Raspberry pi Part 5
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools. The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers. The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
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thief retrieves the hard drive from the computer and reads data from it on another computer.
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the entire file system.
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in Operating System.
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
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Fat File Systems
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عمار عبد الكريم صاحب مبارك
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In case if you need a copy of these slides feel free to contact me at parang[DOT]saraf[AT]gmail
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Windows 2000 is a 32-bit preemptive multitasking operating system developed by Microsoft for Intel microprocessors. It uses a micro-kernel architecture and supports features like security, extensibility, international support, and compatibility with legacy applications. The system has a layered architecture with modules like the kernel, executive, and various environmental subsystems that emulate other operating systems. It provides features like virtual memory management, process and thread scheduling, security, and networking support through protocols like SMB and TCP/IP.
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File System is an important component of a secure operating system. The need to build data
protection systems is extremely important in open source operating systems, high mobility hardware systems,
and miniaturization of storage devices that make systems available. It is clear that the value of the data is
much larger than the value of the storage device. Computers access protection mechanism does not work if the
thief retrieves the hard drive from the computer and reads data from it on another computer.
Encrypted File System (EFS) is a secure level of operating system kernel. EFS uses cryptography to encrypt
or decrypt files and folders when they are being saved or retrieved from a hard disk. EFS is often integrated
transparently in operating system There are many encrypted filesystems commonly used in Linux operating
systems. However, they have some limitations, which are the inability to hide the structure of the file system.
This is a shortcoming targeted by the attacker, who will try to decrypt a file to find the key and then decrypt
the entire file system.
In this paper, we propose a new architecture of EFS called KVEFS which is based on cryptographic algorithms,
FUSE library and key-value store. Our method makes EFS portable and flexible; Kernel size will not increase
in Operating System.
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The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
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These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, and/or cognition. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.
The concept of creating machines that can operate autonomously dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century.[2] Throughout history, it has been frequently assumed that robots will one day be able to mimic human behavior and manage tasks in a human-like fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots do jobs that are hazardous to people such as defusing bombs, mines and exploring shipwrecks.
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In telecommunication and computer science, serial communication is the process of sending data one bit at a time, sequentially, over a communication channel or computer bus. This is in contrast to parallel communication, where several bits are sent as a whole, on a link with several parallel channels.
Serial communication is used for all long-haul communication and most computer networks, where the cost of cable and synchronization difficulties make parallel communication impractical. Serial computer buses are becoming more common even at shorter distances, as improved signal integrity and transmission speeds in newer serial technologies have begun to outweigh the parallel bus's advantage of simplicity (no need for serializer and deserializer, or SerDes) and to outstrip its disadvantages (clock skew, interconnect density). The migration from PCI to PCI Express is an example.
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
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In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor. In certain applications, such as in the transportation industry with traction motors, electric motors can operate in both motoring and generating or braking modes to also produce electrical energy from mechanical energy.
EEPROM Part-21
This document discusses the EEPROM memory in AVR microcontrollers. It explains that EEPROM is non-volatile memory that can retain data when power is removed. The AVR has 512 bytes of internal EEPROM memory addressed using the 9-bit EEAR address registers EEARH and EEARL. Data is written to and read from the EEDR register, while the EECR register controls writing, reading, and interrupts for the EEPROM.
Raspberry pi Part 26
The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
Raspberry pi Part 1
The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
Rasperry pi Part 9
The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
Raspberry pi Part 22
The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
I2C And SPI Part-23
I²C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), pronounced I-squared-C, is a multi-master, multi-slave, single-ended, serial computer bus invented by Philips Semiconductor (now NXP Semiconductors). It is typically used for attaching lower-speed peripheral ICs to processors and microcontrollers. Alternatively I²C is spelled I2C (pronounced I-two-C) or IIC (pronounced I-I-C).
Since October 10, 2006, no licensing fees are required to implement the I²C protocol. However, fees are still required to obtain I²C slave addresses allocated by NXP.[1]
Several competitors, such as Siemens AG (later Infineon Technologies AG, now Intel mobile communications), NEC, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics (formerly SGS-Thomson), Motorola (later Freescale), and Intersil, have introduced compatible I²C products to the market since the mid-1990s.
SMBus, defined by Intel in 1995, is a subset of I²C that defines the protocols more strictly. One purpose of SMBus is to promote robustness and interoperability. Accordingly, modern I²C systems incorporate policies and rules from SMBus, sometimes supporting both I²C and SMBus, requiring only minimal reconfiguration.
The Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus is a synchronous serial communication interface specification used for short distance communication, primarily in embedded systems. The interface was developed by Motorola and has become a de facto standard. Typical applications include sensors, Secure Digital cards, and liquid crystal displays.
SPI devices communicate in full duplex mode using a master-slave architecture with a single master. The master device originates the frame for reading and writing. Multiple slave devices are supported through selection with individual slave select (SS) lines.
Sometimes SPI is called a four-wire serial bus, contrasting with three-, two-, and one-wire serial buses. The SPI may be accurately described as a synchronous serial interface,[1] but it is different from the Synchronous Serial Interface (SSI) protocol, which is also a four-wire synchronous serial communication protocol, but employs differential signaling and provides only a single simplex communication channel.
RF MODULE Part-15
An RF module (radio frequency module) is a (usually) small electronic device used to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices. In an embedded system it is often desirable to communicate with another device wirelessly. This wireless communication may be accomplished through optical communication or through radio frequency (RF) communication. For many applications the medium of choice is RF since it does not require line of sight. RF communications incorporate a transmitter and/or receiver.
RF modules are widely used in electronic design owing to the difficulty of designing radio circuitry. Good electronic radio design is notoriously complex because of the sensitivity of radio circuits and the accuracy of components and layouts required to achieve operation on a specific frequency. In addition, reliable RF communication circuit requires careful monitoring of the manufacturing process to ensure that the RF performance is not adversely affected. Finally, radio circuits are usually subject to limits on radiated emissions, and require Conformance testing and certification by a standardization organization such as ETSI or the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). For these reasons, design engineers will often design a circuit for an application which requires radio communication and then "drop in" a pre-made radio module rather than attempt a discrete design, saving time and money on development.
RF modules are most often used in medium and low volume products for consumer applications such as garage door openers, wireless alarm systems, industrial remote controls, smart sensor applications, and wireless home automation systems. They are sometimes used to replace older infra red communication designs as they have the advantage of not requiring line-of-sight operation.
Several carrier frequencies are commonly used in commercially-available RF modules, including those in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands such as 433.92 MHz, 315 MHz, 868 MHz, 915 MHz, and 2400 MHz. These frequencies are used because of national and international regulations governing the used of radio for communication.
Raspberry pi Part 3
The document discusses the C compiler gcc. It can be used to compile C and C++ programs on Linux and other platforms. Gcc performs preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking. Common gcc options include -c to compile only, -o to specify an output filename, -g for debugging symbols, -Wall for warnings, and -O for optimizations. The -c option generates object files without linking, while -o can specify the output filename for object files or executables.
Bluetooth Part-17
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz[4]) from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994,[5] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.
Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 25,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.[6] The IEEE standardized Bluetooth as IEEE 802.15.1, but no longer maintains the standard. The Bluetooth SIG oversees development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks.[7] A manufacturer must make a device meet Bluetooth SIG standards to market it as a Bluetooth device.[8] A network of patents apply to the technology, which are licensed to individual qualifying devices.
RFID Part-19
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. Some tags are powered by electromagnetic induction from magnetic fields produced near the reader. Some types collect energy from the interrogating radio waves and act as a passive transponder. Other types have a local power source such as a battery and may operate at hundreds of meters from the reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag does not necessarily need to be within line of sight of the reader and may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC).[1]
RFID tags are used in many industries. For example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged pharmaceuticals can be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID microchips in livestock and pets allows positive identification of animals.
Since RFID tags can be attached to cash, clothing, and possessions, or implanted in animals and people, the possibility of reading personally-linked information without consent has raised serious privacy concerns.[2]
In 2014, the world RFID market is worth $8.89 billion, up from $7.77 billion in 2013 and $6.96 billion in 2012. This includes tags, readers, and software/services for RFID cards, labels, fobs, and all other form factors. The market value is expected to rise to $27.31 billion by 2024.[3]
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The Storage Systems
This is a self made slide covering topics related to storage systems available in the market with certain information of file systems to understand the fundamentals.
There are also some information is available related to how the whole stuff works.
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DBMS-Unit5-PPT.pptx important for revision
DBMS easy concept, project on DBMS for free download now and become a fool .
There are 4 parts for the project. The question may be long to r.docx
There are 4 parts for the project. The question may be long to read but it's not a heavy work because there are many examples and explanations for the each parts.
*Part 1. The first part of this project requires that you implement a class that will be used to simulate a disk drive. The disk drive will have
numberofblocks
many blocks where each block has
blocksize
many bytes. The interface for the class
Sdisk
should include :
Class Sdisk
{
public :
Sdisk(string diskname, int numberofblocks, int blocksize);
int getblock(int blocknumber, string& buffer);
int putblock(int blocknumber, string buffer);
int getnumberofblocks(); // accessor function
int getblocksize(); // accessor function
private :
string diskname; // file name of software-disk
int numberofblocks; // number of blocks on disk
int blocksize; // block size in bytes
};
An explanation of the member functions follows :
Sdisk(diskname, numberofblocks, blocksize)
This constructor incorporates the creation of the disk with the "formatting" of the device. It accepts the integer values
numberofblocks
,
blocksize
, a string
diskname
and creates a Sdisk (software-disk). The Sdisk is a file of characters which we will manipulate as a raw hard disk drive. The function will check if the file
diskname
exists. If the file exists, it is opened and treated as a Sdisk with
numberofblocks
many blocks of size
blocksize
. If the file does not exist, the function will create a file called
diskname
which contains
numberofblocks*blocksize
many characters. This file is logically divided up into
numberofblocks
many blocks where each block has
blocksize
many characters. The text file will have the following structure :
-figure 0 (what I attached below)
getblock(blocknumber,buffer)
retrieves block
blocknumber
from the disk and stores the data in the string
buffer
. It returns an error code of 1 if successful and 0 otherwise.
putblock(blocknumber,buffer)
writes the string
buffer
to block
blocknumber
. It returns an error code of 1 if successful and 0 otherwise.
IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES
: It is essential that your software satisfies the specifications. These will be the only functions (in your system) which physically access the Sdisk.
NOTE
that you must also write drivers to test and demonstrate your program.
*Part 2. The second part of this project requires that you implement a simple file system. In particular, you are going to write the software which which will handle dynamic file management. This part of the project will require you to implement the class
Filesys
along with member functions. In the description below, FAT refers to the
File Allocation Table
and ROOT refers to the
Root Directory
. The interface for the class should include :
Class Filesys: public Sdisk
{
Public :
Filesys(string disk.
There are 4 parts for the project. The question may be long to read .docx
This document outlines a 4 part project for implementing a disk drive simulator, file system, shell, and database table using the file system. Part 1 involves creating a class to simulate a disk drive with blocks. Part 2 creates a file system class to manage files dynamically using a file allocation table (FAT) and root directory. Part 3 develops a shell class to interface with the file system. Part 4 builds a database table class to store and search records from an input file using a flat file and index file.
Directory structure
- Directory structures organize files in a storage system and contain metadata about each file's name, location, size, and type. They allow operations like creating, searching, deleting, listing, and renaming files.
- Early systems used single-level directories with one list of all files, but this does not allow multiple files with the same name or grouping of files.
- Modern systems commonly use tree-structured directories that allow nesting files into subdirectories, making searching more efficient and allowing grouping of similar files. Directories can also be connected in acyclic graphs to enable sharing of files between directories through links.
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Internal representation of file chapter 4 Sowmya Jyothi
Internal representation of file chapter 4 Sowmya Jyothi
There are 4 parts for the project. The question may be long to r.docx
There are 4 parts for the project. The question may be long to r.docx
There are 4 parts for the project. The question may be long to read .docx
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
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The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
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Raspberry pi Part 6
The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
Raspberry pi Part 4
The Raspberry Pi is a series of credit card–sized single-board computers developed in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation with the intention of promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools.
The original Raspberry Pi and Raspberry Pi 2 are manufactured in several board configurations through licensed manufacturing agreements with Newark element14 (Premier Farnell), RS Components and Egoman. These companies sell the Raspberry Pi online. Egoman produces a version for distribution solely in China and Taiwan, which can be distinguished from other Pis by their red colouring and lack of FCC/CE marks. The hardware is the same across all manufacturers.
The original Raspberry Pi is based on the Broadcom BCM2835 system on a chip (SoC), which includes an ARM1176JZF-S 700 MHz processor, VideoCore IV GPU, and was originally shipped with 256 megabytes of RAM, later upgraded (models B and B+) to 512 MB. The system has Secure Digital (SD) (models A and B) or MicroSD (models A+ and B+) sockets for boot media and persistent storage.
WIFI MODEM Part-22
Wi-Fi (or WiFi) is a local area wireless computer networking technology that allows electronic devices to network, mainly using the 2.4 gigahertz (12 cm) UHF and 5 gigahertz (6 cm) SHF ISM radio bands.
The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network" (WLAN) product based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards".[1] However, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN" since most modern WLANs are based on these standards. "Wi-Fi" is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. The "Wi-Fi Certified" trademark can only be used by Wi-Fi products that successfully complete Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing.
Many devices can use Wi-Fi, e.g. personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers and digital audio players. These can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points.
Depiction of a device sending information wirelessly to another device, both connected to the local network, in order to print a document.
Wi-Fi can be less secure than wired connections, such as Ethernet, precisely because an intruder does not need a physical connection. Web pages that use TLS are secure, but unencrypted internet access can easily be detected by intruders. Because of this, Wi-Fi has adopted various encryption technologies. The early encryption WEP proved easy to break. Higher quality protocols (WPA, WPA2) were added later. An optional feature added in 2007, called Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS), had a serious flaw that allowed an attacker to recover the router's password.[2] The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly certified devices resist attacks .
GSM Part-20
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile), is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones, first deployed in Finland in July 1992.[2] As of 2014 it has become the default global standard for mobile communications - with over 90% market share, operating in over 219 countries and territories.[3]
2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular networks, and the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution or EGPRS).
Subsequently, the 3GPP developed third-generation (3G) UMTS standards followed by fourth-generation (4G) LTE Advanced standards, which do not form part of the ETSI GSM standard.
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Raspberry pi Part 5
- 2. www.techvilla.org.in Linux File system Introduction File System Layout Metadata Concepts Indexing and Directories Journaling Example Conclusion
- 3. www.techvilla.org.in Introduction Ext2 and Ext3 are the default Linux file system. Ext3 is the new version of Ext2 and adds journaling mechanism, but the basic structures are the same. The metadata is stored throughout the file system, and the metadata which is associated with a file are stored “near” it
- 4. www.techvilla.org.in File System Layout The whole area is divided into several block groups, and block groups contains several blocks. A block group is used to store file metadata and file content Block Group 0 Block Group 1 Super Block Group Desc Table Block Bitmap Inode Bitmap Inode Table File Data … File Data Block Bitmap Inode Bitmap
- 5. www.techvilla.org.in Metadata Concepts Superblock: The Ext2 superblock is located 1024 bytes from the start of the file system and is 1024 bytes in size. ( The first two sectors are used to store boot code if necessary) Back up copies are typically stored in the first file data block of each block group It contains basic information of the file system, such as the block size, the total number of blocks, etc.
- 6. www.techvilla.org.in Metadata Concepts Block Group Descriptor Table: It contains a group descriptor data structure for every block group. The group descriptor stores the address of block bitmap and inode bitmap for the block group. Bitmaps: The block bitmap manages the allocation status of the blocks in the group. The inode bitmap manages the allocation status of the inodes in the group
- 7. www.techvilla.org.in Metadata Concepts Super Block Block Desc Table Block Bitmap Block Bitmap Block Bitmap… Group 0 Group 1 Group n Inode Bitmap Inode Table Inode Bitmap Inode Table Inode Bitmap Inode Table
- 8. www.techvilla.org.in Metadata Concepts Inode Tables: Inode table contains the inodes that describes the files in the group Inodes: Each inode corresponds to one file, and it stores file’s primary metadata, such as file’s size, ownership, and temporal information. Inode is typically 128 bytes in size and is allocated to each file and directory
- 10. www.techvilla.org.in Metadata Concepts Inode Allocation: If a new inode is for a non-directory file, Ext2 allocates an inode in the same block group as the parent directory. If that group has no free inode or block, Ext2 uses a quadratic search (add powers of 2 to the current group) If quadratic search fails, Ext2 uses linear search.
- 11. www.techvilla.org.in Metadata Concepts Inode Allocation: If a new inode is for a directory, Ext2 tries to place it in a group that has not been used much. Using total number of free inodes and blocks in the superblock, Ext2 calculates the average free inodes and blocks per group. Ext2 searches each of the group and uses the first one whose free inodes and blocks are less than the average. If the pervious search fails, the group with the smallest number of directories is used.
- 12. www.techvilla.org.in Metadata Concepts Ext2 uses blocks as its data unit and is similar to clusters in FAT and NTFS. The default size of blocks is 4KB, and the size is given in the superblock. When a block s allocated to an inode, Ext2 will try to allocate in the same group as the inode and use first-available strategy.
- 13. www.techvilla.org.in Indexing and Directories An Ext2 is just like a regular file except it has a special type value. The content of directories is a list of directory entry data structure, which describes file name and inode address. The length of directory entry varies from 1 to 255 bytes. There are two fields in the directory entry: Name length: the length of the file name Record length: the length of this directory entry
- 14. www.techvilla.org.in Indexing and Directories When Ext2 wants to delete a directory entry, it just increase the record length of the previous entry to the end to deleted entry.
- 15. www.techvilla.org.in Indexing and Directories Directory entry allocation: Ext2 starts at the beginning of the directory and examines each directory entry. Calculate the actual record length and compare with the record length field. If they are different, Ext2 can insert the new directory entry at the end of the current entry. Else, Ext2 appends the new entry to the end of the entry list.
- 16. www.techvilla.org.in Journaling A file system journaling records updates to the file system can be recovered after a crash. There are two modes of journaling: Only metadata updates are recorded All updates are recorded Journaling in Ext3 is done at block level The first block in the journal is journal superblock, and it contains the first logging data address and its sequence number.
- 17. www.techvilla.org.in Journaling Updates are done in transactions, and each transaction has a sequence number. Each transaction starts with a descriptor block that contains the transaction sequence number and a list of what blocks are being updated. Following the descriptor block are the updated blocks. When the updates have been written to disk, a commit block is written with the same sequence number.
- 19. www.techvilla.org.in Example Suppose we create a file1.dat under /dir/ in Ext3.
- 21. www.techvilla.org.in Conclusion Ext2/3 separates the file system into several block groups, and each group has its own metadata blocks. Inode is the primary metadata structure for a file in Ext2. Ext3 adds transaction-based journaling mechanism.