DENTAL CARIES
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This document discusses dental caries (cavities), including definitions, causes, classifications, and treatments. It defines dental caries as an irreversible microbial disease that leads to tooth demineralization and decay. Key causes mentioned are bacteria, snacking on sugary foods, and poor oral hygiene. Caries are classified in various ways, such as by anatomical site (occlusal, root), progression (acute, chronic), extent (incipient, cavitation), and number of tooth surfaces involved (simple, complex). The document also discusses theories of caries etiology and lists factors that affect caries formation. Treatments mentioned include fluoride, fillings, crowns, root canals, and tooth extractions for
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Non-carious cervical lesions are caused by erosion from dietary or gastric acids, abrasion from toothbrushing or other habits, and abfraction from biomechanical forces. They present as broad shallow lesions on the facial or lingual surfaces for erosion, notched lesions on the facial surface for abrasion, and wedge-shaped lesions often subgingivally for abfraction. Treatment involves dentin desensitization, restorations with composites or glass ionomers, endodontics if pulpal involvement, periodontal therapy for gingival recession, and prevention through dietary counseling, fluoride application, and correcting habits.
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This document discusses various pulpal diseases, their causes, symptoms and treatment. It covers reversible and irreversible pulpitis caused by physical, chemical and bacterial factors. It also covers chronic hyperplastic pulpitis, characterized by a fleshy pulpal mass filling the pulp chamber. Internal resorption is discussed as an idiopathic resorptive process in the dentin and root canals, often asymptomatic with a history of trauma. Classification schemes and histopathological features of different pulpal conditions are also presented.
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Deep carious lesions penetrate deep into the dentin and can potentially expose the pulp, causing pulpitis if left untreated. There are five zones of carious dentin, ranging from normal dentin to infected dentin teeming with bacteria. Pulpitis can be reversible or irreversible, depending on the severity of inflammation. For deep lesions near the pulp, indirect pulp capping involves removing infected dentin while leaving behind affected dentin to avoid exposure. For direct exposures, pulp capping places a biocompatible material over the exposure site to promote healing and maintain vitality. Factors like remaining dentin thickness, exposure size, and patient age influence the success of pulp capping procedures.
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This document discusses fluorides in dentistry. It describes the sources of fluoride, mechanisms of how fluoride prevents tooth decay, and methods of fluoride delivery topically and systemically. It also addresses the indications for topical fluoride use, recommended dosages of fluoride tablets/drops, and potential toxicities like dental and skeletal fluorosis from inadequate or excessive fluoride intake. When used appropriately, fluoride is an effective cariostatic agent for improving dental health.
Management of deep carious
Deep carious lesions penetrate deep into the dentin and can potentially expose the pulp, causing pulpitis if left untreated. There are five zones of carious dentin, ranging from normal dentin to infected dentin teeming with bacteria. Pulpitis can be reversible or irreversible, depending on the severity of inflammation. For deep lesions near the pulp, indirect pulp capping involves removing infected dentin while leaving behind affected dentin to avoid exposure. For direct exposures, pulp capping places a biocompatible material over the exposure site to promote healing and maintain vitality. Factors like remaining dentin thickness, exposure size, and patient age influence the success of pulp capping procedures.
Epidemiology of dental caries
This document provides an overview of dental caries epidemiology. It begins with definitions of epidemiology and dental caries. It then discusses the history of caries in prehistoric man and global and Indian caries scenarios. Several classic epidemiological studies on dental caries are summarized. Theories of caries etiology including Miller's chemico-parasitic theory are explained. Epidemiological factors influencing caries including the host, agents, environment and time are described. Saliva properties and their relationship to caries susceptibility are also summarized.
Inlays and onlays
An inlay is a restoration that is constructed from materials like gold or porcelain outside of the mouth and then cemented into a prepared cavity. An onlay covers one or more cusps and adjoining occlusal surface of a tooth. Indirect restorations can be made from cast metals, composites, or porcelain. They are indicated for large restorations, endodontically treated teeth, dental rehabilitation with metals, and as removable prosthodontic abutments. Precise tooth preparation is needed with beveled margins and no undercuts to ensure proper fit.
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The document discusses various mechanisms for paying for dental care, including:
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Cracked tooth syndrom
Cracked tooth syndrome occurs when a tooth develops an incomplete crack but does not fully fracture. It often causes sharp pain when biting down or releasing pressure, as well as sensitivity to hot or cold. Diagnosis is challenging as cracks are difficult to see, but may be aided by staining, transillumination, or microscopic examination. Potential treatments include stabilization with a buildup or crown to prevent crack movement, root canal therapy if pain persists, or extraction. Leaving a crack untreated risks further propagation, pulp infection, and tooth loss.
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Resorption of teeth
Resorption of teeth can be either physiological or pathological. It can occur externally on the surface of the tooth or internally within the tooth structure. Tooth resorbing cells called odontoclasts are involved and resemble osteoclasts, containing enzymes that allow degradation of mineral and organic tooth material. Physiological resorption occurs due to pressure or signals from the dental follicle, while pathological resorption can be associated with periapical inflammation, tooth replantation, cysts/tumors, orthodontic movement, impacted teeth, or idiopathic causes. Internal resorption begins within the pulp and spreads outward, while external resorption occurs on the surface and progresses inward.
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This document provides guidelines for preparing class II inlay restorations. It describes initial procedures like evaluating occlusion and administering anesthesia. It discusses preparing the occlusal outline, proximal box, bevels, and flares. Modifications for specific tooth shapes and situations are covered. Preparation variations like slices and flares are explained. Special considerations for abutment teeth and root surface lesions are also summarized. The document provides a thorough overview of class II inlay preparation techniques.
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The document discusses diseases of the dental pulp. It begins with an introduction to the pulp, including its composition and role in tooth development. It then discusses the pathophysiology of pulpal disease, describing how noxious stimuli can lead to inflammation and necrosis by disrupting blood flow. Several classifications of pulpal diseases are presented, including those based on histopathology, clinical symptoms, and the World Health Organization framework. Etiological agents are explored, such as mechanical trauma, thermal or chemical insults, bacterial invasion, and idiopathic causes. Specific pulpal diseases like reversible and irreversible pulpitis are also mentioned.
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This document discusses various non-carious lesions of teeth including attrition, abrasion, erosion, abfraction, dentinal sclerosis, dead tracts, secondary dentin, pulp stones, hypercementosis, and cementicles. It defines each lesion, describes the etiology and pathogenesis, and highlights key clinical features. Attrition is mechanical wear of teeth from tooth contact while abrasion is caused by external frictional forces. Erosion results from chemical dissolution of tooth structure by acids. Abfraction involves stress-induced cervical lesions. Dentinal sclerosis and dead tracts are age-related changes in dentin. Secondary dentin deposition occurs in response to stimuli. Pulp stones, hypercementosis and
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This document provides information on dental caries histopathology. It begins by stating that dental caries is the most common disease globally, affecting all populations. It then defines dental caries as a microbial disease that causes demineralization of tooth structure. The document describes the processes of demineralization and remineralization that occur in early caries lesions. It explains the histological changes that occur in enamel and dentin as caries progresses. Finally, it provides sample multiple choice questions to test understanding of dental caries pathology.
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CASE HISTORY
This document provides an overview of how to take a case history for a dental patient. It discusses the importance of gathering demographic data, chief complaints, medical history, dental history and conducting examinations. The key components of a case history are outlined, including the steps of taking a history, examining the patient, making a provisional diagnosis, conducting investigations, reaching a final diagnosis and developing a treatment plan. Taking a thorough case history is important for understanding the patient's condition, making an accurate diagnosis and determining an effective treatment approach.
LUTING CEMENTS
The document discusses various dental luting agents used for cementing crowns and fixed dental prostheses. It describes the properties and characteristics of conventional water-based luting agents like zinc phosphate cement, zinc oxide eugenol cement, polycarboxylate cement and glass ionomer cement. It also discusses resin-based luting agents like resin cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement and compomers. No single luting agent is ideal for all situations and the clinician must select the appropriate agent based on the clinical scenario, taking into account factors like strength, solubility, bonding and biocompatibility.
Amalgam
This document discusses advances that have been made in dental amalgam materials. It describes new amalgam alloys that have been developed with compositions like gallium alloys, bonded amalgam, fluoridated amalgam, consolidated silver alloy, low mercury alloy, and indium containing amalgam. Each new type of amalgam aims to improve properties like strength, creep, corrosion and mercury vapor release compared to traditional dental amalgams. Specific advantages and disadvantages are outlined for gallium alloys and other new amalgam materials.
ZOE -ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL
Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) cement has been used in dentistry since the 1890s. It is available as a powder and liquid that are mixed together. The setting reaction involves a reaction between zinc oxide and eugenol to form zinc eugenolate. ZOE cement has low strength but is the least irritating to dental pulp. It is used for temporary fillings, cementing restorations, and as a pulp capping material due to its analgesic properties. Modifications have been made to improve its strength. ZOE has good biocompatibility but eugenol can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.
Bleaching in Dentistry
The document discusses the history and techniques of tooth bleaching. It notes that early attempts in the 19th century used highly dangerous caustic materials. By the late 1800s, oxidizing agents like hydrogen peroxide, sodium peroxide, and chlorine began to be used. In the 1960s, techniques were developed where bleaching agents were placed directly into pulp chambers of non-vital teeth for weeks, called "walking bleaches". Later techniques in the 1990s combined internal placement of agents with external bleaching trays to bleach from both inside and outside simultaneously. The document traces the evolution of bleaching from dangerous early methods to safer modern techniques.
Journal -Effect of time on tooth dehydration and rehydration
J Esthet Restor Dent. 2019;1–6
Journal -Effect of time on tooth dehydration and rehydration
Received: 3 February 2019 Revised: 7 February 2019 Accepted: 10 February 2019 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12461
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKING in Dentistry
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKING.
FIRST STEP TO KNOWLEDGE IS TO KNOW THAT we are ignorant
Knowledge in medical field is characterized by uncertanity and vagueness
Historically as well as currently this fact remains a motivation for the development of medical decision support system are based on fuzzy logics
Greek philosopher visualized a basic model of brain function as early as 300 bc
Till date nervous system is not completely understood to human kind.
Curcumin—A Natural Medicament for Root Canal Disinfection: Effects of Irrigat...
Curcumin—A Natural Medicament for Root Canal Disinfection: Effects of Irrigation, Drug Release, and Photoactivation
Julian M. Sotomil, DMD, MSD,*Eliseu A. M€nchow, DDS, MSc,PhD,†DivyaPankajakshan,PhD,‡Kenneth J. Spolnik, DDS,MSD,§Jessica A.Ferreira, DDS,MSc, PhD,kRichard L. Gregory,PhD,‡and Marco C. Bottino,DDS, MSc, PhDk
JOE � Volume -2, Number -, - 2019
DR.Athul Chandra.M
Iid year postgraduate
Biofilm in Endodontics
The document discusses biofilms in endodontics. It defines a biofilm as bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix on a surface. In endodontics, biofilms can form on root canal walls (intracanal biofilms) and on root surfaces (extraradicular biofilms). Enterococcus faecalis is strongly associated with endodontic infections and has a unique ability to form biofilms that resist calcium hydroxide dressings. Current therapeutic options for removing endodontic biofilms, such as various irrigation systems, are discussed but eradicating the biofilm completely remains a challenge.
Indirect composite restorations
This document discusses indirect composite restorations such as inlays and onlays. It begins by defining these terms and discussing indications, contraindications, and materials used. It then covers different classification systems for indirect composites based on fabrication method, curing method, and generation. Various commercial composite systems are described. The document discusses advantages like improved physical properties over direct composites, as well as disadvantages like increased time and cost. Fabrication techniques include direct, semidirect, and indirect methods. Steps for cavity preparation and cementation of indirect composites are outlined.
Forces acting on restoration
This document discusses various biomechanical considerations that are important for restorative dentistry. It covers topics like the forces acting on teeth, stress patterns on different types of teeth, weak areas of teeth, and mechanical properties of dental materials. It emphasizes the importance of understanding stress transfer and how restorations can impact this. It also addresses obtaining resistance form for tooth structures and occlusal considerations when restoring teeth. The overall goal is to design restorations that can withstand biting forces and minimize stress on remaining tooth structures.
journal club -article
The study compared the amount of apically extruded debris during mechanical preparation of oval root canals using either a full-sequence self-adjusting file (SAF) system or a rotary file system supplemented by an XP-endo finisher file. Sixty teeth were instrumented using the two techniques and debris was collected and weighed. The rotary file system with XP-endo finisher extruded significantly more debris than the full SAF sequence. Both techniques resulted in apical extrusion but the SAF system extruded less debris, suggesting it may help reduce postoperative inflammation.
Nuclear Magnification Resonance Imaging
MRI has the potential to visualize both hard and soft dental tissues and differentiate between them, allowing for the detection of pathological and anatomical features not visible through other imaging modalities. A review of literature found that MRI can clearly image dental anatomy, detect dental caries, evaluate endodontic anatomy and periapical lesions, and assess endodontic treatment outcomes. Future applications of MRI in endodontics include evaluating pulp remnants after treatment and assessing perfusion and vitality.
cleaning and shaping of root canal therapy
The document discusses various techniques for root canal preparation and shaping. It describes the objectives of cleaning and shaping, which include removing infected tissue, providing space for disinfectants and filling materials, and retaining tooth structure. Several instrumentation techniques are covered, such as step-back preparation, which involves incrementally reducing the working length, and anticurvature filing, which shapes the canal away from thin root sections. The document also addresses other methods like standardized preparation and considerations for curved canals.
incidence of root resorption; Journal club
This document summarizes a meta-analysis on the incidence of root resorption after replantation of avulsed teeth. It finds that the incidence of root resorption is high, with replacement root resorption being the most common at 51%, followed by inflammatory root resorption at 23.2% and surface root resorption at 13.3%. Internal root resorption is relatively rare at 1.2%. The studies showed maxillary incisors were most affected and that the risk of different types of root resorption depended on factors like the stage of root development and treatment of the tooth. Limitations included heterogeneity between studies and lack of standardization.
The Rationale of Enodontics
This document discusses the rationale for endodontic therapy and periradicular healing. It begins by explaining that the rationale for endodontic therapy is to completely debride and seal the root canal system through non-surgical or surgical means. This achieves a fluid-tight seal and removes the source of infection, allowing periradicular tissues to heal. Several theories are discussed relating to the spread of infection and zones of reaction in periradicular tissues. Complete elimination of irritants from the root canal through treatment is necessary for periradicular healing to occur over several months. Factors like technical quality of the root filling and ability to clean the entire root canal influence healing outcomes.
muscles of mastication
This document discusses the muscles of mastication. It begins by defining mastication and describing the development of muscles from embryonic tissues. The primary muscles of mastication - masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, and medial pterygoid - are then described in detail, including their origins, insertions, nerve/blood supply, and actions. Secondary muscles like the digastric, mylohyoid, and geniohyoid that assist in mastication are also outlined. The document concludes that the masticatory system requires precise muscle movement to effectively move the teeth during function.
Amylodosis
by post graduates from Maratha Mandal's NathajiRao Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgavi.
A step wise presentation of Amylodosis covering,
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
PHYSICAL NATURE
CHEMICAL NATURE
CLASSIFICATION
PATHOGENESIS
STAINING CHARACTERISTICS
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
MORPHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
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Help children identify and understand their own emotions and the emotions of others.
Enhance Listening Skills:
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Foster Positive Relationships:
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6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）。头贼脑的倒也逗人喜爱日上三竿时山娃总爱窜进自家瓜棚里跟小伙伴们坐着聊天聊着聊着便忍不住往瓜田里逡巡一番抱起一只硕大的西瓜用石刀劈开抑或用拳头砸开每人抱起一大块就啃啃得满嘴满脸猴屁股般的红艳大家一个劲地指着对方吃吃地笑瓜裂得古怪奇形怪状却丝毫不影响瓜味甜丝丝的满嘴生津遍地都是瓜横七竖八的活像掷满了一地的大石块摘走二三只爷爷是断然发现不了的即便发现爷爷也不恼反而教山娃辨认孰熟孰嫩孰甜孰淡名义上是护瓜吃
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DENTAL CARIES
- 1. Dr.Athul Chandra.M Assistant Professor Dept.Conservative dentistry and endodontics
- 3. Introduction • Permanently damaged areas in teeth that develop into tiny holes. • Causes include bacteria, snacking, sipping sugary drinks and poor teeth cleaning. • There may be no symptoms. Untreated cavities can cause toothache, infection and tooth loss. • Treatments include fluoride, fillings and crowns. Severe cases may need a root canal or removal.
- 4. Definition Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth, which often leads to cavitation - Shafer,1993
- 16. Factors affecting the formation of caries
- 25. SUBSTRATE
- 37. Time
- 48. AGE SEX OCCUPATION RACE HEREDITARY MEDICATIONS
- 51. BASED ONANATOMICAL SITE • OCCLUSAL (PITAND FISSURE) • ROOT CARIES • SMOOTH SURFACE CARIES (PROXIMALAND CERVICAL CARIES ) • LINEAR ENAMELCARIES ( ODONTOCLASIA )
- 52. BASED ON PROGRESSION • ACUTE CARIES • CHRONIC CARIES • ARRESTEDCARIES
- 53. BASED ON ORIGIN • INITILAL / PRIMARY • RECURRENT / SECONDARY
- 54. BASED ON THE EXTENT • INCIPIENT CARIES • OCCULT CARIES • CAVITATION
- 55. BASED ON PATHWAY OF CARIES SPREAD • FORWARD CARIES • BACKWARDS CARIES
- 56. BASED ON NUMBER OF SURFACES INVOLVED • SIMPLE • COMPOUND • COMPLEX
- 57. BASED ON CHRONOLOGY • EARLY CHILDHOOD (NURSING BOTTLE & RAMPANT CARIES ) • ADOLECENT CARIES • ADULT CARIES MATERNALLY DERIVED STREPROCOCCUS MUTANS DISEASE - MDSMD
- 58. BASED ON THE REMANANT CARIES • RESIDUAL CARIES CARIES which are not removed during a restorative procedure, either by accident, neglect or intention. Sometimes a small amount of acutely carious dentin close to the pulp is covered with a specific capping material to stimulate dentin deposition, isolating caries from pulp. The carious dentin can be removed at a later time.
- 59. BASED ON TEETH SURFACE TO BE RESTORED • OCCLUSAL • MESIAL • DISTAL • FACIAL • BUCCAL • LINGUAL • MOD
- 60. G V BLACKS CLASSIFICATION
- 61. WHO CLASSIFICATION • D1 – clinically detectable enamel lesion with intact surface • D2 – clinically detectable cavity but limited to enamel only • D3 – clinically detectable cavity in dentin • D4 – lesions extending to pulp D2 D3 D4
- 62. RADIATION CARIES • Associated with xerostomia Decreased salivary secretion Increase viscosity of saliva Lower pH Lesion around tooth neck- loss of crown Brown black discoloration in occlusal and incisal edges-wears away Spot depression –spreads from any surface
- 63. BASED ON TISSUE INVOLVEMENT • INTITIAL CARIES ( DEMINERALIZATION) • SUPERFICIAL CARIES (CARIES SUPERFICIALIS) • MODERATE CARIES (CARIES MEDIA) • DEEP (CARIES PROFUNDA) • DEEP COMPLICATED (CARIES PROFUNDA COMPLICATA)
- 64. BY MOUNT & HUME • Site 1 : pit and fissures • Site 2 : proximal enamel below the contact area • Site 3 : cervical 1/3rd • Size 1 :minimal • Size 2 :moderate • Size 3 : enlarged • Size 4 : extensive
- 65. Sit e Size 1 2` 3 4 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4