This document provides an overview of how to take a case history for a dental patient. It discusses the importance of gathering demographic data, chief complaints, medical history, dental history and conducting examinations. The key components of a case history are outlined, including the steps of taking a history, examining the patient, making a provisional diagnosis, conducting investigations, reaching a final diagnosis and developing a treatment plan. Taking a thorough case history is important for understanding the patient's condition, making an accurate diagnosis and determining an effective treatment approach.
Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable & fixed restorations”
Bowen , 1976
Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral structures
Lindhe, 2003
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
Dental Plaque
Soft deposits that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity, including removable & fixed restorations”
Bowen , 1976
Bacterial aggregations on the teeth or other solid oral structures
Lindhe, 2003
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
Case history is one of the most important step before planning and starting patient's treatment. It gives an overall picture of the patient's current and past dental status and his attitude towards treatment outcomes. It also gives the clinician the idea about the affordibility of the patient for the treatment so that alternate treatment options can be provided. It creates a initial good rapport between the clinician and the patient.
Definition
Contents of case history Personal Information
General Physical Examination
Extra oral examination Intra oral examination Investigations Diagnosis
List of references
Conclusion
Case history is the most important part when we enter clinics , it has a greater impact on the diagnosis and treatment planning . It also helps to maintain a good rapport with the patient . It is most important with concern to medicolegal point of view . Thus, a Dr should always have a detailed case history.
Journal -Effect of time on tooth dehydration and rehydrationDr ATHUL CHANDRA.M
J Esthet Restor Dent. 2019;1–6
Journal -Effect of time on tooth dehydration and rehydration
Received: 3 February 2019 Revised: 7 February 2019 Accepted: 10 February 2019 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12461
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKING.
FIRST STEP TO KNOWLEDGE IS TO KNOW THAT we are ignorant
Knowledge in medical field is characterized by uncertanity and vagueness
Historically as well as currently this fact remains a motivation for the development of medical decision support system are based on fuzzy logics
Greek philosopher visualized a basic model of brain function as early as 300 bc
Till date nervous system is not completely understood to human kind.
Curcumin—A NaturalMedicament for Root CanalDisinfection: Effects ofIrrigat...Dr ATHUL CHANDRA.M
Curcumin—A NaturalMedicament for Root CanalDisinfection: Effects ofIrrigation, Drug Release, andPhotoactivation
Julian M. Sotomil, DMD, MSD,*Eliseu A. M€nchow, DDS, MSc,PhD,†DivyaPankajakshan,PhD,‡Kenneth J. Spolnik, DDS,MSD,§Jessica A.Ferreira, DDS,MSc, PhD,kRichard L. Gregory,PhD,‡and Marco C. Bottino,DDS, MSc, PhDk
JOE � Volume -2, Number -, - 2019
DR.Athul Chandra.M
Iid year postgraduate
by post graduates from Maratha Mandal's NathajiRao Halgekar Institute of Dental Sciences, Belgavi.
A step wise presentation of Amylodosis covering,
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
PHYSICAL NATURE
CHEMICAL NATURE
CLASSIFICATION
PATHOGENESIS
STAINING CHARACTERISTICS
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
MORPHOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
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Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
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Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
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Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. INTRODUCTION
A case history is defined as a planned professional conversation that enables the
patient to communicate his/her symptoms, feelings and fears to the clinician so
as to obtain an insight into the nature of patient’s illness & his/her attitude
towards them.
3. Objectives:-
• To establish a positive professional relationship.
• To provide the clinician with information concerning the
patient’s past dental, medical & personal history.
• To provide the clinician with the information that may be
necessary for making a diagnosis.
• To provide information that aids the clinician in making
decisions concerning the treatment of the patient.
4. Steps in case history taking
•Assemble all the available facts gathered from statistics, chief complaint,
medical history, dental history and diagnostic history and diagnostic tests.
•Analyze and interpret the assembled clues to reach the provisional
diagnosis.
•Make a differential diagnosis of all possible complications.
•Select a closest possible choice-final diagnosis.
•Plan a effective treatment accordingly
5. COMPONENTS-
• Demographic data
• Chief complaint
• History of present illness
1.Medical history
2.Past dental history
3.Family history
4.Personal history
• General examination
• Extraoral examination
• Intraoral examination
• Provisional diagnosis
• Investigations
• Final diagnosis
• Treatment plan
7. ◦ PATIENT REGISTRATION NUMBER
Useful for-
◦ maintaining a record,
◦ billing purposes,
◦ medico legal aspects.
◦ DATE USEFUL FOR-
◦ Time of admission
◦ reference during follow up visits
◦ Record maintenance
8. NAME
• To communicate with the patient
◦ To establish a rapport with the patient
◦ Record maintenance
◦ Psychological benefits
AGE
◦ For diagnosis
◦ Treatment planning
◦ Behavioral management techniques
◦ Some diseases are prevalent in particular ages
9. AGE RELATED ANOMALIES
Commonly present at birth
◦ Micrognathia
◦ Cleft lip & cleft plate
◦ Ankyloglossia
◦ Predecidous dentition
Disease present in children & young adults
◦ Benign migratory glossitis
◦ Juvenile periodontitis
◦ Pemphigus
◦ Recurrent apthous stomatitis
◦ Dental caries
11. SEX
•Significance- Certain diseases are gender specific:
Diseases common in males:
•Attrition,
• leukolpakia,
•cancer like squamous cell carcinoma,
•melanoma,
• lymphoma etc
Diseases common in females:
•Iron deficiency anemia,
• sjogren’s syndrome,
• osteoporosis, recurrent apthous ulcers etc
◦ In females, special consideration must be given to pregnancy & lactation.
12. ADDRESS
•For future correspondence
•Gives a view of socio-economic status
•Prevalence of diseases
Eg-fluorosis as a result of increase level of fluorides in water are spread
differently in various parts of the country.
13. OCCUPATION
•To asses the socioeconomic status.
•Predilection of diseases in different occupations
•eg: . Attrition and abrasion are found in industrial
workers having an atmosphere of abrasive dust
MARITAL STATUS
◦ could induce the expression of autosomal
recessive diseases.
15. CHIEF COMPLAINT
• The chief complaint is usually the reason for the patient’s visit.
• It is stated in patient’s own words in chronological order of their
appearance & their severity.
• The chief complaint aids in diagnosis & treatment therefore
should be given utmost priority
16. HISTORY OF PRESENTING ILLNESS
• Ask relevant associated symptoms
The symptoms can be elaborated in terms of:-
• Mode & cause of onset
• Duration
• Location-localized ,diffuse ,referred, radiating.
• Progression- continuous or intermittent.
• Aggravating & relieving factors
• Associated symptoms
• Treatment taken
17. PAIN
PAIN MILD MODERATE SEVERE
QUALITY dull sharp throbbing constant
ONSET
stimulation
required
intermittent spontaneous
LOCATION localised diffuse referred radiating
DURATION secs mins hours constant
INITIATED
BY
cold hot sweet spontaneous mastication supination
keeps
awake at
night
RELIEVED
BY
cold hot Analgesics Narcotics
18. MEDICAL HISTORY
◦ Helps to identify conditions
that would alter ,complicate
or contraindicate proposed
dental procedures.
◦ Communicable diseases
require special precautions or
referral .
◦ Allergies / medications can
contra indicate some drugs.
◦ Systemic diseases, cardiac
abnormalities , joint
replacement etc require
antibiotic coverage
19. PAST DENTAL HISTORY
• History of dental treatment
undergone by the patient,
along with patients experience
before, during and after the
dental treatment.
• History of complications
experienced by the patient
20. ◦ If the patient has difficulty tolerating
certain types of procedure or has
encountered problems with previous
dental care, alteration of treatment or
environment might help in avoiding
future complications.
◦ Past radiographs
21. FAMILY HISTORY
•Family members share their genes, as
well as their environment, lifestyles and
habits.
•Risks for diseases such as asthma,
diabetes, cancer, and heart disease also
run in families.
•There are also several inherited
anomalies & abnormalities that can
affect the oral cavity such as congenitally
missing lateral incisors, cleft lip & cleft
palate
23. HABITS
◦ Thumb sucking lip sucking leads to anterior proclination of maxillary incisors.
◦ Tongue thrusting habit leads to anterior n posterior open bite.
◦ Mouth breathing leads to anterior marginal gingivitis & dental caries.
◦ Smoking and Alcohol
proclination Anterior open bite
24. Diet-
• soft diet :- adhere tenaciously
to the teeth leading to more
dental caries.
• coarse diet :- cause more
amount of attrition .
– carbohydrate & vitamin diet :-
increase carbohydrate contents
leads to increase risk for dental
caries , while diet deficient in
vitamin may cause enamel
hypoplasia.
25. Oral hygiene
◦ Poor oral hygiene & improper brushing technique may lead to dental caries &
periodontal disease.
◦ Horizontal brushing technique may leads to cervical abrasion
28. Intra oral examination
◦ Soft tissue examination
Buccal mucosa
Labial mucosa
Tongue [Dorsal ,Ventral]
Floor of mouth
Hard palate
Soft palate
Gingiva
29. Clinical Examination for Caries:
◦ Dental caries is diagnosed by one or all of the following:
◦ (1) visual change sin tooth surface texture or color,
◦ (2) tactile sensation when an explorer is used judiciously,
◦ (3) radiographs,
◦ (4) transillumination.
30. Basic tools required are:
◦ A good light source,
◦ A mirror,
◦ A sharp explorer and
◦ An air syringe are the most basic tools required
32. PROXIMAL CARIES
Proximal surface gingival to the
contact area most susceptible to
caries
Difficult to assess using direct visual
assessment.
Orthodontic separators used to allow
better vision.
Teeth are temporarily separated
using orthodontic rubber rings.
◦ Unwaxed floss:
◦ To detect proximal caries, the floss is
frayed
Bite wing radiographs are used
34. INSPECTION
Contour
Size, form ,structure and number
Proximal contact relationship
Colour
Erosion ,Abrasion and Attrition
Restorations
Fractures of tooth
Carious lesions
35. Tactile methods:
Explorers are widely used for the detection of carious tooth structure
- Right angled probe- no.6
- Back action probe- no.17
- Shepherd's crook- no. 23
Dental floss
36. Palpation
Detecting any soft tissue swelling
or bony expansion,
The adjacent and contralateral
tissues
Applying firm digital pressure to
the mucosa covering the roots
and apices.
The index finger is used to press
the mucosa against the
underlying cortical bone.
A positive response to palpation
may indicate an active
periradicular inflammatory
process.
37. PERCUSSION
• an indication of
inflammation in the
periodontal ligament
• This inflammation may be
secondary to physical
trauma, occlusal
prematurities, periodontal
disease, or the extension of
pulpal disease into the
periodontal ligament space
38. PROVISIONAL DIAGNOSIS
• It is also called tentative diagnosis or working diagnosis.
• It is formed after evaluating the case history & performing the physical
examination
40. DEFINTIVE DAIGNOSIS
• The final diagnosis can usually be reached following chronologic organization
and critical evaluation of the information obtained from
• patient history,
• physical examination and
• the result of radiological and laboratory examination.
41. TREATMENT PLAN
Depends on:
◦ experience of a competent clinician and nature and extent of treatment
facilities available.
43. Urgent phase
◦ Patient presenting with
◦ swelling,
◦ pain,
◦ bleeding,
◦ or infection these problems managed as soon as possible.
44. Control Phase. :
◦ The goals of this phase are to remove etiologic factors and stabilize the
patient's dental health
(1) eliminate active disease such as caries and inflammation,
(2) remove conditions preventing maintenance,
(3) eliminate potential causes of disease, and
(4) begin preventive dentistry activities
◦ Examples of control phase-extractions; endodontics; periodontal
debridement and scaling; occlusal adjustment
45. Reevaluation Phase
◦ Time between the control and definitive phases that allows for resolution of
inflammation and time for healing.
◦ Home care habits are reinforced, motivation for further treatment is
assessed, and initial treatment and pulpal responses are reevaluated before
definitive care is begun.
46. Definitive Phase
◦ After the dentist reassesses initial treatment and determines the need for
further care, the patient enters the definitive phase of treatment.
◦ This may include endodontic, periodontic, orthodontic, oral surgical, and
operative procedures before fixed or removable prosthodontic treatment.
47. Maintenance Phase
◦ This phase includes regular recall examinations that
◦ 1) may reveal the need for adjustments to prevent future breakdown and
◦ (2) provide an opportunity to reinforce home care.
This will detect the presence of periradicular abnormalities or specific areas that produce painful response to digital pressure. A positive response to palpation may indicate an active periradicular inflammatory process.