• व्यायाम और अन्य इलाज
• एरोबबक व्यायाम - एरोबबक व्यायाम हल्के अिसाद को ठीक कर सकिा है टयोंकक यह न्यूरोट्ांसमीिर
नोरेपेनेकिन को उिेजजि करिा है, जो मूि से संबंधिि है।
• मजस्िष्क उिेजना उपिार - इलेटट्ोकन्िजल्सि धिककत्सा सदहि - अिसाद में भी उपयोग ककया जािा
है।
• इलेटट्ोकन्िजल्सि िेरेपी (electroconvulsive therapy) - अिसाद के गंभीर मामले जजनसे दिाओं द्िारा
इलाज में फकि नहीं प़िा है, उन्हें इलेटट्ोकन्िजल्सि िेरेपी (ईसीिी) से फायदा हो सकिा है; यह
मनोिैज्ञाननक अिसाद के मलए विशेष रूप से प्रभािी है।
22. Cont..
• साइकोथेरपी
• अिसाद के मलए की जाने िाली साइकोलॉजजकल या िॉककं ग िेरेपी में कॉजिनदिि बबहेवियरल िेरेपी
(CBT), इंिरपसिनल साइकोिेरपी और समस्या ननिारण उपिार शाममल है।
• CBT और इंिरपसिनल िेरेपी दो मख्य प्रकार की साइकोिेरपी हैं, जजनका इस्िेमाल अिसाद को ठीक
करने के मलए ककया जािा है। CBT को आमने-सामने, समूह में या िेलीफोन द्िारा व्यजटिगि सत्रों में
वििररि ककया जा सकिा है।
• एंिी-िेप्रेसेंट्स दवाइयां
• इन दिाइयों का िॉटिर द्िारा सझाि ददया जािा है। इन दिाइयों का मध्यम से लेकर िीव्र अिसाद को
ठीक करने में इस्िेमाल होिा है। यह दिाइयां छोिें बच्िों को नहीं दी जािी हैं। ककशोरों को भी बहि
साििानी से इसका इस्िेमाल करना िादहए। उदहारण के मलए - ट्ाईसाइजटलक एंिी-िेप्रेसेंट्स (tricyclic
anti-depressants)।
23. डिप्रेशन (अवसाद) के जोखिम और जटिलताएं -
Depression Risks & Complications
• कछ व्यजटित्ि लक्षण, जैसे कक -
• कम आत्मसम्मान
• बहि अधिक ननभिर
• स्ि-आलोिनात्मक
• ननराशािादी
• ददिनाक या िनािपूणि घिनाएं - जैसे
कक -
• शारीररक या यौन शोषण
• ककसी एक व्यजटि की मौि या हानन
• एक कदठन संबंि
• या वििीय समस्याएं
24. Cont..
• करीबी ररश्िेदारों को अिसाद होना
जजसमें
• द्विध्रिी विकार
• शराब
• आत्महत्या शाममल हैं।
• अन्य मानमसक स्िास््य संबंिी
विकारों का इनिहास - जैसे कक -
• धिंिा विकार
25. डिप्रेशन (अवसाद) से बचाव - Prevention of
Depression
• डिप्रेशन से बिने के मलए आहार - Diet for depression patients
• अिसाद से ननकलने का उपाय है व्यायाम - Exercise to get rid of depression
• डिप्रेशन को दूर करने के उपाय हैं पवित्र शास्त्र - Books to help overcome depression
• अिसाद से बिाि में सनें मिर संगीि - Listening to music helps depression
• डिप्रेशन की दिा है जल्दी उठना, जल्दी सोना - Depression se bachne ke liye sleep early get up early
• डिप्रेशन से ननकलने का िरीका है अपना शौक पूरा करना - Pursue hobbies to prevent depression