The document discusses dental manpower and the roles of various dental professionals and auxiliaries. It defines dentists and their educational requirements and roles in independently treating patients. It also defines and describes the roles and training of several types of dental auxiliaries, including dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians, and other auxiliary roles that have more limited operating abilities under the supervision of dentists. The document outlines the classification, duties and degrees of supervision for different auxiliary roles.
PIT AND FISSURE SEALANTS- PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRYANKUSHA ARORA
Introduction
Definition
Morphology of Pits and fissures
Types of Pit and fissure sealants
Materials used as sealants
Requirements of sealants
Diagnosis of Pit and Fissure caries
Procedure of application of sealants
Indications
Contra-indications
Factors affecting sealant retention in mouth
Summary
A presentation on the instructions to be given to complete denture patients at the insertion appointment. Dealing with patients can be hard at times but with a proper approach, a strong rapport can be formed with the patient.
self correcting anomalies in the development of occlusion. this ppt includes the anomalies of a child's developing occlusion which get corrected by itself in some time as the development continues. This includes Retrognathic mandible,infantile swallow,anterior open and deep bite,etc. these topics are important in BDS final examination
A very important aspect in determining and studying disease is the knowledge of surveys. Its designs, methods etc. This elaborative presentation gives a detailed insight to the survey procedures used in dentistry. Special section on the WHO oral assessment proforma.
PIT AND FISSURE SEALANTS- PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRYANKUSHA ARORA
Introduction
Definition
Morphology of Pits and fissures
Types of Pit and fissure sealants
Materials used as sealants
Requirements of sealants
Diagnosis of Pit and Fissure caries
Procedure of application of sealants
Indications
Contra-indications
Factors affecting sealant retention in mouth
Summary
A presentation on the instructions to be given to complete denture patients at the insertion appointment. Dealing with patients can be hard at times but with a proper approach, a strong rapport can be formed with the patient.
self correcting anomalies in the development of occlusion. this ppt includes the anomalies of a child's developing occlusion which get corrected by itself in some time as the development continues. This includes Retrognathic mandible,infantile swallow,anterior open and deep bite,etc. these topics are important in BDS final examination
A very important aspect in determining and studying disease is the knowledge of surveys. Its designs, methods etc. This elaborative presentation gives a detailed insight to the survey procedures used in dentistry. Special section on the WHO oral assessment proforma.
DENTAL AUXILIARY
Dental auxiliary is a person who is given responsibility by a dentist so that he or she can help the dentist render dental care, but who is not himself or herself qualified with a dental degree.
The duties undertaken by dental auxiliaries range from simple tasks such as sorting instruments to relatively complex procedures which form part of the treatment of patients.
DENTAL SURGERY ASSISTANT
Non-operating auxiliary who assists the dentist or dental hygienist in treating patients, but is not legally permitted to treat the patient independently.
Also known as Dental assistant, Chair side dental assistant, Dental nurse
DUTIES
Reception of the patient
Preparation of the patient for any treatment
Provision of all necessary facilities such as mouthwashes and napkins.
Sterilization, care and preparation of instruments.
Preparation and mixing of restorative materials including both filling and impression materials.
DENTAL SECRETARY/ RECEPTIONIST
Assists the dentist with his secretarial work and patient reception duties
DENTAL LABORATORY TECHNICIAN
Non–operating auxiliary who fulfils the prescriptions provided by dentists regarding the extra oral construction and repair of oral appliances and bridge-work.
Also known as Dental Mechanics
DUTIES
Casting of models from impressions made by the dentist
Fabrication of dentures, splints, orthodontic appliances, inlays, crowns and special trays.
DENTURIST
Dental laboratory technicians who are permitted to fabricate dentures directly for patients without a dentists’ prescription.
ADA defines denturism as fitting and dispensing of dentures illegally to the public.
DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATOR
A person who instructs in the prevention of dental disease and who may also be permitted to apply preventive agents intra-orally.
SCHOOL DENTAL NURSE
Who is permitted to diagnose dental disease and to plan and carry out certain specified preventive and treatment measure, including some operating procedures in the treatment of dental caries and periodontal disease in defined groups of people, usually school children.
FUNCTIONS
Prophylaxis
Topical fluoride application
Administration of local anesthetic
DENTAL THERAPIST
Permitted to carry out the prescription of a supervising dentist, certain specified preventive and treatment measures including the preparation of cavities and restoration of teeth
DUTIES
Vital pulpotomy
DENTAL HYGIENIST
Is an operating auxiliary licensed and registered to practice dental hygiene under the laws of the appropriate state, province, territory or nation.
DUTIES
Fluoride and sealant application
screening
EXPANDED FUNCTION DENTAL AUXILIARY
Who has received further training in duties related to the direct treatment of patients, though still working under the direct supervision of a dentist.
Undertake reversible procedures which could be either corrected or redone without harm to the patients health.
DUTIES
Placing and removing rubber dams, matrix bands and temporary restorations
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• DENTIST
• DENTAL AUXILIARIES
• FRONTIER AUXILIARIES
• NEW AUXILIARY TYPES
• DEGREES OF SUPERVISION OF
AUXILIARIES
• DENTAL MANPOWER IN INDIA
• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES
2
3. Introduction
The vision of the dental team is one of various
people in dentistry with different
• Roles
• Functions
• Period of training all working together to treat
patients.
Health care systems depend not only upon
infrastructure and resources, but also on the
availability of skilled human resources.
(Parkash H. Dental Workforce Issues: A Global Concern. Journal of Dental
Education 2006,70;11, 22-26)
3
4. Dental auxiliary is generic term for all persons
who assist the dentists in training patients.
Repetition without shift of attention makes for
speed and accuracy.
Reason for division of labor also lies in the
different levels of knowledge attainable within one
field by persons of differing aptitude and
opportunity for training.
4
5. DENTIST
A dentist is a person licensed to practice dentistry
under the law of the appropriate state, province,
territory, or nation.
5
6. These laws ensure that to become licensed, a
prospective dentist must satisfy certain
qualifications such as,
1. completion of an approved period of professional
education in an approved institution.
2. demonstration of competence
6
7. Dentists are concerned with the prevention and
control of the diseases of the oral cavity and the
treatment of unfavorable conditions resulting from
these diseases, from trauma or from inherent
malformations.
7
8. They are legally entitled to treat patients
independently, to prescribe certain drugs and to
employ and supervise auxiliary personnel.
Dentists must be registered
Registration is the process by which, qualified
individuals are listed on an official roster,
maintained by a government or non-
governmental agency
8
9. After being trained for 4 years, followed by one
year of paid rotating internship, the student is
conferred the degree of Bachelor in Dental
Surgery (BDS)
The student has to register with the Dental
Council of India (DCI)through State Dental
Council.
He/she can then practice dentistry or can pursue
post graduation in speciality of his/her choice of
subject, leading to a masters degree- Master of
Dental Surgery(MDS)
9
10. DENTAL AUXILIARY
A dental auxiliary is a person who is given the
responsibility by a dentist so that he or she can
help the dentist render dental care, but who is not
himself or herself qualified with a dental degree.
The duties undertaken by dental auxiliaries range
from simple tasks such as sorting instruments to
relatively complex procedures which form part of
the treatment of patients.
10
11. CLASSIFICATION BY WHO
(1967)
NON OPERATING AUXILIARIES
a) CLINICAL - a person who assists the
dentist in his clinical work but does not carry out
any independent procedures in the oral cavity.
b) LABORATORY - a person who assist the
professional (dentist) by carrying out certain
technical laboratory procedures.
11
12. OPERATING AUXILIARIES
This is a person who, not being a professional is
permitted to carry out certain treatment
procedures in the mouth under the direction and
supervision of a professional.
12
13. REVISED CLASSIFICATION
NON OPERATING AUXILIARIES
Dental surgery assistant
Dental secretary/ receptionist
Dental laboratory technician
Dental health educator
13
15. DENTAL SURGERY ASSISTANT
A non operating auxiliary who assists the dentist
or dental hygienist in treating patients, but who is
not legally permitted to treat patient
independently.
A dental assistant may only work under the
supervision of a licensed dentist carrying out
duties prescribed by the dentist or by a dental
hygienist employed by the dentist.
15
16. This category of auxiliary personnel has been
called by various names in different countries.
Commonly used ones include
• Dental assistant
• Chair side dental assistant
• Dental nurse
16
17. Four handed dentistry
The term four handed dentistry is given to the art
of seating both the dentist and the dental
assistant in such a way that both are within easy
reach of the patient’s mouth.
The patient is in fully supine position.
The assistant will hand the dentist, the particular
instrument he needs.
She will also perform additional tasks such as
retraction or aspiration.
17
18. The dentist can thus keep his hands
and eyes in the field of operation and work with
less fatigue and greater efficiency.
18
19. The duties of the dental assistant are
• Reception of the patient.
• Preparation of the patient for any treatment he or
she may need.
• Preparation and provision of all necessary
facilities such as mouthwashes and napkins.
• Sterilization, care and preparation of
instruments.
• Preparation and mixing of restorative materials
including both filling and impression materials.
19
20. • Care of the patient after treatment until he or
she leaves, including cleaning away of
instrument and preparation of instruments for
reuse.
• Preparation of the surgery for the next
patient.
• Presentation of documents to the dental
surgeon for his completion and filling of
these.
• Assistance with x-ray work and the
processing and mounting of x-rays.
20
21. • Instruction of the patient, where necessary, in the
correct use of the toothbrush.
• Aftercare of person who have had general
anaesthetics.
21
23. DENTAL LABORATORY
TECHNICIAN
Non operating auxiliary who fulfils the prescription
providing the dentist regarding the extra oral
appliance and bridge work.
Also knows as dental mechanics.
As per the Indian Dentist Act of 1948, dental
mechanic is a person who makes or repairs dentures
and dental appliances.
In some countries they have not been considered as
auxiliary because, in these places , their work is
mostly performed in commercial laboratories and not
in the dental practice setting.
23
24. Dental laboratory technician receive their training
through apprenticeship which is associated with
formal training at a dental school or technical
college.
The formal training period covers two years.
24
25. Duties
Casting of models from impressions made by the
dentist.
Fabrication of dentures, splints, orthodontic
appliances, inlays, crowns and special trays.
25
26. Dental mechanic is a person, who makes or
repairs dental appliances and dentures including
inlay, crown and bridge work. He shall restrict his
activities to purely mechanical laboratory work at
the instance of the registered dental surgeon. He
shall not do any chair side work
-The Dental Council of India
26
27. The Dental Council of India has prescribed that,
• The course of studies should extend over a
period of two academic years and lead to the
qualification of dental mechanic certificate.
• The candidate should be at least 15 years of age
at the time of admission or within 3 months of it
and should be medically fit.
27
28. • The candidate must have passed at least
matriculation examination of a recognised
university taking science subject or an equivalent
recognised qualification.
28
29. Denturist
It is a term applied to those dental laboratory
technicians who are permitted to fabricate
dentures directly for patients without a dentist’s
prescription.
They may be licensed or registered.
The desire for autonomy among dental laboratory
technicians led to the formation of ‘denturists’.
Their craft is called ‘denturism’.
29
30. According to that, if the patient is in need of a
denture, the process of fabricating a denture,
from the impression onwards, is done by the
technician in direct relationship with the patient.
The ADA defines ‘denturism’ as the fitting and
dispensing of dentures illegally to the public.
Several countries have allowed laboratory
technician to work directly with the public.
30
31. The ADA has vigorously opposed the denturist
movement at the political level.
The Association’s principal argument is that
denturists are unqualified to treat patients and
that poor quality care and even actual harm
could result to patients.
The WHO Expert Committee on Auxiliary Dental
Personnel(1959) has recommended that only
qualified dentists may work directly on patients.
31
32. DENTAL HEALTH
EDUCATORThis is a person who instruct in the prevention of
dental diseases and who may also be permitted
to apply preventive agent intra orally
In a few countries , the duties of some dental
surgery assistant have been extended to allow
them to carry out certain preventive procedures
In Sweden, two additional weeks of training are
given, which auxiliaries are allowed to conduct
fluoride mouthrinsing programs to group of
school children
32
34. SCHOOL DENTAL NURSE34
Operating auxiliary, who is permitted to diagnose
dental disease and to plan and carry out certain
specified preventive and treatment measure,
including some operative procedures in the
treatment of dental caries and periodontal
diseases in defined groups of people, usually
school children.
35. Duties
Oral examination
Prophylaxis
Topical fluoride application
Advice on dietary fluoride supplements
Administration of local anaesthetic
Cavity preparation and placement of amalgam
filling in primary and permanent teeth
35
36. Pulp capping
Extraction of primary teeth
Individual patient instruction in tooth brushing and
oral hygiene
Classroom and parent- teacher dental health
education
Referral of patient to private practitioners for
more complex services, such as extraction of
permanent teeth, restoration of fractured
permanent incisors and orthodontic treatment.
36
37. DENTAL THERAPIST
This is an operating auxiliary, who is permitted
to carry out to the prescription of a supervising
dentist ,certain specified preventive and
treatment measures including the preparation of
cavities and restoration of teeth.
37
38. DUTIES:
• Clinical caries diagnosis
• Cavity preparation in deciduous and
permanent teeth
• Vital pulpotomies under rubber dam in
deciduous teeth
• Extraction of deciduous teeth under local
anaesthesia
38
39. DENTAL HYGIENIST
A dental hygienist is an operating auxiliary
licensed and registered to practice dental
hygiene under the laws of the appropriate state,
province, territory or nation.
The dental hygienist works under the supervision
of dentists.
39
40. Dental hygienist is a person, not being a dentist
or medical practitioner; who does oral
prophylaxis, give instructions in oral hygiene &
preventive dentistry, assists the dental surgeon in
chair side work and manages the office. He/she
shall work under the supervision of the dental
surgeon
-The Dental Council of India
40
41. Duties;
• Cleaning of mouths and teeth with particular
attention to calculus and stains.
• Topical application of fluorides, sealants and
other prophylactic solutions.
• Screening or preliminary examination of patients
as individuals or in groups, such as school
children or industrial employees , so that they
may be referred to a dentist for treatment.
• Instruction in oral hygiene.
41
42. EXPANDED FUNCTION
DENTAL AUXILLIARY
An EFDA is a dental assistant or a dental
hygienist in some cases, who has received
further training in duties related to the direct
treatment of patients, though still working under
the direct supervision of a dentist.
42
43. DUTIES:
• Placing and removing rubber dams
• Placing and removing temporary restorations
• Placing and removing matrix bands
• Condensing and carving amalgam restoration in
previously prepared teeth
• Placing of acrylic restorations in previously
prepared teeth.
• Applying the final finish and polish to the
previously listed restorations
43
44. Four levels of training and qualification were
recognised,
• Certified dental assistant
• Preventive dental assistant
• Dental hygienist
• Dental hygienist with expanded duties
44
45. Certified dental assistant
Training course is of 8 month duration
Assistant was tough traditional chair side duties
Only intraoral duty was exposing the radiograph
45
46. Preventive dental assistant
The trainee had to be a certified dental
assistant
Full time courses were of 3-6 weeks length
They are permitted to
• Polish the coronal portion of the teeth without
instrumentation
• Make impressions for study model
• Topically applied caries preventive agent
• Place and remove rubber dams
• Maintain patient oral hygiene
46
47. Dental hygienist
8 month training program allowed them to,
• Carryout scaling
• Conduct a preliminary examination of the oral
cavity including taking a case history a
periodontal examination and recording clinical
findings
• Provide a complete prophylaxis including scaling
root planing and polishing of fillings
• Apply and remove a periodontal pack
• Apply fissure sealant
47
48. Dental hygienist with
expanded duties
Training of 4 months duration was given to dental
hygienist who had at least 1 years practical
experience
They were allowed to carryout
• Removing sutures
• Placing, finishing, and polishing restorations of
amalgam and resin
• Placing and removing matrix bands
• Placing cavity liners
48
49. • Retracting gingiva for impression making
• Fitting and removing orthodontic bands
• Separating of teeth prior to banding by a
dentist
• Cementing temporary crowns previously fitted
by dentist
• Placing temporary fillings
49
50. FRONTIER AUXILIARIES
In developed countries, dentists remain in the
urban centres and a large numbers of areas are
too distant from public or private dental offices for
the inhabitants to receive regular comprehensive
care for emergency pain relief.
50
51. Duties
• Simple dental prophylaxis
• Basic dental health education
• Dental first aid
• Organise fluoride rinse program
• Perform simple dental repair
51
52. NEW AUXILIARY TYPES
The expert committee on auxiliary dental
personnel of WHO (1959) has suggested 2 new
type of dental auxiliaries
• The dental licentiate
• The dental aide
52
53. Dental licentiate
He is a semi independent operator, trained for 2
years to perform
• Dental prophylaxis
• Cavity preparations and fillings of primary and
permanent teeth
• Extractions under local anaesthesia
53
54. • Drainage of dental abscesses.
• Treatment of the most prevalent diseases
supporting tissues of the teeth
• Early recognition of more serious dental
conditions.
54
55. Dental aide
This type of auxiliary personnel performs duties
which include, elementary first-aid procedures for
the relief of pain, including:
• Extraction of teeth under local anaesthesia
• Control of haemorrhage
• Recognition of dental disease which is important
enough to justify transportation of the patient to a
centre where proper dental care is available.
55
56. These new auxiliaries are particularly useful in
some countries, having acute dentist shortage,
with no facilities for training dentists.
56
57. DEGREES OF SUPERVISION
OF AUXILIARIES
ADA (1975) defined four degrees of supervision
of auxiliaries, with the assumption that ultimate
responsibility was assumed by the licensed
dentist.
• General supervision
• Indirect supervision
• Direct supervision
• Personal supervision
57
58. General supervision
The dentist has authorized the procedures and
they are being carried out in accordance with the
diagnosis and treatment plan completed by the
dentist
58
59. Indirect supervision
The dentist is in the dental office,
authorizes the procedure and remains in
the dental office while the procedures
are being performed by the auxiliary
59
60. Direct supervision
The dentist is in the dental office, personally
diagnoses the condition to be treated, personally
authorizes the procedure and before dismissal of
the patient, evaluates the performance of the
dental auxiliary.
60
61. Personal supervision
The dentist is personally operating on a
patient and authorizes the auxiliary to aid
treatment by concurrently performing
supportive procedures
61
62. DENTAL MANPOWER IN
INDIAIndia has about 298 dental institutions, producing
25,000to 30,000 BDS graduates every year.
In 2004, the dentist to population ratio was
1:30,000.
But with a significant geographic imbalance
among dental colleges, there has been a great
variation in the dentist to population ratio in rural
and urban areas.
62
63. India (in 2004) had one dentist for 10,000
persons in urban areas and about 2.5 lakh
persons in rural areas.
Almost three- fourths of the total number of
dentists are clustered in the urban areas, which
houses only one-fourth of the country’s
population.
This is in great contrast to the physician
population ratio, which was 1:2,400 in 2000 and
1:1,855 in 2004
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64. In 1990 there were 3,000 registered hygienists
and 5,000 laboratory technicians in India.
This implies that the service of one hygienist
was available to 7 dentists, and one laboratory
technician renders service to four dentists,
whereas it should ideally be a 1:1 .ratio
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65. CONCLUSION
The practice of dentistry involves a personal
relationship between the dentists, dental auxiliaries
and the patients.
Both dentist and auxiliary personnel try to emphasize
health education, to correct misconceptions and to
attack apathy about dental health.
Because of their unique privileges granted to them,
the members of the dental profession have the
responsibility of providing a high standard of service
to their patients and they should assume their duties
freely and voluntarily.
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