delfiyana TOT meet 6.pptx
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This document discusses various techniques for direct and indirect translation. [1] Direct techniques include borrowing/loan words, naturalization of words, and literal translation. Borrowing involves taking words directly from another language. Naturalization adapts borrowed words to the normal pronunciation and morphology of the target language. Literal translation translates word-for-word. [2] Indirect techniques involve changing the form or structure. Transposition changes a word's grammatical category. Modulation changes the point of view or focus. Compensation introduces information elsewhere to replace something that cannot be directly translated.
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- Transposition which changes the word class without changing meaning.
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- Equivalence which uses set idioms, clichés or proverbs to translate expressions.
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- Reformulation which requires completely reworking translations such as for idioms or slogans.
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The document discusses translation and provides definitions from various experts. It describes translation as the process of transferring meaning from a source language to a target language. The document also discusses the functions, process, types, and shifts involved in translation. Specifically, it notes translation functions as a medium to convey messages across linguistic and cultural barriers. The translation process is described as having three stages: analysis of the source language message, transfer of meaning, and reconstruction of the message in the target language.
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- Modulation which renders ideas differently while maintaining the same meaning.
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- Calque which literally translates components of borrowed words.
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The document discusses translation and provides definitions from various experts. It describes translation as the process of transferring meaning from a source language to a target language. The document also discusses the functions, process, types, and shifts involved in translation. Specifically, it notes translation functions as a medium to convey messages across linguistic and cultural barriers. The translation process is described as having three stages: analysis of the source language message, transfer of meaning, and reconstruction of the message in the target language.
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skeleton System.pdf (skeleton system wow)
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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- 2. TABLEOFCONTENTS Direct Technique Indirect Technique 01 02
- 4. 1. Borrowing Technique According to Molina and Albir (2002), borrowing istranslation techniques by taking words or direct expressionsfrom other languages (p. 510). Examples of some language wordsSpanish which has undergone naturalization is borrowed from the languageEngland, like goals from goal, football from football. Richards (1992:40) adds that borrowing is a word or phrasetaken from a language and used in another language. Next he said that if the wordIf the loan is in the form of a single word, it is called a loan word.Examples of Indonesian loan words from English areanus, urine, horizon, diameter, stereo, neutrons, etc. can be seenin General Guidelines for the Formation of Terms (2006).
- 5. Another term that is almost the same as borrowing is naturalization(naturalization). According to Newmark (1988) this naturalization is atranslation procedures that transfer and adapt SL words firstfirst into the normal pronunciation (the normal pronunciation),then transfer and adapt it into formationsnormal words (the normal morphology/word-forms), for example Another example in Indonesian is the word 'estate'which is the naturalized result of the English word estate, the word 'polis'in Malaysian naturalized from the English word police.
- 6. 2. Calque Technique According to Richards (1992), Calque or Kalke belongs to this typeloan translation or borrowing, which is a translation technique thattranslating morphemes or words of a language into morphemes or wordsanother equivalent language (p. 44). For example the English word almightyis calque from the Latin omnipotens: omni = all and potens = mighty,so omnipotence becomes almighty.
- 7. 3. Literal Techniques Literal translation techniques by Molina and Albir (2002) are categorized intoin translation techniques. Try this translation techniquetranslate a word or expression word-for-word.Example: Tsu (Sp): ―El equipo experimentado está trabajando para terminar el informe.‘TS (E): ‗The experienced team is working to finish the report.‘
- 9. 1. Transposition Technique Transposition in this case is a trying translation techniquechange a grammatical category."Transposition is to change a grammatical category." (Molina danAlbir, 2002, p. 510)An example is the translation of the English sentence ‗He will soonbe back' is translated into Spanish as ‗No tardará enveir, which changes the adverb 'soon' to the verb 'tardar' yangmeans 'take a long time' rather than keep translating it intoadverb form and translate to ‗Estará de vulelta pronto‘
- 10. 2. Modulation Technique Modulation within these limits is changing the point of view, focusor cognitive categories that exist in ST both lexically andstructural, for example in the translation of Arabic sentences ستصيرأباtranslated into English as ‗you are going to have achild' rather than being translated ‗you are going to be a father.' In factindeed the word أباmeans ‗father‘=a father, but in this case the wordis translated as ‗child‘ = a child. That's what happenedin modulation techniques because of the case of changing the point of view between peopleArabic and English are culturally different even though it is logical ifthe sentence 'You will have children' is essentially the same as 'You willto be a father'.
- 11. 3. Compensation Techniques Molina and Albir (2002) say:―Compensation is used to introduce a Source Text (ST) element ofinformation or stylistic effect in another place in the Target Text (TT)because it cannot be replaced in the same place as in the Source Text(ST)” (p. 510). Examples of the pronoun ‗thee‘ in Old Englishreplaced by the exclamatory form ‗O‘ in French.Tsu (E) : I was seeking them, Flathead.Tsu (F) : En vérité, c‘est bien toi que je cherche, O Tête-Plate.
- 12. HaveaNiceDay