Air pollution and it's status in DHAKA< DELHI <MEXICO<BEIJING

1. Air Pollution Profile of
theWorld’s Four Major
Cities (Dhaka, Delhi,
Beijing, Mexico )
SAZZAD KHAN
ID#1731706

2. Air Pollution
 Definition: excessive release of pollutants into the air
that are detrimental to human health, animal ,
plant, property and the planet as a whole.
 Which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable
enjoyment of life or property or conduct of business
 Disrupt the dynamic equilibrium in the atmosphere

3. Composition of
Air

4. Classification:
Pollutants can be grouped into two categories:
 Primary air pollutants: emitted directly into the atmosphere by
the sources (such as power-generating plants).
 SO2, NO
 Secondary air pollutants: produced in the atmosphere when
certain chemical reactions take place among primary pollutants
 O3
 Other important gaseous pollutants are: ammonia, carbon monoxide,
volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

5. Sources

6. Sources

7. Effects of air
pollution on
human
 around 30-40% of cases of asthma (SO2, NO2)
and 20-30% of all respiratory disease.
 Short term effect are:
 eye irritation (NOx, O3, PAN, particulates)
 nose, throat (SO2, NOx)
 bronchitis, headache etc.
 Long term affect are:
 lung disease ( coughing , chest pain, breathing
difficulties)
 chronic respiratory problem ( asthma, lung cancer)
 damage to heart, brain, eyes etc.
 damage to liver and kidney ( Pb)

8. Air Pollution in
Four Major
Cities
Beijing, Chaina Mexico, North America
 What is the source of this air pollution? How has the poor air
quality affected the people and the surrounding environment?
Dhaka,
Bangladesh
Delhi, India

9. Causes and
Consequences
ofAir Pollution
in Beijing,
China
 China is notorious for being a major polluter.
 Beijing, the capital of China, is located in the northeast corner of
the country. Population: 22.118 billion
 In 2000-2010 population increased from 13billion to 19 billion (
44%)
 Of the twenty cities with the worst air pollution worldwide, 16 are
located in China
 China’s Environmental Sustainability Index is ranked near the
bottom among countries worldwide

10. Factors
Attributes to
Air Pollution
 an enormous economic boom
 a surge in the number of motorized vehicles
 3.3 million with nearly 1200 added each day
 Motor vehicles emission leads to 70% air pollution ( SO2, NO2,CO, PM10)
 population growth ( 11- 16 million in 7 years)
 output from manufacturing industries
 coal burning- smog
 outdated and inefficient technologies
 natural reasons : topography and seasonal weather
 surrounded by mountains ensuring that pollution remains trapped within
the city limits
 temperature and humidity levels rise ( spring, summer)

11. -AirQuality Index -
(AQI)
Scales 0-500
- Level <100 = blue
sky days, no smog is
visible
-Beijing reaches level
755
Highest 2008
PM2.5 (respiratory
and cardiovascular
disease.)

13. Health Impacts  Shorter life span ( Average life span 5- 6 shorter)
 lower birth rates
 higher adult mortality from respiratory related diseases
 Lung cancer rates have risen over 60% in the past decade
 411,000 premature deaths across China
 lifetime risk of lung cancer ( 56% in last 10 years)

14. Causes and
Consequences
ofAir Pollution
in Mexico
 Densely populated city in NorthAmerica with
a population of 21.2 million people ( 20 million in 2015,
23 million would be in 2022)
 Mexico City’s air has gone from among the world’s
cleanest to among the dirtiest in the span of a
generation
 In 1998 - “the most dangerous city in the world for
children’’

15. Causes ofAir
Pollution
 Mexico city is 2240 m above sea level and surrounded by mountains.
This geography helps trap the pollution in the area, rather than
allowing them to dissipate.
 Rapid Industrialization: emits toxic gases such as carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide
 Motor vehicles (75%) : Among half a million cars people are exposed
daily to fumes produced by 3.6 million vehicles ( most air pollution
results from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons, mainly diesel
emissions)
 Hydrophobic soot particles in atmosphere ( black carbon aerosols) –
don’t easily washed out by precipitation
 Mexico City ( located- tropics) receives high levels of ozone and
various other types of photochemical smog ( formed when nitrogen
oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) react with the intense sunlight)

16. Health Impacts
 Air contains PM10 and Ozone:
 can irritate eyes
 cause or aggravate respiratory and
 cardiovascular ailments
 lead to premature death.
-(approximately 6,400 people die each year from particulate exposure in the
Mexico City metro area)
 PM2.5- Causes heart damage and chronic respiratory diseases
 ( due to high levels of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and sulfur
dioxide)
 Asthma and premature death ( infants)

17. Causes and
Consequences
ofAir Pollution
in DHAKA
 One of the most densely populated cities in the world ( city 8.5
million , district 18 million in 2016)
 density of 23,234/sqkm
 Dhaka city is more than 400 years old
 20% of the population is living in slums in inhuman condition
 Number of automobile increasing rate 10%/annually
 On February 17, 2014, Dhaka’s air quality was measured 172 AQI
which is considered unhealthy and on January 25, 2017 it was
measured 361 AQI, that is deemed extremely unhealthy according
to the standards for Bangladesh (NAAQS).
 Dhaka took the 23rd place in terms of worst air quality among
1,600 cities of the world (WHO-2014)

18. Sources:
 Basically, there are two major sources of air pollution in
Dhaka-
industrial emissions:
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, particulates
of lead compound and unburned carbon particle
Motijheel Commercial Area has been found to contain 100
ppm of Carbon Monoxide
vehicular emissions
Emissions from diesel engines are smoke, carbon monoxide,
unburned carbon, nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide.
Hatkhola, Manik MiaAvenue,Tejgaon, Farmgate, Motijheel,
Lalmatia, and Mohakhali – most dangerous areas

19.  Air Pollution Percentage of MotorVehicles in Dhaka

20. Health Impacts
 A new child-attacking virus thrives in Dhaka as
pollution heightens. According to the WHO report
2001, the lead concentration found in the blood of the
children in Dhaka was up to four times higher than the
acceptable level of 10 g/dl.This high level of lead
concentration in blood is correlated with that in the air
 The school children of Dhaka City had nasal irritation,
cough, headache, dizziness, etc. when they were
affected by common cold.
 Young children are mostly exposed to cadmium
through inhalation of smokes and contaminated soils
and dust from the industrial emissions and sewage
sludge

21. Link
http://aqicn.org/city/bangladesh/dhaka/u
s-consulate/

22. Air Pollution in
Delhi, India
 Delhi, capital of India, is the worst of 1600 major cities in the world
 Air pollution in India is estimated to kill 1.5 million people every
year
 India has the world's highest death rate from chronic respiratory
diseases and asthma (WHO survey)
 Great smog of Delhi, the air pollution spiked far beyond
acceptable levels. Levels of PM2.5 and PM 10 particulate matter
hit 999 micrograms per cubic meter ( November, 2016)
 while the safe limits for those pollutants are 60 and 100
respectively
 New Delhi has closed some 5,000 schools for the next several
days to protect children from the toxic air.

23. Great smog of
Delhi (
November
,2016)

24. Causes of
Pollution
 Motor vehicle emissions are one of the causes of poor
air quality. According to some reports, 80 %per cent of
PM2.5 air pollution is caused by vehicular traffic,
 Other causes include wood-burning fires, fires on
agricultural land, exhaust from diesel generators, dust
from construction sites, and burning garbage and
illegal industrial activities in Delhi.
 The Badarpur Thermal Power Station, a coal-fired
power plant built in 1973, is another major source of air
pollution in Delhi. Despite producing less than 8% of
the city's electric power, it produces 80 to 90% of
the particulate matter pollution from the electric
power sector in Delhi. It was complete shut down
during the Great smog of Delhi

25. Impacts:
 Effects on children
 2.2 million children in Delhi have irreversible lung damage due to
the poor quality of the air. In addition, research shows that
pollution can lower children’s intelligence quotient and increase
the risks of autism, epilepsy, diabetes and even adult-onset
diseases like multiple sclerosis.
 Effects on adults
 Poor air quality is a cause of reduced lung capacity, headaches,
sore throats, coughs, fatigue, and early death

27. Thanks