Brick (building material) full informationAli Rizgar
Hi everyone thanks for reading our report again. Here we talked about every single information about brick just like the advantages and disadvantages, manufacturing, classification. But here we compare to concrete block so you can read about concrete block from this link
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/AliRizgar/concret-block-full-information
So if you have any questions or mistakes you can call me from this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
1. The document provides an elemental cost analysis for the proposed construction of a 4-storey primary school building with 36 classrooms and other facilities, and a single-storey canteen.
2. The total construction cost is estimated to be RM6,949,424.43 excluding contingencies, with the largest cost elements being substructure works, superstructure, finishes, and services.
3. Key specifications outlined include reinforced concrete structural elements, 115mm thick brick walls, metal framed doors and windows, roofing with concrete tiles and insulation, and ceramic wall tiles and ceiling boards for internal finishes.
The document discusses calculating wall-to-floor ratios for two building designs, Buildings A and B. It provides the dimensions and calculations for Building A, which has a wall-to-floor ratio of 0.20. For Building B, it lists the dimensions and calculations but leaves the number of floors, total floor and wall areas, total costs, and final ratio as values for the student to calculate. The student is asked to complete the calculations for Building B and submit their worksheet.
The document provides a cost analysis for the proposed construction of 2 blocks of 3-storey medium cost apartments with 24 units and associated external works located in Mukim Petaling, Kuala Lumpur. The total contract sum is RM1,588,044.50. It includes breakdowns of costs by building element such as substructure, superstructure, finishes, fittings and services. Specifications are also provided for each building element.
This document presents a detailed flowchart on the process of property development in Malaysia, from land purchase application to construction to delivery of the property to purchasers.
Civil types of foundations for different soil characteristics (2) - copyVenkatesh D
This document summarizes different types of soil classifications and foundations. It describes how soils are classified based on particle size into coarse-grained or fine-grained soils. The engineering properties and index properties of soils that influence foundation design are discussed. Shallow foundations like footings and rafts as well as deep foundations like piles are introduced. Factors affecting bearing capacity and different types of footings for varying soil conditions are summarized.
This document provides a bill of quantities for various construction works. It includes pricing for:
1. Preliminaries such as site supervision, rubbish disposal, scaffolding, and screens.
2. Demolition of existing structures like walls, doors, windows, and finishes.
3. Groundworks including excavation, filling, compaction, and geotextile membranes.
4. Concrete works like foundations, beds, and filling hollow walls.
5. Masonry works including brick walls, block walls, damp proof courses, and padstones.
6. Structural framing made of steel columns, beams, and timber floor and wall members.
7. Cl
Brick (building material) full informationAli Rizgar
Hi everyone thanks for reading our report again. Here we talked about every single information about brick just like the advantages and disadvantages, manufacturing, classification. But here we compare to concrete block so you can read about concrete block from this link
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/AliRizgar/concret-block-full-information
So if you have any questions or mistakes you can call me from this email
Alirizgar234@gmail.com
1. The document provides an elemental cost analysis for the proposed construction of a 4-storey primary school building with 36 classrooms and other facilities, and a single-storey canteen.
2. The total construction cost is estimated to be RM6,949,424.43 excluding contingencies, with the largest cost elements being substructure works, superstructure, finishes, and services.
3. Key specifications outlined include reinforced concrete structural elements, 115mm thick brick walls, metal framed doors and windows, roofing with concrete tiles and insulation, and ceramic wall tiles and ceiling boards for internal finishes.
The document discusses calculating wall-to-floor ratios for two building designs, Buildings A and B. It provides the dimensions and calculations for Building A, which has a wall-to-floor ratio of 0.20. For Building B, it lists the dimensions and calculations but leaves the number of floors, total floor and wall areas, total costs, and final ratio as values for the student to calculate. The student is asked to complete the calculations for Building B and submit their worksheet.
The document provides a cost analysis for the proposed construction of 2 blocks of 3-storey medium cost apartments with 24 units and associated external works located in Mukim Petaling, Kuala Lumpur. The total contract sum is RM1,588,044.50. It includes breakdowns of costs by building element such as substructure, superstructure, finishes, fittings and services. Specifications are also provided for each building element.
This document presents a detailed flowchart on the process of property development in Malaysia, from land purchase application to construction to delivery of the property to purchasers.
Civil types of foundations for different soil characteristics (2) - copyVenkatesh D
This document summarizes different types of soil classifications and foundations. It describes how soils are classified based on particle size into coarse-grained or fine-grained soils. The engineering properties and index properties of soils that influence foundation design are discussed. Shallow foundations like footings and rafts as well as deep foundations like piles are introduced. Factors affecting bearing capacity and different types of footings for varying soil conditions are summarized.
This document provides a bill of quantities for various construction works. It includes pricing for:
1. Preliminaries such as site supervision, rubbish disposal, scaffolding, and screens.
2. Demolition of existing structures like walls, doors, windows, and finishes.
3. Groundworks including excavation, filling, compaction, and geotextile membranes.
4. Concrete works like foundations, beds, and filling hollow walls.
5. Masonry works including brick walls, block walls, damp proof courses, and padstones.
6. Structural framing made of steel columns, beams, and timber floor and wall members.
7. Cl
This document estimates the costs for excavation work, lean concrete, hardcore, and concrete work below the lowest floor level of a building. It includes calculations for the material and labor costs to excavate to reduce the ground level, excavate pits for pad footings and stumps, and excavate trenches for ground beams. It also includes cost estimates for lean concrete screeds under pad footings, ground beams, and the ground floor slab, as well as hardcore under these elements. Finally, it provides cost calculations for vibrated reinforced concrete in pad footings, column stumps, ground beams, and concrete beds at different thicknesses. The estimates are based on material quantities and unit rates, with allowances made for labor costs,
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
The document discusses the measurement of substructure works according to standard methods. It describes typical substructure elements for different building structures, including pad footings, column stumps, ground beams, and ground slabs. It also outlines the relevant sections for measuring excavation, concrete, brickwork, waterproofing, and summarizes the typical sequence of substructure work.
Before hiring cladding manufacturers for cladding services you must know whats the best option suitable to your needs. Here are some attributes of cladding material for you to make an informed decision.
This document contains an elemental cost analysis for the proposed corporate headquarters of Bristol Trading Sdn Bhd. It includes summaries of the building specifications, contract details, floor plans, and a functional unit cost analysis breaking down costs by element, including substructure, superstructure, finishes, fittings and furnishings, services, and external works. Key figures provided are the total contract sum of RM4,898,990 and a breakdown of costs per square meter of gross floor area for each structural and design element.
The document discusses different types of roofs and roofing materials. It begins by defining a roof as the uppermost part of a building that provides protection from weather elements. It then classifies roofs based on their shape, including flat roofs used in areas with low rainfall, curved shells for large spaces, and pitched roofs for heavy rainfall areas. Various pitched roof forms are outlined such as gable, hip, shed, and gambrel styles. Common roofing materials include thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, galvanized iron, and lightweight options. The purposes, advantages, and installation of these materials are described.
The document provides information on elemental cost analysis, including:
1) It explains the purposes of elemental cost analysis and the principles of preparing an analysis.
2) It describes the forms used in an analysis, including Form 1 which contains project and building information.
3) It details the specific information required in Form 1, such as building description, areas, storey heights, and ratios. Providing accurate cost data in the defined structure allows for comparison across projects.
The document describes the typical process for construction projects, which involves several key stages:
1) A need is identified, initial plans are developed, and a designer is selected.
2) Conceptual and final designs are created along with cost estimates. Bids are solicited from contractors.
3) A contractor is selected and construction begins according to the project plans.
4) Once completed, the facility is used and maintained over its lifespan.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONTRACT FORM JKR 203A & PAMAnep Botak
The document compares differences between the JKR 203A and PAM forms of construction contracts. The key differences are:
- JKR 203A is used for public sector projects while PAM is used for private sector projects. PAM only covers building works while JKR covers all engineering works.
- The period for honoring interim certificates is 30 days for JKR 203A and 21 days for PAM 2006.
- The PAM 2006 contract, unlike previous versions and JKR 203A, contains provisions allowing contractors to suspend work if they face delayed or non-payment from the employer.
This document contains a bill of quantities for external and internal wall finishes, external and internal floor finishes, external and internal ceiling finishes for a bungalow. The document lists various construction materials and their quantities, including clay brick walls, damp proof courses, plastering, painting, ceramic wall and floor tiles, cement screeding, ceiling boards and timber beadings. It provides the specifications, quantities and rates for each item to be used for the construction of the bungalow.
Building construction involves the process of constructing buildings and other structures. It begins with planning that takes into account factors like climate and available materials. The construction process then involves clearing land and erecting a framework or structure that gives a building form, stability, and allows it to withstand stresses. This framework is made up of identifiable elements arranged in a particular construction or organization. Once the basic structure is in place, walls, roof, and other components are added to fully enclose the building.
The document provides an elemental cost analysis for a 17-storey residential apartment building project consisting of 212 units. It includes summaries of the gross floor area, functional units, building shape and type. Cost information is presented for various building elements such as substructure, frame, upper floors, roof, stairs, walls, doors and windows. Reinforced concrete quantities, formwork areas and reinforcement weights are listed for each element. The total estimated cost for the main building works is RM 21.2 million.
Cladding is a material applied over another to provide weather protection or aesthetic appeal for buildings. It controls infiltration, observes vapor egress, and provides durable and aesthetically pleasing appearances. Cladding materials include timber, PVC, stone, glass, and ceramics for interiors and terra cotta, metal, fiber cement, and brick for exteriors. Cladding serves primary roles of weather protection and secondary roles of insulation, fire resistance, and ease of cleaning.
Mud is a mixture of water, soil, silt, and clay that was commonly used as a building material before concrete. It was used to fill gaps between bricks and stone in early constructions that, while not as strong as concrete, helped keep houses cool in the summer heat. Mud and clay continue to be useful building materials in warm places as they allow structures to remain cool even in extreme heat.
one of the important activities in construction work is brickwork. this presentation gives a brief outlook of brickwork masonry and plastering and waterproofing.
Wall finishes provide decorative coverings for walls, ceilings and floors and conceal building components. Common internal wall finishes include plaster, paint, wallpaper, wood panelling, cement plaster, laminate, tiles and mirrors. Finishes are either self finishes that are inherent in the material or applied finishes that require application on site. Factors like intended use, maintenance needs and durability must be considered when selecting wall finishes. Proper application and allowing finishes to fully dry is important to prevent damage.
The document provides details about the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, including:
- The towers were designed by Cesar Pelly and inspired by Tun Dr. Mahathir to have Islamic elements and make Malaysia well known.
- Tower 1 was constructed by Majors Joint Venture and Tower 2 by Samsung Engineering & Construction over 25 and 24 months respectively.
- The structural frame uses high-strength concrete columns, a core, and ring beams. It discusses the core, columns, foundations, pinnacles, and skybridge components.
- Other buildings discussed include the Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya International Convention
This document provides tender documents for the construction of a double-storey house show unit. It includes:
1) Details of the proposed construction project such as the location, scope of works and completion period.
2) An outline of the tender documents including conditions of contract, specifications, bills of quantities and drawings.
3) Instructions for tendering including the contractual arrangement, issue and collection of tender documents, tendering period, and requirements for the tender submission.
4) Conditions related to alterations to text, tender prices, deviations from specifications, and rectification of errors in the bills of quantities.
A project and analysis on door shutters, hardwares, installation of 'Door assemblies'. Common problems associated with door systems. Pre hung doors as a solutions, manufactured doors.
Project management-project life cycle-pdfAditi Garg
The document outlines the typical phases in a construction project lifecycle:
1) Initiation/Conceptual Stage - The initial idea is developed and feasibility studies are conducted.
2) Design Stage - Detailed design and planning of the project occurs.
3) Tendering Stage - Contractors are solicited and a contract is awarded for construction.
4) Construction Stage - The project is built according to the plans.
5) Completion Stage - The finished project is handed over and put into operation. Monitoring of performance continues.
The document discusses five causes of project delay and cost overrun, and their mitigation measures. It identifies the main causes as design errors, scope changes, inappropriate procurement and contractual management, and project complexity. It provides examples of how each cause can lead to delays and cost overruns. The document recommends measures to mitigate each cause, such as thorough design reviews, clear change management plans, selecting qualified contractors and drafting clear contracts, and accounting for complexity in plans and estimates.
This document estimates the costs for excavation work, lean concrete, hardcore, and concrete work below the lowest floor level of a building. It includes calculations for the material and labor costs to excavate to reduce the ground level, excavate pits for pad footings and stumps, and excavate trenches for ground beams. It also includes cost estimates for lean concrete screeds under pad footings, ground beams, and the ground floor slab, as well as hardcore under these elements. Finally, it provides cost calculations for vibrated reinforced concrete in pad footings, column stumps, ground beams, and concrete beds at different thicknesses. The estimates are based on material quantities and unit rates, with allowances made for labor costs,
This document discusses different types of brick bonding used in wall construction. It describes English bond as having alternating courses of headers and stretchers with closers overlapping at corners for strength. Flemish bond alternates headers and stretchers in each course with closers overlapping. Other bonds discussed include header bond for curved walls, stretcher bond for thin walls, garden wall bond, rat trap bond, and stacked bond. Proper brick bonding is important for the strength and appearance of brick walls.
The document discusses the measurement of substructure works according to standard methods. It describes typical substructure elements for different building structures, including pad footings, column stumps, ground beams, and ground slabs. It also outlines the relevant sections for measuring excavation, concrete, brickwork, waterproofing, and summarizes the typical sequence of substructure work.
Before hiring cladding manufacturers for cladding services you must know whats the best option suitable to your needs. Here are some attributes of cladding material for you to make an informed decision.
This document contains an elemental cost analysis for the proposed corporate headquarters of Bristol Trading Sdn Bhd. It includes summaries of the building specifications, contract details, floor plans, and a functional unit cost analysis breaking down costs by element, including substructure, superstructure, finishes, fittings and furnishings, services, and external works. Key figures provided are the total contract sum of RM4,898,990 and a breakdown of costs per square meter of gross floor area for each structural and design element.
The document discusses different types of roofs and roofing materials. It begins by defining a roof as the uppermost part of a building that provides protection from weather elements. It then classifies roofs based on their shape, including flat roofs used in areas with low rainfall, curved shells for large spaces, and pitched roofs for heavy rainfall areas. Various pitched roof forms are outlined such as gable, hip, shed, and gambrel styles. Common roofing materials include thatch, wood shingles, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, galvanized iron, and lightweight options. The purposes, advantages, and installation of these materials are described.
The document provides information on elemental cost analysis, including:
1) It explains the purposes of elemental cost analysis and the principles of preparing an analysis.
2) It describes the forms used in an analysis, including Form 1 which contains project and building information.
3) It details the specific information required in Form 1, such as building description, areas, storey heights, and ratios. Providing accurate cost data in the defined structure allows for comparison across projects.
The document describes the typical process for construction projects, which involves several key stages:
1) A need is identified, initial plans are developed, and a designer is selected.
2) Conceptual and final designs are created along with cost estimates. Bids are solicited from contractors.
3) A contractor is selected and construction begins according to the project plans.
4) Once completed, the facility is used and maintained over its lifespan.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONTRACT FORM JKR 203A & PAMAnep Botak
The document compares differences between the JKR 203A and PAM forms of construction contracts. The key differences are:
- JKR 203A is used for public sector projects while PAM is used for private sector projects. PAM only covers building works while JKR covers all engineering works.
- The period for honoring interim certificates is 30 days for JKR 203A and 21 days for PAM 2006.
- The PAM 2006 contract, unlike previous versions and JKR 203A, contains provisions allowing contractors to suspend work if they face delayed or non-payment from the employer.
This document contains a bill of quantities for external and internal wall finishes, external and internal floor finishes, external and internal ceiling finishes for a bungalow. The document lists various construction materials and their quantities, including clay brick walls, damp proof courses, plastering, painting, ceramic wall and floor tiles, cement screeding, ceiling boards and timber beadings. It provides the specifications, quantities and rates for each item to be used for the construction of the bungalow.
Building construction involves the process of constructing buildings and other structures. It begins with planning that takes into account factors like climate and available materials. The construction process then involves clearing land and erecting a framework or structure that gives a building form, stability, and allows it to withstand stresses. This framework is made up of identifiable elements arranged in a particular construction or organization. Once the basic structure is in place, walls, roof, and other components are added to fully enclose the building.
The document provides an elemental cost analysis for a 17-storey residential apartment building project consisting of 212 units. It includes summaries of the gross floor area, functional units, building shape and type. Cost information is presented for various building elements such as substructure, frame, upper floors, roof, stairs, walls, doors and windows. Reinforced concrete quantities, formwork areas and reinforcement weights are listed for each element. The total estimated cost for the main building works is RM 21.2 million.
Cladding is a material applied over another to provide weather protection or aesthetic appeal for buildings. It controls infiltration, observes vapor egress, and provides durable and aesthetically pleasing appearances. Cladding materials include timber, PVC, stone, glass, and ceramics for interiors and terra cotta, metal, fiber cement, and brick for exteriors. Cladding serves primary roles of weather protection and secondary roles of insulation, fire resistance, and ease of cleaning.
Mud is a mixture of water, soil, silt, and clay that was commonly used as a building material before concrete. It was used to fill gaps between bricks and stone in early constructions that, while not as strong as concrete, helped keep houses cool in the summer heat. Mud and clay continue to be useful building materials in warm places as they allow structures to remain cool even in extreme heat.
one of the important activities in construction work is brickwork. this presentation gives a brief outlook of brickwork masonry and plastering and waterproofing.
Wall finishes provide decorative coverings for walls, ceilings and floors and conceal building components. Common internal wall finishes include plaster, paint, wallpaper, wood panelling, cement plaster, laminate, tiles and mirrors. Finishes are either self finishes that are inherent in the material or applied finishes that require application on site. Factors like intended use, maintenance needs and durability must be considered when selecting wall finishes. Proper application and allowing finishes to fully dry is important to prevent damage.
The document provides details about the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, including:
- The towers were designed by Cesar Pelly and inspired by Tun Dr. Mahathir to have Islamic elements and make Malaysia well known.
- Tower 1 was constructed by Majors Joint Venture and Tower 2 by Samsung Engineering & Construction over 25 and 24 months respectively.
- The structural frame uses high-strength concrete columns, a core, and ring beams. It discusses the core, columns, foundations, pinnacles, and skybridge components.
- Other buildings discussed include the Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, Putrajaya International Convention
This document provides tender documents for the construction of a double-storey house show unit. It includes:
1) Details of the proposed construction project such as the location, scope of works and completion period.
2) An outline of the tender documents including conditions of contract, specifications, bills of quantities and drawings.
3) Instructions for tendering including the contractual arrangement, issue and collection of tender documents, tendering period, and requirements for the tender submission.
4) Conditions related to alterations to text, tender prices, deviations from specifications, and rectification of errors in the bills of quantities.
A project and analysis on door shutters, hardwares, installation of 'Door assemblies'. Common problems associated with door systems. Pre hung doors as a solutions, manufactured doors.
Project management-project life cycle-pdfAditi Garg
The document outlines the typical phases in a construction project lifecycle:
1) Initiation/Conceptual Stage - The initial idea is developed and feasibility studies are conducted.
2) Design Stage - Detailed design and planning of the project occurs.
3) Tendering Stage - Contractors are solicited and a contract is awarded for construction.
4) Construction Stage - The project is built according to the plans.
5) Completion Stage - The finished project is handed over and put into operation. Monitoring of performance continues.
The document discusses five causes of project delay and cost overrun, and their mitigation measures. It identifies the main causes as design errors, scope changes, inappropriate procurement and contractual management, and project complexity. It provides examples of how each cause can lead to delays and cost overruns. The document recommends measures to mitigate each cause, such as thorough design reviews, clear change management plans, selecting qualified contractors and drafting clear contracts, and accounting for complexity in plans and estimates.
Causes of Delay in Construction of Bridge GirdersIOSR Journals
The document discusses causes of delay in the construction of bridge girders for a three-span bridge over the Sabarmati River in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. It analyzes the planned versus actual construction schedules, finding total delays of 75 days. Major causes of delay included insufficient equipment capacity, lack of materials and skilled labor, delays in design approvals, labor issues, and use of conventional construction methods. The document categorizes common causes of construction delays and identifies responsible parties.
Causes of Delay in Construction of Bridge GirdersIOSR Journals
This document analyzes the causes of delay in the construction of bridge girders for three spans of a major bridge across the Sabarmati River in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Data was collected on the planned versus actual construction schedules. The total delay was found to be 75 days, with various activities like staging work, shuttering work, and reinforcement fixing experiencing delays. Major causes of delay included insufficient equipment capacity, lack of skilled labor, delays in design drawings, and poor site management. The contractor was found to be primarily responsible for these delays through issues like inadequate planning, site layout, and labor productivity.
Causes of Delay in Construction of Bridge GirdersIOSR Journals
This document analyzes the causes of delay in the construction of bridge girders for three spans of a major bridge across the Sabarmati River in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Data was collected on the planned versus actual construction schedules. The total delay was found to be 75 days, with various activities like staging work, shuttering work, and reinforcement fixing experiencing delays. Major causes of delay included insufficient equipment capacity, lack of skilled labor, delays in design drawings, and poor site management. The contractor was found to be primarily responsible for these delays through issues like inadequate planning, site layout, and labor productivity.
This document analyzes the causes of delay in the construction of bridge girders for three spans of a major bridge across the Sabarmati River in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Data was collected on the planned versus actual construction schedules. The total delay was found to be 75 days, with various activities like staging work, shuttering work, and reinforcement fixing experiencing delays. Major causes of delay included insufficient equipment capacity, lack of materials and skilled labor, delays in design drawings, poor site management, and labor issues. The contractor was found to be primarily responsible for these delays through inadequate site planning, labor inefficiencies, and lack of supervision and expertise.
HOW TO MINIMIZE DELAYS IN CONSTRUCTION OF COMMERCIAL PROJECTIRJET Journal
This document discusses ways to minimize delays in the construction of commercial projects. It begins by defining delays and their causes, which can be due to the owner, contractor, external factors or third parties. Delays are costly and common in the construction industry. The document then outlines the objectives of the study, which are to analyze the impacts and causes of delays on commercial projects and understand how delays lead to cost overruns. Guidelines are then proposed for minimizing delays based on the findings.
Construction Futures Wales - NEC Contracts Overview WorkshopRae Davies
This document provides an overview and introduction to NEC3 contracts. It begins with an agenda for the presentation which will cover the history, overview, choices, layout, language, roles, works information, importance of programs, early warnings, compensation events, communication, risk management, key points, proformas and signposting of NEC3 contracts. It then delves into the various sections, explaining the history, characteristics, choices between main options, contract layout and clauses, works and site information, and how change is managed under NEC3 contracts.
IRJET- Delay in Construction its Causes and Mitigation: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document discusses causes of delays in construction projects and methods to mitigate them. It identifies several common causes of delay including changes by owners, payment delays, design errors, poor planning, and communication issues. Delays are classified as critical/non-critical, excusable/non-excusable, and compensable/non-compensable. The document also provides a table outlining specific mitigation plans for various delay causes related to the project management, financing, and construction. Overall, the document provides an overview of delays in construction and strategies to minimize them through improved coordination, planning, communication and dispute resolution.
This literature review aims to identify the nature, causes, and impacts of extensions of time (EOT) on the performance of construction projects in Nepal. It analyzes facts and figures related to EOT in the context of Nepalese construction industries. The main findings are that eligibility for an EOT claim is usually due to client, contractor, consultant, contractual documents, materials, labor, equipment, latent conditions, force majeure or external factors. Adherence to contracts is important to ensure smooth project management and success of any contractual claims without disputes. These findings can help identify areas for further improvement in managing EOT.
Study on the analysis and evaluation of delays in public sector construction ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the analysis and evaluation of delays in public sector construction projects in Kerala, India. A questionnaire survey was conducted with project owners, contractors, and designers to identify the main causes of delays. The data collected through questionnaires was analyzed using statistical software. The results showed that the top causes of delays included changes to the project by the owner, delayed financing and payments by the owner, delays related to subcontractors' work, shortage of construction materials, and weather effects. The study aims to help minimize and control delays in public construction projects in Kerala by identifying the key reasons for delays.
The document provides guidance for a student assignment on selecting a construction contract for a proposed 10-story shopping complex project in Colombo, Sri Lanka. The student must write a report that: 1) Analyzes and compares the functions of professional and contractor quantity surveyors; 2) Discusses interactions between quantity surveyors and project teams; 3) Selects and prepares a contract based on selection criteria and project requirements; and 4) Develops preliminary items and specification sections based on standards to define the scope of work. The report aims to brief the developer's project team on contract selection and scope definition for the shopping complex construction project.
The document discusses the typical project development process for construction projects. It describes the 6 main phases as: 1) concept and feasibility studies, 2) engineering and design, 3) procurement, 4) construction, 5) start-up and implementation, and 6) operation and utilization. It also outlines the basic management activities involved in planning, organizing, controlling construction projects at different management levels from organizational to task-level.
This case study investigates time and cost overruns in the construction of a steel plant in Asia. The original project was estimated to cost $52.52 million and be completed by 2006. However, delays in site selection, changes to the project scope due to market changes, and delays caused by contractors and consultants led to a completion date of 2008 and increased costs of $62.36 million. Several factors contributed to the delays, including a 16-month delay in selecting the project site, which also necessitated changes to the project scope. Piling work took 11 months longer than scheduled due to understaffing by the contractor. Designs from the project consultants were also delayed by 12 months.
This document discusses planning and scheduling concepts. It defines planning as identifying project objectives and activities needed to complete the project, while scheduling involves determining task durations and applying them to the plan. Effective planning is conceptual, dynamic, cyclical and iterative. Key aspects of planning include defining scope, establishing a work breakdown structure, identifying resources, establishing timelines and determining budgets. Constructability analysis examines construction methods and costs to reduce time and costs. Value engineering provides alternatives to optimize functionality, quality and costs. Stakeholder considerations must also be identified and evaluated during planning.
Stakeholders’ Perception of the Causes and Effect of Construction Delays on P...IJMER
Indian Construction industry is large, volatile, and requires tremendous capital outlays. Typically, the work offers low rates of return in relation to the amount of risk involved. A unique element of risk in the industry is the manner in which disputes and claims are woven through the fibre of the construction process. Delay is generally acknowledged as the most common, costly, complex and risky problem encountered in construction projects. Because of the overriding importance of time for both the Owner and the Contractor, it is the source of frequent disputes and claims leading to lawsuits. The growing rate of delays is adversely affecting the timely delivery of construction projects. Presently construction industries are facing a lot of problems, considering that a paper assess construction stakeholder’s perception to the causes of delays and its effects on project delivery. And also one case study is considered in this paper to elicit responses from construction stakeholders. The primary aim of this paper is to identify the perceptions of the different parties regarding causes of delays, the allocation of responsibilities and the types of delays, and method of minimizing the construction delays
Project success through excellence in procurement and contract managementCatherine Bendell
This document provides an overview of a guide on project success through excellent contract management. It discusses why procurement and contract management are important for project managers. Modern developments include a greater emphasis on outcomes, benefits and whole life costs. The project lifecycle has expanded to include operation and termination. There is an increasing need for collaboration between organizations. Selection criteria now include organizational culture and capabilities. Contracts aim to align motivations and define how parties will work together. The seven-stage procurement and contract management model is presented, along with things project managers should consistently do well.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on project success through excellent contract management. It discusses why procurement and contract management are important for project managers. It outlines the agenda which will cover modern developments in these areas, a seven stage procurement and contract management model, and things project managers should consistently do well. It also defines procurement and discusses how the definition and understanding of procurement has expanded with developments like considering outcomes, benefits, whole lifecycles, and the need for collaboration in complex projects.
This document provides an overview and comparison of three common construction procurement methods: traditional, construction management, and design-build. It summarizes the key stages and contractual relationships for each method. It then analyzes which method would be most suitable for a proposed 20-story condominium project based on factors like cost control, schedule, and quality. The document concludes that the traditional method would be most appropriate for this project due to its advantages in controlling costs through competitive bidding on a fully designed project.
This document provides a summary and comparison of standard forms of construction contracts. It outlines key characteristics and components of different contract forms, including how they allocate risk and accommodate factors like cost certainty, speed, and client involvement. The guide presents this information in a matrix format, with contract forms summarized based on criteria like risk allocation, capacity for variations, and separation of design and management. It is intended to help users make informed decisions when selecting a contract form for their specific project needs.
Similar to FINAL ACCOUNT CONCLUSION OF BUILDING PROJECTS (20)
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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1. PROJECT TITLE
AN INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS THAT LEAD
TO DELAYED FINAL ACCOUNT CONCLUSION
OF BUILDING PROJECTS IN MALAWI
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
BY: LENSON MHANGO
(BQS/09/PE/016)
SUPERVISED BY: MR. C.I.M. CHIOCHA
3. INTRODUCTION
Delay can be defined as time overrun or extension of time to
complete the project.
There are high possibilities that delay issues in final account
closing cannot be avoided in Malawi construction industry
Delay in final account closing is a situation when the actual
planning (time and budget allocation) of a construction project
exceeds the planned schedule or on the other hand, final
account closing exceeds the time and other provisions specified
in the contract (Zarabizan et al., 2009).
“Final Account” is taken in the construction contracts simply as a
mechanism for dealing with the final contract sum or final
payment due to the Contractor after the Final Measurement
Period or after the Maintenance / Defects Liability Period
4. INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)
Construction projects generally comprise five stages(Rumus,
Birchall, Griffiths, 2008):
initiation/planning,
design,
tender,
construction and
final account/defect liability stage
5. INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)
The role and performance of project participants and contracting
parties in a construction project in each stage influence the project
success
However, the importance of the final account closing in the stipulated
time frame and agreed contract cost is always being neglected
Undue protracted inaction makes the closing of final account more
difficult and frequently leads to the emergence of unnecessary
dispute (Duncan Cartlidge, 2009).
6. PROBLEM STATEMENT
In the Malawi Construction Industry, the period of final
payment after practical completion tends to be longer than
that stipulated in the terms and conditions of various
construction contracts.
Most standard contract forms contain provisions where the
construction players are obliged to settle the final account and
issue a final payment certificate to the contractor within a
specified period of time after the receipt of the contractor’s
final account statement (PWD, 2010).
Despite this, delays in final account closing continue to be a
problem (Zarabizan et al, 2009).
7. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Main objective
The main objective is to investigate the factors that lead to
delayed final account conclusion of building projects in Malawi
construction industry
8. OBJECTIVES (CONT’D)
Specific objectives
To determine how many contractors have had their final
account being paid on time in their respective contracts
over the past five years
To identify the challenges that contractors face as a
result of delayed final account conclusion and the
suggested solutions to the challenges that the
contractors face due to delayed final account conclusion
To determine the underlying factors leading to delayed
final account settlement of building projects in Malawi
construction industry
9. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
LOCATION
The study was carried out in the City of Blantyre.
RESEARCH METHOD
This study was based on quantitative assessments
DATA SOURCES
Data was collected from a range of sources including
literature (published and unpublished), and some building
contractors in the city of Blantyre
SAMPLING TECHNIGUE
This study adopted the random sampling technique
10. METHODOLOGY (CONT’D)
SAMPLE SIZE
The sample size for this study was 44 building Contractors from within
Blantyre City, Malawi
DATA COLLECTION METHOD
Primary data
Structured questionnaire was used
Secondary data
Already published data like the internet, previous research papers,
newspapers and journals
DATA ANALYSIS
The main statistics calculated in the data analysis were the mean,
frequency and percentage scores with aid of SPSS software.
The data has been presented Graphically, in Tables and Pie
charts
11. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (OVERVIEW)
Response rate
The response rate was at 68%
Questionnaires sent Questionnaires received Response rate
44 30 68%
12. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Director/paterner,
23%
Manager/senior
management/
quantity surveyor,
77%
Director/paterner
Manager/senior management/
quantity surveyor
Position / Job Title of the persona that responded to the
questionnaire
13. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Overall experience of respondents
less than 5 years
53%
Between 5 to 10
years
33%
Between 10 to 15
years
7%
More than 20 years
7%
less than 5 years Between 5 to 10 years Between 10 to 15 years More than 20 years
Years Frequency Percent
less than 5 years 16 53.3
Between 5 to 10 years 10 33.3
Between 10 to 15 years 2 6.7
More than 20 years 2 6.7
Total 30 100.0
14. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Firm category
30 million
category
7%
75 million
category
3%
100 million
category
17%
200 million
category
30%
500 million
category and
above
43%
15. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
projects executed and completed over the past
5 (Five) years
Frequency Percent
1-2 projects 1 3.3
2-4 projects 7 23.3
4-6 projects 4 13.3
6-8 projects 4 13.3
8-10 projects 2 6.7
more than 10 projects 12 40.0
Total 30 100.0
3.3
23.3
13.3 13.3
6.7
40.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
1-2 projects 2-4 projects 4-6 projects 6-8 projects 8-10
projects
more than
10 projects
PERCENTAGES(%)
NO. OF PROJECTS EXECUTED
16. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
projects that had their final account concluded
on time
No. of projects Frequency Percent
None 9 30.0
Less than 2 projects 11 36.7
Less than 4 projects 6 20.0
Less than 6 projects 2 6.7
Less than 8 projects 1 3.3
Less than 10 projects 1 3.3
Total 30 100.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
None Less than
2 projects
Less than
4 projects
Less than
6 projects
Less than
8 projects
Less than
10
projects
30.0
36.7
20.0
6.7
3.3 3.3PERCENTAGES%
NO. OF PROJECTS
17. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Challenges that the contractors face due to delayed final
account closing
Representation of additional cost ranked highest with a mean of
3.90
The second highest challenge is reduced credit ratings with a
mean of 3.80
The third highest ranking is the increment of bankruptcy among
contractors with a mean of 3.76
Opportunity loss of contractors in getting other projects ranked
fourth with a mean of 3.66
18. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Suggested solutions to the challenges
Variations to the contract to be settled at the earliest
time possible ranked highest with a mean of 4.60
The second highest suggested solution is preparation
and agreement of any aspects of the final account
throughout the progress of the works with a mean of
4.57
The third highest ranking that the respondents further
agreed was that the parties should start finalizing
measurement upon completion of any part of the works
with a mean of 4.40
19. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Factors that affect final account closing
Delay in valuation of variations ranked highest with
a mean of 4.21
The second highest influence is delay in settling
claims; e.g. additional costs with a mean of 4.07
Third highest ranking is ignoring re-measurement of
provisional quantities with a mean of 4.00
20. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Findings for objective 1
From the survey, it has been considered that Final
Account, like construction dispute, is a difficult-to-
settle-task which is skills-oriented, adversarial,
repetitive, tactical, time consuming and, more
frequently, lack of appreciation
This has echoed the common understanding in the
construction industry that most final accounts were
settled far beyond the period stated in the
respective contract.
21. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Findings for objective 2
CHALLENGES RANK
Representation of additional cost 1
Reduced credit ratings 2
Increment of bankruptcy among contractors 3
Opportunity loss of contractors in getting other projects 4
Trade credit constraints 5
Loss of reputation 6
22. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Findings of objective 2
SOLUTIONS RANK
Variations to the contract should be settled at the earliest time possible 1
Preparation and agreement of any aspects of the final account throughout 2 the
progress of the Works
Parties should start finalizing measurement upon completion of any part 3 of the
Works
Parties should maintain a “running” final account for which 4
measurements and agreements occur throughout the project
Parties to the contract should be up-to-date on all documentation and track 5
records regarding the project
23. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Findings for Objective 3
Delay in valuation of variations- usually are the root
of most claims and disputes
Delay in settling claims; e.g additional costs-
nowadays claims in construction contract are verily
common and mostly inevitable
Ignoring re-measurement of provisional quantities-
Measurement is the central aspect in building
project that needs to be dealt with even if there was
no change to the works
24. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONT’D
Findings for Objective 3
Poor documentation and lack of Records- which is
common and essential in support of all aspects
forming the Final Account, in particular in relation
to valuation of variations,
substantiation of claims,
measurement,
day works and site works which bear significant
impact on the final contract sum
25. CONCLUSION
For many years, the issue of delay in final account
closing of building projects in Malawi construction
projects has been recorded as unsatisfactory
phenomenal
Client or paymasters should practice an efficient
system to make sure that the contractor receives
the payment accordingly
Hence, delays of final accounts closing can be
resolved at the early stage if the documents are
kept properly
26. CONCLUSION CONT’D
Delay in the closing of final accounts may also
cause problems to contractor in making working
capital and eventually lead to bankruptcy
Personal in charge in the project should be
maintained especially the project manager until the
closing of final accounts is completed.
Thus, project managers need to have better
understanding of critical success/failure factors in
the construction project and how to measure them
27. RECOMMENDATIONS
In all circumstances, it is not suggested that final
account preparation should commence only upon
completion of the project
Whilst this may be the case in most situations, it is
not good practice, as there is abundant opportunity
for final account measurement during the course of
the Works
From what have learned through this research, it is
suggested that:
28. RECOMMENDATIONS CONT’D
Variations to the contract should be settled at the
earliest time possible
Preparation and agreement of any aspects of the
final account throughout the progress of the Works
Parties should start finalizing measurement upon
completion of any part of the Works
Parties should maintain a “running” final account for
which measurements and agreements occur
throughout the project
Parties to the contract should be up-to-date on all
documentation and track records regarding the
project