The document discusses problem solving and decision making. It defines a problem as a situation that makes it difficult to achieve a desired goal and involves a significant difference between the actual and desired state. Problem solving is described as a tool, skill and process that involves defining the problem, developing a plan, implementing the plan, and evaluating the results. Decision making is the selection of a course of action from various alternatives and can be rational or irrational. Common techniques for individual and group decision making are also outlined.
SOFT SKILLS WORLD takes pleasure in introducing itself as an experienced and competent conglomeration with more than 300 Training & Development professionals. This team represents key functional domains across industries.
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We firmly believe Hard Skills alone are not sufficient enough to enhance business success. Aligned with high performance organizational culture and given the right direction, Soft Skills is the best recipe for business success.
Making decisions and solving problems happen every day. There’s no way to avoid it. From the decision to rise in the morning to the decision go to bed at night, decisions are constantly being made; and, together with that, problems are frequently being solved. Often, the problems and decisions we are confronted with require a response that is both rational and well thought out. However, despite making decisions daily, many of us are still uncomfortable with making those important decisions.
Thankfully, our “Effective Problem Solving and Decision Making” training program can provide participants with the necessary skills in identifying problem causes, laying out options and making rational decisions. In this highly dynamic program, participants will learn about the problem solving and decision making process and structure, while being provided with tools to help them attack problems proactively and make timely decisions that help create value to your company and your customers. Participants will also utilize a five-step problem solving process in solving actual problems.
Furthermore, participant will discover that the same processes and tools they will use in this fun-filled training program can also be used to solve life problems and make life decisions. “Effective Problem Solving and Decision Making” are not just career skills; they’re life skills.
Slide show on problem solving. The main idea is to combine problem solving tools and mind maps.
Focuses on the IDEAL problem solving tool and on ideas on tool mapping, where you use two mind maps at a time: one problem map for the actual problem, and one tool map with a collection of problem solving tools.
There is a video on YouTube based on this slideshow:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-6b4LA8Dqo
SOFT SKILLS WORLD takes pleasure in introducing itself as an experienced and competent conglomeration with more than 300 Training & Development professionals. This team represents key functional domains across industries.
We sincerely look forward to joining hands with your esteemed organization in our endeavour to create a mutually satisfying win-win proposition per se Organization Development interventions.
May we request you to visit us at http://www.softskillsworld.com/to have a glimpse of the bouquet of our offers .We have partnered with the best & promise you an excellent organizational capability building.
We firmly believe Hard Skills alone are not sufficient enough to enhance business success. Aligned with high performance organizational culture and given the right direction, Soft Skills is the best recipe for business success.
Making decisions and solving problems happen every day. There’s no way to avoid it. From the decision to rise in the morning to the decision go to bed at night, decisions are constantly being made; and, together with that, problems are frequently being solved. Often, the problems and decisions we are confronted with require a response that is both rational and well thought out. However, despite making decisions daily, many of us are still uncomfortable with making those important decisions.
Thankfully, our “Effective Problem Solving and Decision Making” training program can provide participants with the necessary skills in identifying problem causes, laying out options and making rational decisions. In this highly dynamic program, participants will learn about the problem solving and decision making process and structure, while being provided with tools to help them attack problems proactively and make timely decisions that help create value to your company and your customers. Participants will also utilize a five-step problem solving process in solving actual problems.
Furthermore, participant will discover that the same processes and tools they will use in this fun-filled training program can also be used to solve life problems and make life decisions. “Effective Problem Solving and Decision Making” are not just career skills; they’re life skills.
Slide show on problem solving. The main idea is to combine problem solving tools and mind maps.
Focuses on the IDEAL problem solving tool and on ideas on tool mapping, where you use two mind maps at a time: one problem map for the actual problem, and one tool map with a collection of problem solving tools.
There is a video on YouTube based on this slideshow:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-6b4LA8Dqo
Short presentation on Decision making.
Decision making variables, Types of managerial decision, Decision making process and Techniques for Stimulating Creativity
Do you have problems solving problems?
If you do, this presentation can assist you to improve your problem solving skills.
Thereafter, no problems solving problems!
You can become a confident problem solver at work and an indispensable member of your organization.
http://www,saharconsulting.com
An Educational presentation about Problem solving and decision making using different tools and offering solutions to problem solving, creative thinking and Decision making
Short presentation on Decision making.
Decision making variables, Types of managerial decision, Decision making process and Techniques for Stimulating Creativity
Do you have problems solving problems?
If you do, this presentation can assist you to improve your problem solving skills.
Thereafter, no problems solving problems!
You can become a confident problem solver at work and an indispensable member of your organization.
http://www,saharconsulting.com
An Educational presentation about Problem solving and decision making using different tools and offering solutions to problem solving, creative thinking and Decision making
في دورة السكرتاريه المقامه في 5\8 \1430 ضمن البرنامج الصيفي لجامعة الاميره نوره بالتعاون مع مركز النافع
تحت اشراف المدربه الرائعه مزنه الحربي
تعلمنا العديد من المهارات ومنها اعداد عروض البور بوينت وكان موضوع عرضنا يتحدث عن فن حل المشكلات واتخاذ القرارات
ReadySetPresent (Decision Making PowerPoint Presentation Content): 100+ PowerPoint presentation content slides. Successful and effective strategic decision making is a guarantee to increase productivity in every workplace. Decision Making PowerPoint Presentation Content slides include topics such as: the 6 C’s of decision making, inherent personal and system traps, 10+ slides on decision trees, 10+ slides on decision making methods and tips, 4 slides on the GOR approach to decision making, 8 slides on common pitfalls in decision making, 4 slides on effective strategies in making decisions, 35+ slides on the 8 major decision making traps and how to effectively minimize each, 7 slides on different decision making perspectives, 25 slides on the 3 different types of analysis (grid analysis – paired comparison analysis, and cost/benefit analysis), 4 slides on utilizing planning and overarching questions, 4 modes of decision making and 6 factors in decision making and more!
These slides accompany Chapter 7 from Leadership for Pharmacists. It lays out different types of problems faced by pharmacists and issues to consider. It identifies some cognitive biases and bad decision-making processes that can prevent good solutions. A systems approach using a step-by-step process for making good decisions is presented.
Top of FormBottom of FormStrategies for Decision MakingPro.docxedwardmarivel
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Strategies for Decision Making
Problem Solving and Decision Making
Components of a problem
· Givens: pieces of information that are provided when the problem is presented
· Goal: The desired end state – what a problem solution will hopefully accomplish
· Operations: Actions that can be performed to approach or reach the goal
Steps in Problem-Solving Process
What is Groupthink?
Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that may cause a failure of a group’s performance. This is a trap that any previously successful group may get in.
The "groupthink" term was proposed by social psychologist Irving Janis (1972). It occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressures lead to a deterioration of “mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment” (p. 9). The alternatives are ignored and irrational actions dehumanize other groups. A group is especially vulnerable to groupthink when its members are similar in background, when the group is insulated from outside opinions, and when there are no clear rules for decision making.
Janis, Irving L. (1972). Victims of Groupthink. New York: Houghton Mifflin.
Janis, Irving L. (1982). Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Second Edition. New York: Houghton Mifflin. Symptoms of Groupthink
There are eight symptoms of groupthink:
· Illusion of invulnerability –Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks.
· Collective rationalization – Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions.
· Belief in inherent morality – Members believe in the rightness of their cause and therefore ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions.
· Stereotyped views of out-groups – Negative views of the “enemy” make effective responses to conflict seem unnecessary.
· Direct pressure on dissenters – Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group’s views.
· Self-censorship – Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed.
· Illusion of unanimity – The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous.
· Self-appointed ‘mindguards’ – Members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group’s cohesiveness, view, and/or decisions.
Remedies for Groupthink
Decision experts have determined that groupthink may be prevented by adopting some of the following measures:
1. The leader should assign the role of critical evaluator to each member
2. The leader should avoid stating preferences and expectations at the outset
3. Each member of the group should routinely discuss the group's deliberations with a trusted associate and report back to the group on the associate's reactions
4. One or more experts should be invited to each meeting on a staggered basis. The outside experts should be encouraged to challenge views of the members.
5. At least one articulate and knowledgeable member should be given the role of devi ...
This is a ppt presentation about steps and types of decision making and it includes a short video about how in Australia some students are in the decision making procedure of hiring teachers
This presentation was made by me for providing training to the employees of Unique Contracting Co. LLC on "Problem Solving Skills". Unique is a construction company based in Muscat, Oman. It is owned and managed by the Limbani Family of Gujarat (Republic of India).
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Decision making and problem solving tristan f. m agtalapa
1. Prepared by:
Tristan F. Magtalapa
MA-Educ. Mngt
Decision Making and Problem Solving 1
2. What is Problem?
Problem is a situation which should
concern somebody
It refers to a situation, condition, or
issues which makes it difficult to achieve
a desired goal, objective or purpose
“Under the Gun “problems stress and
very short time, sometimes it is urgent
sudden event where a decision or an
action needs to be taken
A significant difference between what
actually is and what is desired
Decision Making and Problem Solving 2
3. What is Problem?
A problem exist when an individual
becomes aware of such difference
A problem is sometimes a puzzle, a target
once achieved, an intellectual satisfaction
is obtained
A problem are unresolved state of
uncertainty and conflicts
Decision to make
A problem simply could be emotion, a
very worrisome situation for you, but
may not be considered a problem to
others Decision Making and Problem Solving 3
4. Causes of the problem?
People
Resources
Environment
Processes, procedures
and rules
Vocabulary/terminology
/concepts
Decision Making and Problem Solving 4
5. What is Problem Solving?
Decision Making and Problem Solving 5
6. It is a tool because it can help
you solve an immediate
problem or to achieve a goal.
Decision Making and Problem Solving 6
7. It is a skill because once you
have learnt it you can use it
repeatedly.
Decision Making and Problem Solving 7
8. It is also a process because it
involves taking a number of
steps, as follows.
Decision Making and Problem Solving 8
10. Problem Solving
Step 1
Define the Problem
What is the problem and
why is it happening?
Decision Making and Problem Solving 10
11. Step 1
Define the Problem
Gathering Information
Consider these questions:
• What is the problem?
• Is it my problem?
• Can I solve it? Is it worth solving?
• Is this the real problem, or merely a
symptom of a larger one?
• If this is an old problem, what's wrong
with the previous solution?
Decision Making and Problem Solving 11
12. Step 1
Define the Problem
• Does it need an immediate solution, or can
it wait?
• Is it likely to go away by itself?
• Can I risk ignoring it?
• Does the problem have ethical
dimensions?
• What conditions must the solution satisfy?
• Will the solution affect something that
must remain unchanged?
Decision Making and Problem Solving 12
13. Problem Solving
Define
the
Problem
Goals
Challenges
Opportunities
Decision Making and Problem Solving 13
14. Problem Solving
Step 1
Define the Problem
What is the problem and
why is it happening?
Step 2
Develop a Plan
What are we going to do?
Decision Making and Problem Solving 14
15. Step 2
Develop a Plan
This is your Action Plan
During this stage you will
generate a range of possible
courses of action, but with little
attempt to evaluate them at this
stage.
Plan should be many
Decision Making and Problem Solving 15
16. Develop a Plan
Prioritize the problems:
If you discover that you are looking at several related
problems, then prioritize which ones you should
address first.
Note the difference between "important" and
"urgent" problems. Often, what we consider to be
important problems to consider are really just urgent
problems. Important problems deserve more
attention. For example, if you're continually answering
"urgent" phone calls, then you've probably got a more
"important" problem and that's to design a system
that screens and prioritizes your phone calls.
Decision Making and Problem Solving 16
17. Develop a Plan
Plan Should be:
S y s t e m a t i c
Me a s u r a b l e
At t a i n a b l e
R e a l i s t i c
T i m e B o u n d
Decision Making and Problem Solving 17
18. Problem Solving
Step 1
Define the Problem
What is the problem and
why is it happening?
Step 2
Develop a Plan
What are we going to do?
Step 3
Implement the Plan
Carry out the intervention
Decision Making and Problem Solving 18
19. Step 3
Implement the Plan
This stage involves accepting and
carrying out the chosen course of
action.
Implementation means acting on the
chosen solution. During
implementation more problems may
arise especially if identification or
structuring of the original problem
was not carried out fully.
Step-by-step process or actions for
solving the problem
Decision Making and Problem Solving 19
20. Problem Solving
Step 1
Define the Problem
What is the problem and
why is it happening?
Step 2
Develop a Plan
What are we going to do?
Step 3
Implement the Plan
Carry out the intervention
Decision Making and Problem Solving 20
Step 4
Evaluate the Plan
Did our plan work?
21. Step 4
Evaluate the Plan
The last stage is about reviewing the outcomes
of problem solving over a period of time,
including seeking feedback as to the success of
the outcomes of the chosen solution.
The final stage of problem solving is concerned
with checking that the process was successful.
This can be achieved by monitoring and gaining
feedback from people affected by any changes
that occurred. It is good practice to keep a
record of outcomes and any additional
problems that occurred.
Decision Making and Problem Solving 21
22. Characteristics of a difficult problem
Transparency
Polytely
Complexity
Dynamics
Decision Making and Problem Solving 22
23. Problem-Solving Strategies
Abstraction: solving the problem in a model of the
system before applying it to the real system
Analogy: using a solution that solves an analogous
problem
Brainstorming: (especially among groups of people)
suggesting a large number of solutions or ideas and
combining and developing them until an optimum
solution is found
Divide and conquer: breaking down a large, complex
problem into smaller, solvable problems
Hypothesis testing: assuming a possible explanation
to the problem and trying to prove (or, in some
contexts, disprove) the assumption
Decision Making and Problem Solving 23
24. Problem-Solving Strategies
Lateral thinking: approaching solutions indirectly and
creatively
Means-ends analysis: choosing an action at each step to
move closer to the goal
Method of focal objects: synthesizing seemingly non-matching
characteristics of different objects into
something new
Morphological analysis: assessing the output and
interactions of an entire system
Proof: try to prove that the problem cannot be solved.
The point where the proof fails will be the starting point
for solving it
Decision Making and Problem Solving 24
25. Problem-Solving Strategies
Reduction: transforming the problem into another
problem for which solutions exist
Research: employing existing ideas or adapting
existing solutions to similar problems
Root cause analysis: identifying the cause of a
problem
Trial-and-error: testing possible solutions until the
right one is found
Decision Making and Problem Solving 25
26. Problem-Solving Methodologies
APS (Applied Problem Solving)
OODA loop (observe, orient,
decide, and act)
PDCA (plan–do–check–act)
RPR Problem Diagnosis (rapid
problem resolution)
Decision Making and Problem Solving 26
27. Common barriers to
problem solving
Confirmation bias
Mental set first articulated
by Abraham Luchins
Functional fixedness
Unnecessary constraints
Irrelevant information
Decision Making and Problem Solving 27
29. Decision Making
Decision Making and Problem
Solving
29
Decision-making can be regarded as
the cognitive process resulting in the selection
of a belief or a course of action among several
alternative possibilities. Every decision-making
process produces a final choice that may or
may not prompt action.
Decision-making is the study of identifying and
choosing alternatives based on the values and
preferences of the decision maker.
Decision-making is one of the central activities
of management and is a huge part of any
process of implementation.
30. Decision Making
Decision-making can also be regarded as a problem-solving
activity terminated by a solution deemed to
be satisfactory.
Decision Making and Problem Solving 30
31. Rational and Irrational Decision Making
Rational Decision Making
Decisions based on facts or reason and not on
emotions or feeling
listing the advantages and disadvantages of each
option
Irrational Decision Making
not thinking clearly, not able to use reasons or
good judgment
Decision Making and Problem Solving 31
32. Two Broad Categories of
Decision Making
Group Decision Making Techniques
Individual Decision Making Techniques
Decision Making and Problem Solving 32
33. Group Decision Making Techniques
Consensus decision-making tries to avoid
"winners" and "losers".
Voting-based methods.
Delphi method
Dotmocracy
• is a facilitation method that relies on the use of
special forms called Dotmocracy Sheets to allow
large groups to collectively brainstorm and
recognize agreement on an unlimited number of
ideas they have authored.
Decision Making and Problem Solving 33
34. Individual Decision Making
Pros and cons
Simple Prioritization
Preference trees
Decision Making and Problem Solving 34
Flipism
Opportunity Cost
Bureaucratic
Participative Decision Making
Use of a structured decision-making method
35. Decision-Making Steps
Establishing
community
Perception Interpretation
Judgment
Motivation
Action
Reflection in
action
Reflection on
action
Decision Making and Problem Solving 35
36. Palm Brown Decision Making Process
Outline your
goal and
outcome
Decision
Making
Gather data
Develop
alternatives
List pros and
cons of each
alternative
Make the
decision
Learn from
and reflect
on the
decision
Immediately
take action
to
implement it
Decision Making and Problem Solving 36
37. Decision Making
Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not lean on
your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge
him, and he will make straight your paths.
Proverbs 3:5-6
Decision Making and Problem Solving 37