Depresiasi, Implementasi, and Deplesi

11-2
C H A P T E RC H A P T E R 1111
DEPRECIATION, IMPAIRMENTS,DEPRECIATION, IMPAIRMENTS,
AND DEPLETIONAND DEPLETION
Intermediate Accounting
IFRS Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield

11-3
1. Explain the concept of depreciation.
2. Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.
3. Compare activity, straight-line, and diminishing-charge methods of
depreciation.
4. Explain component depreciation.
5. Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.
6. Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral
resources.
7. Explain the accounting for revaluations.
8. Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and
mineral resources.
Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

11-4
DepreciationDepreciation
FactorsFactors
involvedinvolved
Methods ofMethods of
depreciationdepreciation
ComponentComponent
depreciationdepreciation
Special issuesSpecial issues
ImpairmentsImpairments DepletionDepletion
PresentationPresentation
and Analysisand Analysis
RecognizingRecognizing
impairmentsimpairments
ImpairmentImpairment
illustrationsillustrations
Reversal ofReversal of
lossloss
Cash-Cash-
generatinggenerating
unitsunits
Assets to beAssets to be
disposed ofdisposed of
AnalysisAnalysis
Establishing aEstablishing a
basebase
Write-off ofWrite-off of
resource costresource cost
EstimatingEstimating
reservesreserves
LiquidatingLiquidating
dividendsdividends
Depreciation, Impairments, and DepletionDepreciation, Impairments, and DepletionDepreciation, Impairments, and DepletionDepreciation, Impairments, and Depletion
RevaluationsRevaluations
RecognitionRecognition
IssuesIssues

11-5
Alokasi kos aset jangka panjang:
Aset berwujud jangka panjang = biaya depresiasi
Aset Takberwujud = biaya amortisasi
Sumber daya mineral = Biaya Deplesi
Depresiasi adl proses akuntansi untuk mengalokasikan kos
aset-aset berwujud menjadi biaya (expense) secara
sistimatik & rasional ke periode-periode yang mendapatkan
manfaat dari penggunaan aset tersebut.
Depreciation - Method of Cost AllocationDepreciation - Method of Cost AllocationDepreciation - Method of Cost AllocationDepreciation - Method of Cost Allocation
LO 1 Explain the concept of depreciation.LO 1 Explain the concept of depreciation.

11-6
LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process.
Tiga pertanyaan dasar :
Faktor-faktor yang dipertimbangkan dalam proses
depresiasi:
(1) Basis depresiasi apa yang akan digunakan?
(2) Berapa lama umur manfaat aset?
(3) Metode apa yang terbaik untuk mengalokasikan kos?

11-7
Basis Depresiasi
Illustration 11-1
Basis depresiasi = kos mula-mula ($10.000) – Nilai residu ($1.000)
= $9.000

11-8
Estimasi Umur Manfaat/ Ekonomis
 Umur manfaat umumnya berbeda dengan umur secara fisik
 Aset dihentikan penggunaannya karena 2 alasan:
1. Faktor-faktor fisik (kecelakaan atau berakhirnya umur
secara fisik – aus)
2. Faktor-faktor ekonomik (tidak lagi mampu memenuhi
kebutuhan, ketinggalan teknologi, dan usang

11-9
LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and diminishing-LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and diminishing-
charge methods of depreciation.charge methods of depreciation.
Profesi akuntansi mengharuskan penggunaan metode yang
“sistimatik dan rasional:. Contohnya adalah:
Metode Depresiasi
(1) Activity method (units of use or production). Metode berbasis
aktivitas (unit penggunaan atau unit produksi)
(2) Straight-line method. Metode garis lurus
(3) Diminishing (accelerated)-charge methods: Metode pembebanan
dipercepat:
a) Sum-of-the-years’-digits. Jumlah angka tahun
b) Declining-balance method. Metode saldo menurun

11-10
LO 3LO 3
Activity Method Metode Aktivitas
Illustration 11-2
Illustration: If Stanley uses the crane for 4,000 hours the first
year, the depreciation charge is:
Stanley CoalStanley Coal
Mines FactsMines Facts
Illustration 11-3

11-11
Straight-Line Method Metode Garis Lurus
Illustration: Stanley computes depreciation as follows:
Illustration 11-4
Illustration 11-2
LO 3LO 3

11-12
Diminishing-Charge Methods Metode Pembebanan
Dipercepat
Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits. Each fraction uses the sum of the
years as a denominator (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15). The
numerator is the number of years of estimated life remaining
as of the beginning of the year.
Illustration 11-2
n(n+1)n(n+1)
22
==
5(5+1)5(5+1)
22
== 1515
LO 3LO 3
Alternate sum-of-the-Alternate sum-of-the-
years’ calculationyears’ calculation

11-13
Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits Jumlah Angka Tahun
Illustration 11-6

11-14
Declining-Balance Method. Metode Saldo Menurun
► Utilizes a depreciation rate (%) that is some multiple of the
straight-line method. Menggunakan tarif depresiasi (%) kelipatan dari
tarif garis lurus
► Does not deduct the residual value in computing the
depreciation base. Nilai residual tidak diperhitungkan dalam
menentukan basis depresiasi
Diminishing-Charge Methods Metode Pembebanan
Dipercepat Illustration 11-2
LO 3LO 3

11-15
Illustration 11-7
Declining-Balance Method Metode Saldo Menurun

11-16
LO 4 Explain component depreciation.LO 4 Explain component depreciation.
IFRS requires that each part of an item of property, plant,
and equipment that is significant to the total cost of the
asset must be depreciated separately. IFRS mengharuskan
komponen suatu item aset tetap yang nilainya signifikan terhadap
total kos item asetnya didepresiasi secara terpisah
Component Depreciation

11-17
Illustration: EuroAsia Airlines purchases an airplane for
€100,000,000 on January 1, 2011. The airplane has a useful
life of 20 years and a residual value of €0. EuroAsia uses the
straight-line method of depreciation for all its airplanes.
EuroAsia identifies the following components, amounts, and
useful lives.
Component Depreciation
Illustration 11-8

11-18
Computation of depreciation expense for EuroAsia for 2011.
Illustration 11-9
Depreciation Expense 8,600,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Airplane 8,600,000
Depreciation journal entry for 2011.

11-19
Special Depreciation Issues
(1) How should companies compute depreciation for
partial periods? Bagaimana seharusnya perusahaan
menghitung penyusutan untuk periode passial?
(2) Does depreciation provide for the replacement of
assets? Apakah penyusutan berarti menabung untuk
melakukan penggantian atas aset?
(3) How should companies handle revisions in
depreciation rates? Bagaimana seharusnya perusahaan
menangani revisi tarif penyusutan

11-20
E11-5 (Depreciation Computations—Four Methods): Maserati
Corporation purchased a new machine for its assembly process on
August 1, 2010. The cost of this machine was €150,000. The
company estimated that the machine would have a salvage value of
€24,000 at the end of its service life. Its life is estimated
at 5 years and its working hours are estimated at 21,000 hours. Year-
end is December 31.
Instructions: Compute the depreciation expense for 2010 under the
following methods.
(a) Straight-line depreciation. (c) Sum-of-the-years’-digits.
(b) Activity method (d) Double-declining balance.

11-21
Current
Depreciable Annual Partial Year Accum.
Year Base Years Expense Year Expense Deprec.
2010 126,000$ / 5 = 25,200$ x 5/12 = 10,500$ 10,500$
2011 126,000 / 5 = 25,200 25,200 35,700
2012 126,000 / 5 = 25,200 25,200 60,900
2013 126,000 / 5 = 25,200 25,200 86,100
2014 126,000 / 5 = 25,200 25,200 111,300
2015 126,000 / 5 = 25,200 x 7/12 = 14,700 126,000
126,000$
Journal entry:
2010 Depreciation expense 10,500
Accumultated depreciation 10,500
Straight-line Method

11-22
($126,000 / 21,000 hours = $6 per hour)
(Given) Current
Hours Rate per Annual Partial Year Accum.
Year Used Hours Expense Year Expense Deprec.
2010 800 x $6 = 4,800$ 4,800$ 4,800$
2011 x =
2012 x =
2013 x =
2014 x =
800 4,800$
Journal entry:
LO 3LO 3
Activity Method (Assume 800 hours used in 2010)(Assume 800 hours used in 2010)

11-23
Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits Method
Current
Depreciable Annual Partial Year Accum.
Year Base Years Expense Year Expense Deprec.
2010 126,000$ x 5/15 = 42,000 x 5/12 17,500$ 17,500$
2011 126,000 x 4.58/15 = 38,500 38,500 56,000
2012 126,000 x 3.58/15 = 30,100 30,100 86,100
2013 126,000 x 2.58/15 = 21,700 21,700 107,800
2014 126,000 x 1.58/15 = 13,300 13,300 121,100
2015 126,000 x .58/15 = 4,900 4,900 126,000
126,000$
Journal entry:
LO 3LO 3
5/12 = .416667
7/12 = .583333

11-24
Double-Declining Balance Method
Current
Depreciable Rate Annual Partial Year
Year Base per Year Expense Year Expense
2010 150,000$ x 40% = 60,000$ x 5/12 = 25,000$
2011 125,000 x 40% = 50,000 50,000
2012 75,000 x 40% = 30,000 30,000
2013 45,000 x 40% = 18,000 18,000
2014 27,000 x 40% = 10,800 Plug 3,000
126,000$
Journal entry:
LO 3LO 3

11-25
Depreciation and Replacement of PP&E Depresiasi
dan Penggantian Aset Tetap
Depreciation
► Does not involve a current cash outflow. Depresiasi
tidak menggambarkan arus kas masa kini
► Funds for the replacement of the assets come from
the revenues. Pembiayaan untuk penggantian aset
tetap berasal dari pendapatan

11-26
 Accounted for in the current and prospective periods.
Dicatat pada periode sekarang & periode-periode
selanjutnya (prospektif)
 Not handled retrospectively Tidak diperlakukan secara
retrospektif
 Not considered errors or extraordinary items Tidak
dianggap kesalahan atau pos luar biasa
Revision of Depreciation Rates Perubahan atas Tarif
Depresiasi

11-27
Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for $510,000 which wasArcadia HS, purchased equipment for $510,000 which was
estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a residual valueestimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a residual value
of $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has beenof $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has been
recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2010 (year 8), itrecorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2010 (year 8), it
is determined that the total estimated life should be 15 yearsis determined that the total estimated life should be 15 years
with a residual value of $5,000 at the end of that time.with a residual value of $5,000 at the end of that time.
Questions:Questions:
 What is the journal entry to correctWhat is the journal entry to correct
the prior years’ depreciation?the prior years’ depreciation?
 Calculate the depreciation expenseCalculate the depreciation expense
for 2010.for 2010.
No EntryNo Entry
RequiredRequired
Change in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate Example

11-28
EquipmentEquipment $510,000$510,000
Accumulated depreciationAccumulated depreciation 350,000350,000
Net book value (NBV)Net book value (NBV) $160,000$160,000
Balance SheetBalance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2009)(Dec. 31, 2009)
Change in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate Example After 7 yearsAfter 7 years
Equipment costEquipment cost $510,000$510,000
Salvage valueSalvage value - 10,000- 10,000
Depreciable baseDepreciable base 500,000500,000
Useful life (original)Useful life (original) 10 years10 years
Annual depreciationAnnual depreciation $ 50,000$ 50,000 x 7 years =x 7 years = $350,000$350,000
First, establish NBVFirst, establish NBV
at date of change inat date of change in
estimate.estimate.
First, establish NBVFirst, establish NBV
at date of change inat date of change in
estimate.estimate.

11-29
Change in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate ExampleChange in Estimate Example After 7 yearsAfter 7 years
Net book valueNet book value $160,000$160,000
Salvage value (new)Salvage value (new) 5,0005,000
Depreciable baseDepreciable base 155,000155,000
Useful life remainingUseful life remaining 8 years8 years
Annual depreciationAnnual depreciation $ 19,375$ 19,375
Expense calculationExpense calculation
for 2010.for 2010.
Expense calculationExpense calculation
for 2010.for 2010.
Depreciation expense 19,375
Accumulated depreciation 19,375
Journal entry for 2010

11-30
ImpairmentsImpairmentsImpairmentsImpairments
LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.
A long-lived tangible asset is impaired when a company is not able
to recover the asset’s carrying amount either through using it or by
selling it. Aset berwujud jangka panjang mengalami impairments (penurunan
nilai), jika kemampuannya untuk menghasilkan kas telah berkurang, baik dengan
menggunakannya ataupun dengan menjualnya
Recognizing Impairments Mengakui Impairments
(penurunan nilai)
On an annual basis, companies review the asset for indicators of
impairments—that is, a decline in the asset’s cash-generating ability
through use or sale. Setiap tahun, adanya indikator impairments (penurunan
nilai) harus direview – apakah kemampuan aset untuk menghasilkan kas, baik
dengan menggunakan ataupun menjualnya, lebih rendah dari jumlah bawaan/
tercatatnya.

11-31
LO 5LO 5
If impairment indicators are present, then an impairment test
must be conducted.
Recognizing Impairments
Illustration 11-15

11-32
LO 5LO 5
Example: Assume that Cruz Company performs an impairment
test for its equipment. The carrying amount of Cruz’s equipment is
$200,000, its fair value less costs to sell is $180,000, and its
value-in-use is $205,000.
Illustration 11-15
$200,000 $205,000
$180,000 $205,000
No
Impairment

11-33
LO 5LO 5
Example: Assume the same information for Cruz Company
except that the value-in-use of Cruz’s equipment is $175,000
rather than $205,000.
Illustration 11-15
$200,000 $180,000
$180,000 $175,000
$20,000 Impairment Loss

11-34
LO 5LO 5
Example: Assume the same information for Cruz Company
except that the value-in-use of Cruz’s equipment is $175,000
rather than $205,000.
Illustration 11-15
$200,000 $180,000
Cruz makes the following entry to record the impairment loss.
Loss on Impairment 20,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 20,000

11-35
LO 5LO 5
At December 31, 2011, Hanoi Company has equipment with a cost of
VND26,000,000, and accumulated depreciation of VND12,000,000. The
equipment has a total useful life of four years with a residual value of
VND2,000,000. The following information relates to this equipment.
1. The equipment’s carrying amount at December 31, 2011, is
VND14,000,000 (VND26,000,000 VND12,000,000).
2. Hanoi uses straight-line depreciation. Depreciation was VND6,000,000
for 2011 and is recorded.
3. Hanoi has determined that the recoverable amount for this asset at
December 31, 2011, is VND11,000,000.
4. The remaining useful life after December 31, 2011, is two years.
Impairments Illustrations Case 1

11-36
Case 1: Hanoi records the impairment on its equipment at
December 31, 2011, as follows.
LO 5LO 5
Illustration 11-15
VND14,000,000 VND11,000,000
VND3,000,000 Impairment Loss
Loss on Impairment 3,000,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 3,000,000

11-37
LO 5LO 5
Depreciation Expense 5,500,000
Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment 5,500,000
Equipment VND 26,000,000
Less: Accumulated Depreciation-Equipment 15,000,000
Carrying value (Dec. 31, 2011) VND 11,000,000
Hanoi Company determines that the equipment’s total useful life has
not changed (remaining useful life is still two years). However, the
estimated residual value of the equipment is now zero. Hanoi
continues to use straight-line depreciation and makes the following
journal entry to record depreciation for 2012.

11-38
LO 5LO 5
At the end of 2010, Verma Company tests a machine for impairment. The
machine has a carrying amount of $200,000. It has an estimated remaining
useful life of five years. Because there is little market-related information on
which to base a recoverable amount based on fair value, Verma determines
the machine’s recoverable amount should be based on value-in-use. Verma
uses a discount rate of 8 percent. Verma’s analysis indicates that its future
cash flows will be $40,000 each year for five years, and it will receive a
residual value of $10,000 at the end of the five years. It is assumed that all
cash flows occur at the end of the year.
Impairments Illustrations Case 2
Illustration 11-16

11-39
Case 2: Computation of the impairment loss on the machine at
the end of 2010.
LO 5LO 5
Illustration 11-15
$200,000 $166,514
Unknown $166,514

11-40
Case 2: Computation of the impairment loss on the machine at
the end of 2010.
LO 5LO 5
Illustration 11-15
$200,000 $166,514
Unknown $166,514
Accumulated Depreciation—Machine 33,486

11-41
LO 5LO 5
Illustration: Tan Company purchases equipment on January 1,
2010, for $300,000, useful life of three years, and no residual value.
Reversal of Impairment Loss
At December 31, 2010, Tan records an impairment loss of $20,000.

11-42
LO 5LO 5
Depreciation expense and related carrying amount after the
impairment.
Reversal of Impairment Loss
At the end of 2011, Tan determines that the recoverable amount of
the equipment is $96,000. Tan reverses the impairment loss.
Recovery of Impairment Loss 6,000

11-43
When it is not possible to assess a single asset for impairment
because the single asset generates cash flows only in
combination with other assets, companies identify the smallest
group of assets that can be identified that generate cash flows
independently of the cash flows from other assets. Jika
menetapkan penurunan nilai aset untuk satu aset tunggal, tidak mungkin
dilakukan, karena aset tunggal tersebut menghasilkan arus kas secara
bersama-sama dengan aset-aset lainnya, perusahaan harus mengidentifikasi
kelompok aset terkecil yang arus kasnya sapat diidentifikasi secara terpisah
dari arus kas yang dihasilkan oleh aset-aset lainnya
Cash-Generating Units Unit Penghasil Kas

11-44
 Report the impaired asset at the lower-of-cost-or-net realizable
value (fair value less costs to sell). Laporkan aset yang mengalami
penurunan nilai dengan dasar yang lebih rendah, kos atau nilai realisasi neto
(nilai wajar dikurangi kos-kos untuk menjualnya.
 No depreciation or amortization is taken on assets held for
disposal during the period they are held. Tidak perlu dilakukan
depresiasi atau amortisasi untuk aset-aset yang akan segera dilepaskan selama
periode aset-aset itu masih ada (belum dilepaskan)
 Can write up or down an asset held for disposal in future periods,
as long as the carrying amount after the write up never exceeds
the carrying amount of the asset before the impairment. Aset-aset
akan dilepaskan dapat dinaikan atau diturunkan dalam periode-periode
selanjutnya, sejauh jumlah bawaannya tidak melebihi jumlah bawaaan aset
sebelum mengalami penurunan nilai
Impairment of Assets to Be Disposed Of Penurunan
Nilai Aset Yang Akan Dilepaskan

11-45
LO 5LO 5
Illustration 11-18
Graphic of Accounting
for Impairments

11-46
Natural resources can be divided into two categories:
1. Biological assets (timberlands)
► Fair value approach (chapter 9) Pendekatan nilai wajar
2. Mineral resources (oil, gas, and mineral mining).
► Complete removal (consumption) of the asset. Asetnya
secara fisik berkurang ketika dikonsumsi atau digunakan
► Replacement of the asset only by an act of nature.
Penggantian aset hanya dilakukan oleh alam sendiri
DepletionDepletionDepletionDepletion
LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral resources.LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of mineral resources.
Depletion - process of allocating the cost of mineral resources.
Kos sumber daya mineral di Neraca dilaporkan sebagai aset ; Deplesi-
proses pengalokasian kos sumber daya mineral

11-47
Establishing a Depletion Base Menetapkan
Basis Deplesi
Computation of the depletion base involves:
Basis deplesi ditetapkan dengan memperhitungkan:
(1) Pre-exploratory costs. Kos-kos pra-eksplorasi
(2) Exploratory and evaluation costs. Kos-kos
eksplorasi & evaluasi
(3) Development costs. Kos-kos pengembangan

11-48
Write-off of Resource Cost
Normally, companies compute depletion on a units-of-production
method (activity approach). Depletion is a function of the number of
units extracted during the period. Perusahaan menghitung deplesi dengan
metode unit produksi (pendekatan aktivitas). Deplesi adalah fungsi dari jumlah unit
yang diestrak selama periode
Calculation:
Total cost – Residual valueTotal cost – Residual value
Total estimated units availableTotal estimated units available
= Depletion cost per unit= Depletion cost per unit
Units extracted x Cost per unitUnits extracted x Cost per unit = Depletion= Depletion

11-49
Illustration: MaClede Co. acquired the right to use 1,000
acres of land in South Africa to mine for silver. The lease cost
is $50,000, and the related exploration costs on the property
are $100,000. Intangible development costs incurred in
opening the mine are $850,000. MaClede estimates that the
mine will provide approximately 100,000 ounces of silver.
Illustration 11-18

11-50
If MaClede extracts 25,000 ounces in the first year, then the
depletion for the year is $250,000 (25,000 ounces x $10).
LO 6LO 6
Inventory 250,000
Accumulated Depletion 250,000
MaClede’s statement of financial position:
Depletion cost related to inventory sold is part of cost of goods sold.

11-51
Estimating Recoverable Reserves Mengestimasi
Cadangan yang Dapat Diperoleh
 Same as accounting for changes in estimates. Sama
dengan perlakuan akuntansi untuk perubahan estimasi
 Revise the depletion rate on a prospective basis. Revisi
tarif deplesi secara prospektif
 Divides the remaining cost by the new estimate of the
recoverable reserves. Bagi kos yang tersisa dengan
estimasi cadangan yang baru

11-52
Liquidating Dividends - Dividends greater than the
amount of accumulated net income.
Illustration: Callahan Mining had a retained earnings balance
of £1,650,000, accumulated depletion on mineral properties of
£2,100,000, and share premium of £5,435,493. Callahan’s board
declared a dividend of £3 a share on the 1,000,000 shares
outstanding. It records the £3,000,000 cash dividend as follows.
Retained Earnings 1,650,000
Share Premium—Ordinary 1,350,000
Cash 3,000,000

11-53
Presentation on the Financial Statements Penuajian
pada Laporan Keuangan
Disclosures related to E&E expenditures should include:
Pengeluaran-pengeluaran dalam rangka eksplorasi dan evaluasi harus
diungkapkan mencakup:
1. Accounting policies for exploration and evaluation
expenditures, including the recognition of E&E assets.
Kebijakan akuntansi terkait pengeluaran eksplorasi & evaluasi,
termasuk pengakuan aset-aset eksplorasi & evaluasi
2. Amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expense, and
operating cash flow arising from the exploration for and
evaluation of mineral resources. Jumlah aset, kewajiban,
penghasilan dan biaya, serta arus kas operasi yang berasal dari
eksplorasi dan evaluasi sumber daya mineral

11-54
Companies may value long-lived tangible asset after acquisition at cost or fair
value. Setelah pemerolehan, aset-aset berwujud jangka panjang bisa dinilai dengan dasar kos atau
nilai wajar
Network Rail (GBR) elected to use fair values to account for its railroad network.
Network Rail (GBR) memilih untuk menggunakan nilai wajar dalam memperlakukan jejaring rel kereta
api yang dimilikinya
► Increased long-lived tangible assets by £4,289 million. Meningkatkan aset
berwujud jangka panjang hingga £4,289
► Change in the fair value accounted for by adjusting the asset account and
establishing an unrealized gain. Perubahan nilai wajar diperlakukan dengan cara
menyesuaikan akun aset dan mengakui untung yang tidak direalisasi
► Unrealized gain is often referred to as revaluation surplus. Untung yang tidak
direalisasi juga bisa disebut surplus revaluasi
RevaluationsRevaluationsRevaluationsRevaluations
LO 7 Explain the accounting for revaluations.LO 7 Explain the accounting for revaluations.
Recognizing Revaluations Pengakuan Revaluasi

11-55
Revaluation—Land
Illustration: Siemens Group (DEU) purchased land for
€1,000,000 on January 5, 2010. The company elects to use
revaluation accounting for the land in subsequent periods. At
December 31, 2010, the land’s fair value is €1,200,000. The
entry to record the land at fair value is as follows.
Land 200,000
Unrealized Gain on Revaluation - Land 200,000
Unrealized Gain on Revaluation—Land increases other comprehensive
income in the statement of comprehensive income.

11-56
Revaluation—Depreciable Assets
Illustration: Lenovo Group (CHN) purchases equipment for
¥500,000 on January 2, 2010. The equipment has a useful life
of five years, is depreciated using the straight-line method of
depreciation, and its residual value is zero. Lenovo chooses to
revalue its equipment to fair value over the life of the
equipment. Lenovo records depreciation expense of ¥100,000
(¥500,000 5) at December 31, 2010, as follows.
Depreciation Expense 100,000

11-57
After this entry, Lenovo’s equipment has a carrying amount of
¥400,000 (¥500,000 - ¥100,000). Lenovo receives an
independent appraisal for the fair value of equipment at
December 31, 2010, which is ¥460,000.
Equipment 40,000
Unrealized Gain on Revaluation—Equipment 60,000

11-58
Illustration 11-22
Financial Statement
Presentation—Revaluations
Lenovo reports depreciation expense of ¥100,000. The Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income account related to revaluations cannot have a negative
balance.

11-59
Company can select to value only one class of assets, say buildings, and not
revalue other assets such as land or equipment. Perusahaan bisa memilih untuk hanya
merevaluasi satu kelompok aset, misalnya bangunan, sementara tidak merevaluasi kelompok aset
lainnya misalnya tanah & peralatan.
Most companies do not use revaluation accounting. Banyaj perusahaan tidak
menggunakan akuntansi revaluasi
► Substantial and continuing costs associated with appraisals. Kos penilaian
aset cukup besar & akan terjadi terus-meneru
► Gains associated with revaluations above historical cost are not reported in
net income but rather go directly to equity. Untung yang terkait dengan revaluasi
yang lebih besar dari kos historis tidak dilaporkan di laba bersih tetapi dibawa langsung ke
ekuitas
► Losses associated with revaluation below historical cost decrease net
income. In addition, the higher depreciation charges related to the revalued
assets also reduce net income. Rugi yang terkait revaluasi yang lebih rendah dari
kos historis akan menurunkan laba bersih. Di samping itu, biaya depresiasi yang lebih besar
terkait aset-aset yang direvaluasi juga akan mengurangi laba bersih
Revaluations Issues Masalah-masalah terkait Revaluasi

11-60
Presentation of Property, Plant, Equipment, and Mineral
Resources Penyajian aset tetap & sumber daya mineral
Presentation and AnalysisPresentation and AnalysisPresentation and AnalysisPresentation and Analysis
Basis of valuation (usually cost) Basis penilaian
(biasanya kos)
Pledges, liens, and other commitments
Agunan, hak gadai, dan komitmen-komitmen lainnya
terkait aset
Depreciating assets, use Accumulated Depreciation. Dalam
mendepresiasi aset, gunakan akumulasi depresiasi
Depleting assets may include use of Accumulated Depletion
account, or the direct reduction of asset. Dalam mendeplesi aset,
akun akumulasi deplesi bisa digunakan, atau langsung dikurangkan terhadap
asetnya
DisclosuresDisclosures
LO 8 Explain how to report and analyze property,LO 8 Explain how to report and analyze property,
plant, equipment, and mineral resources.plant, equipment, and mineral resources.

11-61
Measure of a firm’s ability toMeasure of a firm’s ability to
generate sales from agenerate sales from a
particular investment in assets.particular investment in assets.
Mengukur kemampuanMengukur kemampuan
perusahaan untuk menciptakanperusahaan untuk menciptakan
penjualan dari investasi khususpenjualan dari investasi khusus
dalam asetdalam aset
Illustration 11-24
LO 8LO 8
Analysis of Property, Plant, and Equipment
Asset Turnover Ratio
Ratio Perputaran Aset

11-62
Measure of the ability toMeasure of the ability to
generate operating incomegenerate operating income
from a particular level offrom a particular level of
sales.sales. Mengukur kemampuanMengukur kemampuan
untuk menghasilkan laba operasiuntuk menghasilkan laba operasi
dari tingkat penjualan tertentudari tingkat penjualan tertentu
Illustration 11-25
LO 8LO 8
Profit Margin on Sales
Margin Laba atas Penjualan

11-63
Measures a firm’s successMeasures a firm’s success
in using assets to generatein using assets to generate
earnings.earnings. MengukurMengukur
keberhasilan perusahaan dalamkeberhasilan perusahaan dalam
menggunakan aset untukmenggunakan aset untuk
menghasilkan labamenghasilkan laba
Illustration 11-26
LO 8LO 8
Rate of Return on Assets
Tingkat Imbal Hasil Aset

11-64
Analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of ROA by
disaggregating it into components of profit margin on sales and asset
turnover as follows: Analis juga akan memperoleh wawasan lebih jauhAnalis juga akan memperoleh wawasan lebih jauh
mengenai perilaku ROA dengan memiih komponen-komponennya, yaitu margin labamengenai perilaku ROA dengan memiih komponen-komponennya, yaitu margin laba
terhadap penjualan & perputaran asetterhadap penjualan & perputaran aset
Net Income
Average Total Assets
Rate of Return
on Assets
=
Net Income
Net Sales
Profit Margin on
Sales
=
Net Sales
Asset Turnover
x
x
Average Total Assets

11-65
€644
(€9,533 €8,325) / 2
Rate of Return
on Assets
=
€644
€10,799
Profit Margin on
Sales
=
€10,799
Asset Turnover
x
x
7.2% 5.96%= x 1.21
(€9,533 €8,325) / 2
Analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of ROA by
disaggregating it into components of profit margin on sales and asset
turnover as follows: Analis juga akan memperoleh wawasan lebih jauhAnalis juga akan memperoleh wawasan lebih jauh
mengenai perilaku ROA dengan memilah komponen-komponennya, yaitu margin labamengenai perilaku ROA dengan memilah komponen-komponennya, yaitu margin laba
terhadap penjualan & perputaran asetterhadap penjualan & perputaran aset

11-66
 Under both iGAAP and U.S. GAAP, interest costs incurred
during construction must be capitalized. Dalam kedua standar, kos
bunga yang terjadi selama pembangunan harus dikapitalisasi
 The accounting for exchanges of non-monetary assets has
recently converged between IFRS and U.S. GAAP. U.S. GAAP
now requires that gains on exchanges of non-monetary assets
be recognized if the exchange has commercial substance. This
is the same framework used in IFRS. Perlakuan akuntansi untuk
pertukaran aset nonmoneter akhirnya mengalami konvergensi antara IFRS
dengan GAAP. GAAP sekarang mengharuskan untung atas pertukaran aset
nonmoneter diakui jika pertukarannya memiliki substansi komersial. Rerangka
yang sama juga digunakan dalam IFRS

11-67
 U.S. GAAP also views depreciation as allocation of cost over an
asset’s life. U.S. GAAP permits the same depreciation methods
(straight-line, diminishing-balance, units-of-production) as IFRS.
GAAP juga memandang depresiasi sebagai pengalokasian kos selama
umur aset. GAAP memperbolehkan metode-metode depresiasi yang sama
dengan IFRS (garis lurus, saldo menurun, unit produksi)
 IFRS requires component depreciation. Under U.S. GAAP,
component depreciation is permitted but is rarely used. IFRS
mengharuskan dilakukan depresiasi komponen. Dalam GAAP, depresiasi
komponen diperbolehkan tapi jarang digunakan

11-68
 Under IFRS, companies can use either the historical cost model
or the revaluation model. U.S. GAAP does not permit
revaluations of property, plant, and equipment or mineral
resources. Dalam IFRS, perusahaan bisa memilih model kos historis atau
model revaluasi. GAAP tidak memperbolehkan revaluasi aset tetap ataupun
sumber daya mineral
 In testing for impairments of long-lived assets, U.S. GAAP uses
a two-step model to test for impairments. The IFRS impairment
test is stricter. However, unlike U.S. GAAP, reversals of
impairment losses are permitted. Dalam menguji penurunan nilai
aset jangka panjang, GAAP menggunakan model dua tahap. Sejauh future
undiscounted cash flows lebih besar

11-69 LO 9 Explain revaluation accounting procedures.LO 9 Explain revaluation accounting procedures.
The general rules for revaluation accounting are as follows.
1. When a company revalues its long-lived tangible assets above
historical cost, it reports an unrealized gain that increases other
comprehensive income. Thus, the unrealized gain bypasses net
income, increases other comprehensive income, and increases
accumulated other comprehensive income.
2. If a company experiences a loss on impairment (decrease of
value below historical cost), the loss reduces income and
retained earnings. Thus, gains on revaluation increase equity
but not net income, whereas losses decrease income and
retained earnings (and therefore equity).

11-70 LO 9 Explain revaluation accounting procedures.LO 9 Explain revaluation accounting procedures.
3. If a revaluation increase reverses a decrease that was
previously reported as an impairment loss, a company credits
the revaluation increase to income using the account Recovery
of Impairment Loss up to the amount of the prior loss. Any
additional valuation increase above historical cost increases
other comprehensive income and is credited to Unrealized Gain
on Revaluation.
4. If a revaluation decrease reverses an increase that was
reported as an unrealized gain, a company first reduces other
comprehensive income by eliminating the unrealized gain. Any
additional valuation decrease reduces net income and is
reported as a loss on impairment.

11-71
Revaluation of LandRevaluation of LandRevaluation of LandRevaluation of Land
LO 9LO 9
Revaluation—2010: Valuation Increase
Illustration: Unilever Group (GBR and NLD) purchased land on
January 1, 2010, that cost €400,000. Unilever decides to report the
land at fair value in subsequent periods. At December 31, 2010, an
appraisal of the land indicates that its fair value is €520,000. Unilever
makes the following entry to record the increase in fair value.
Land 120,000
Unrealized Gain on Revaluation—Land 120,000
Illustration 11A-1

11-72
LO 9LO 9
Revaluation—2011: Decrease below Cost
Illustration: What happens if the land’s fair value at December
31, 2011, is €380,000, a decrease of €140,000 (€520,000 -
€380,000)?
Land 140,000
Illustration 11A-2

11-73
LO 9LO 9
Revaluation—2012: Recovery of Loss
Illustration: At December 31, 2012, Unilever’s land value increases
to €415,000, an increase of €35,000 (€415,000 - €380,000).
Land 35,000
Recovery of Impairment Loss 20,000
Illustration 11A-3

11-74
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in
Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the
express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
Request for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser
may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for
distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for
errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these
programs or from the use of the information contained herein.
CopyrightCopyrightCopyrightCopyright

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