The document summarizes the anatomy of the neck spaces. It describes the layers of fascia in the neck - superficial, deep and its divisions. It then discusses the various neck spaces in detail - their boundaries, contents and clinical importance. The key neck spaces mentioned are retropharyngeal space, danger space, visceral vascular space enclosing carotid sheath and various suprahyoid and infrahyoid spaces like submandibular, pharyngomaxillary, masticator and parotid spaces. It also briefly covers the classification of neck spaces by Grodinsky and Holyoke.
the fascial planes of the neck is very important in the spread and containment of infections, as well as being surgical dissection plane during neck surgery.
infections are rare but need to be identified early and treated appropriately to reduce the mortality and morbidity
this is a slightly well illustrated ppt of the previously uploaded one in february 2015
Sinus tymapni shape and depth can influence surgical approach in cholesteatoma surgery. In the case of a shallower ST, an exclusive endoscopic exploration is chosen; while in the case of a deeper ST, a retrofacial approach is usually preferred.
surgical anatomy of nose is a humble attempt to make the anatomy of nose simpler and easy for medical students and fellow physicians. at the end of the presentation the students will be able to identify all the structures.
the fascial planes of the neck is very important in the spread and containment of infections, as well as being surgical dissection plane during neck surgery.
infections are rare but need to be identified early and treated appropriately to reduce the mortality and morbidity
this is a slightly well illustrated ppt of the previously uploaded one in february 2015
Sinus tymapni shape and depth can influence surgical approach in cholesteatoma surgery. In the case of a shallower ST, an exclusive endoscopic exploration is chosen; while in the case of a deeper ST, a retrofacial approach is usually preferred.
surgical anatomy of nose is a humble attempt to make the anatomy of nose simpler and easy for medical students and fellow physicians. at the end of the presentation the students will be able to identify all the structures.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Neck
• The neck is a tube
providing continuity from
the head to the trunk.
• It extends anteriorly from
the lower border of the
mandible to the upper
surface of the
manubrium of sternum.
• posteriorly from the
superior nuchal line on
the occipital bone of the
skull to the intervertebral
disc between the CVII
and TI vertebrae.
3. Anatomy of the Cervical Fascia
• Superficial Fascia
• Deep Fascia Also known as Fascia Colli
• Superficial
• Middle
• Deep
4. A.Investing layer B. Muscular Pretracheal layer
C. Visceral Pretracheal layer D. Prevertebral layer
• Also known as
•Fascia Colli
5. The superficial fascia in the neck contains a thin sheet
of muscle (the platysma), which begins in
the superficial fascia of the thorax, runs upward to
attach to the mandible and blend with the muscles
on the face, is innervated by the cervical branch of the
facial nerve [VII].
6. Superficial Layer
• Superior attachment –
zygomatic process
• Inferior attachment –
thorax, axilla.
• Similar to
subcutaneous tissue
• Ensheathes platysma
and muscles of facial
expression
• Marginal mandibular n.
lies deep to it
7. Superficial Layer of the Deep Cervical
Fascia
• Completely surrounds the neck from skull to chest
• Arises from spinous processes, ligamentum nuchae
• Superior border – nuchal line, external occipital
protuberance,skull base, zygoma, mandible
• Inferior border –spine of scapula, clavicle and manubrium
• Anterio border- symphysis menti, hyoid bone
• Splits to enclose parotid gland. The superficial part k/a
parotid fascia. And the deep part form stylomandibular
ligament.
8. • Envelopes
• SCM
• Trapezius
• Submandibular gland
• Parotid gland
• Supra sternal space of
burns and supra
clavicular space
• It forms the roof of ant &
posterior triangle
• It forms pulleyes for to
bind tendons of diagatric
& omohyoid muscle.
9. Clinical importance
• Parotid swellings are very pain full due to
unyielding nature of parotid fascia.
• While excising submandibular salivary gland
the ECA should be secured.
10. SUPRASTERNAL SPACE OF
BURNS CONTAINS
Sternal head of 2
SCMs
Jugular Venous arch
Inter Clavicular lig.
Lymph Node
13. Middle Layer of the Deep Cervical Fascia
Visceral Division
• Superior border
• Anterior – hyoid and thyroid cartilage
• Posterior – skull base
• Inferior border – continuous with fibrous pericardium in
the upper mediastinum.
• Buccopharyngeal fascia
• Name for portion that covers the pharyngeal
constrictors and buccinator.
• Envelopes
• Thyroid
• Trachea
• Esophagus
• Pharynx
• Larynx
14. Muscular
Division
• Superior border –
hyoid and thyroid
cartilage
• Inferior border –
sternum, clavicle and
scapula
• Envelopes infrahyoid
strap muscles
15. Deep Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
• Arises from spinous processes and ligamentum
nuchae.
• Lies deep to the trapezius
• Forms fascial carpet of the posterior triangle, which is
also the fascia on the lateral surface of scalene
muscles
• Reflected outwards as a sleeve along the brachial
16. Deep Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
• Splits into two layers at
the transverse processes:
• Alar layer
• Prevertebral layer
Envelopes vertebral
bodies and deep
muscles of the neck.
17.
18. Carotid Sheath
• Formed by all three
layers of deep fascia
• Anatomically separate
from all layers.
• Contains carotid artery,
internal jugular vein,
and vagus nerve
• “Lincoln’s Highway”
• Travels through
pharyngomaxillary
space.
• Extends from skull base
to thorax.
19. Deep Neck Spaces
• Described in relation
to the hyoid
• Entire length of the
neck
• Suprahyoid
• Infrahyoid
20. • A.Entire length of the neck
1. Retropharyngeal Space 2. Danger Space 3. Prevertebral
Space 4. Visceral Vascular Space
• B.Suprahyoid 5. Submandibular Space 6. Lateral
Pharyngeal Space 7. Masticator/Temporal Space 8. Parotid
Space 9. Peritonsillar Space
• C. Infrahyoid 10. Anterior Visceral Space.
21. • 1.prevertibral space
• 2.danger space
• 3. retropharyngeal
space
• 4. lateral pharyngeal
• 5. submandibular
space
• 6. masticator &
temporal space
• 7. Parotid space
22. Superficial space
• Surrounds platysma
• Contains areolar tissue,
nodes, nerves and
vessels
• Involved in cellulitis and
superficial abscesses
• Treat with incision along
Langer’s lines, drainage
and antibiotics
23. Retropharyngeal Space
• Entire length of neck.
• Anterior border – fascia
covering pharynx and
esophagus
(buccopharyngeal
fascia)
• Posterior border - alar
layer of deep fascia
• Superior border - skull
base
• Inferior border – superior
mediastinum T4
• Midline raphe- spaces of
Gilette
• Contains
retropharyngeal nodes.
24. Danger space
• Entire length of neck
• Anterior border - alar
layer of deep fascia
• Posterior border -
prevertebral layer
• Extends from skull
base to diaphragm
• Contains loose
areolar tissue.
• Space 4 of Grodinsky
and Holyoke
25.
26. GRODINSKYAND HOLYOKE
CLASSIFICATION
• SPACE 1- The potential space superficial and
deep to platysma muscle.
• SPACE 2- the space behind the anterior layer
of deep cervical fascia
• SPACE 3- pretracheal space lying anterior to
trachea
• SPACE 3a- Lincoln’s highway
• SPACE 4- danger space , potential space
between the alar and prevertebral fascia
INTRA CRANIAL
COMPLICATIONS OF OTITIS
MEDIA
Dr Himanshu Mishra
2nd year PG
27. Prevertebral Space
• Entire length of neck
• Anterior border -
prevertebral fascia
• Posterior border -
vertebral bodies and
deep neck muscles
• Lateral border –
transverse processes
• Extends along entire
length of vertebral
column
28. Visceral Vascular Space
• Entire length of neck
• Carotid Sheath
• “Lincoln Highway”
• 3a of GRODINSKY
AND HOLYOKE
• Can become
secondarily involved
with any other deep
neck space infection
by direct spread
29. Submandibular Space
• Suprahyoid
• Superior – oral
mucosa
• Inferior - superficial
layer of deep fascia
• Anterior border –
mandible
• Lateral border -
mandible
• Posterior - hyoid and
base of tongue
musculature
30. Mylohyoid divides this space
into
Superior Sublingual compartment
Inferior Submaxillary compartment
• Sublingual compartment aka
sublingual space
• Submaxillary compartment
sometimes being referred as
submandibular space
32. SUBMAXILLARY SPACE
Contains
• Submandibular gland
• Lymph nodes
Infection of this space known as
Ludwigs angina
MYLOHYOID LINE - relationship of
mylohyoid to tooth apices – determine
the route of infection spread
Anterior to 2nd molar :
(above the mylohyoid ): sublingual
space
2nd & 3rd molar
(roots below mylohyoid) : submaxillary
& parapharyngeal space
33. Pharyngomaxillary space
• (Para pharyngeal Space
lateral pharyngeal,
peripharyngeal,
pharyngomaxillary,
pterygopharyngeal,
pterygomandibular,
pharyngomasticatory)
• Superior—skull base
• Inferior—hyoid
• Posterior—prevertebral fascia
• Medial—buccopharyngeal
fascia,tonsil
• Lateral—med pterygoid,
mandible, parotid
36. RELATION WITH OTHER SPACES
• MEDIAL: pharyngeal mucosal
space
• LATERAL : parotid space
• POSTEROMEDIAL:
retropharyngeal space
• ANTEROLATERAL : masticator
space
• POSTERIOR : carotid
space
• INFERIOR :
submandibular space
• Central connection for major
deep neck spaces
37. PERITONSILLAR SPACE
BORDERS
• MEDIAL : capsule of palatine tonsil
• LATERAL : sup. Constrictor of
pharynx
• ANTERIOR : ant. Tonsillar pillar
• POSTERIOR : post. Tonsillar pillar
• Consists of loose areolar tissue
• Mainly in area adjacent to soft palate
• Infection of this space known as
Qunincy which spread to para
pharyngeal space
38. MASTICATOR SPACE
• investing layer split at inferior border of mandible to cover
medial pterygoid & masseter. It continues superiorly to
cover inferior tendon of temporalis muscle and fuse with
superficial temporalis fascia
• Divided into subspaces:
• Btn masseter & ramus of mandible : Massetoric space
• Btn pterygoid & ramus of mandible: pterygoid space
• Btn superficial temporal fascia & temporalis: superficial
temporal space
• Btn deep temporal fascia & temporal bone : deep temporal
space
39. PAROTID SPACE
• It is formed by investing
layer from all side.
RELATION
• Lateral to
parapharyngeal space
• Anterior to carotid space
• Posterior to masticator
space