This document provides information about measures of position such as quartiles, percentiles, and z-scores. It defines these terms and shows examples of how to calculate them. Quartiles divide a data set into 4 equal parts, with Q1 being the lower quartile, Q2 (the median) dividing the data set in half, and Q3 being the upper quartile. Percentiles such as P25, P50, and P75 indicate the values below which a certain percentage of observations in a data set fall. Z-scores measure a data point's position relative to the mean in terms of standard deviations and can be positive or negative. Box plots provide a visual representation of a data set using the minimum, quartiles,
Topic: Variance
Student Name: Sonia Khan
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Topic: Variance
Student Name: Sonia Khan
Class: B.Ed. 2.5
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
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Random Variable (Discrete and Continuous)Cess011697
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- to distinguish between a discrete and a continuous random variable.
Brief description of the concepts related to correlation analysis. Problem Sums related to Karl Pearson's Correlation, Spearman's Rank Correlation, Coefficient of Concurrent Deviation, Correlation of a grouped data.
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It's about statistical methods.
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1. Illustrate the t-distribution.
2. Construct the t-distribution.
3. Identify regions under the t-distribution corresponding to different values.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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14. Percentile Example……
The 78th percentile means 78% are
smaller than the given value.
Does making the 80th percentile mean that
you made an 80% on test?
15. Answer……
No.
The 80th percentile would mean that a
person did better than 80% of the students
who took the same test.
16. Value that corresponds to the kth
percentile……
This is a position locator formula.
C = np/100
17. If C is a Decimal…..
If the value you find for “C” is NOT a whole
number, then round up to the next whole
number.
This is the position where you will find your
answer.
18. If C is a whole number……
If the value you find for “C” is a whole
number, then you must average “C” and
“C+1”.
This gives you the position of the answer.
21. Example 2 …..
2,3,5,6,8,10,12,15,18,20
Find P60:
C = np/100 = (10)(60)/100 = 6
Average the numbers in the 6th and 7th
position together.
2,3,5,6,8,10,12,15,18,20
(10+12)/2 = 11
The answer is 11.
25. Answer A….
Find P75.
C = (20)(75)/100 = 15
The number will be the average of the 15th
and 16th position.
3,4,4,6,8,10,10,12,12,12,13,15,15,15,16,
17,20,22,25,27
The answer is (16+17)/2 = 16.5
26. Answer B……
Find P30.
C = (20)(30)/100 = 6
Average the 6th and 7th numbers.
3,4,4,6,8,10,10,12,12,12,13,15,15,15,16,
17,20,22,25,27
Answer: (10+10)/2 = 10
27. Answer C……
Find P23.
C = (20)(23)/100 = 4.6
Round up to the 5th position.
3,4,4,6,8,10,10,12,12,12,13,15,15,15,16,
17,20,22,25,27
The answer is 8.
31. Z-Score……
A z-score represents the number of
standard deviations a data value falls
above or below the mean.
It is used as a way to measure relative
position.
33. Can a z-score be negative?
A positive z-score means that a score is
above the mean.
A negative z-score means that a score is
below the mean.
A z-score of 0 means that a score is the
exact same as the mean.
YES
34. Example……
A student scored a 65 on a math test that
had a mean of 50 and a standard
deviation of 10. She scored 30 on a
history test with a mean of 25 and a
standard deviation of 5. Compare her
relative position on the two tests.
35. Answer……
Math: z = (65-50)/10= 15/10 = 1.5
History: z = (30-25)/5 = 5/5 = 1
The student did better in math because
the z-score was higher.
deviation
st
mean
value
score
z
.
36. Example 2……
Find the z-score for each test and state
which test is better.
Test A:
Test B:
5
40
38
s
x
x
10
100
94
s
x
x
37. Test A: z = (38-40)/5 = -0.4
Test B: z = (94-100)/10 = -0.6
Which is higher?
Test A is higher, therefore it is better.
It has a higher relative position.
38. Example 3…….
A sample has a mean of 200 and a
standard deviation of 25. Find the value of
x that corresponds to a z-score of 2.35.
39. Answer: A sample has a mean of 200 and a standard deviation of 25.
Find the value of x that corresponds to a z-score of 2.35.
75
.
258
75
.
58
200
)
25
)(
35
.
2
(
200
25
200
35
.
2
x
x
x
x
s
x
x
z
41. How do we interpret a box
plot?
It is a valuable source of easy-to-interpret
information about a sample of study.
It can provide information about a
sample’s range, median, normality of the
distribution, and skew of the distribution.
42. Boxplot
A graph of a set of data obtained by
drawing a horizontal line from the
minimum to maximum values with
quartiles labeled in between.
It is a graphical plot of 5 specific values
called the 5-number summary.
44. Steps……
1. Find the 5-number
summary…use your
calculator.
2. Draw and label a
scale of equal
intervals.
3. Place dots above
the 5 numbers
4. Put a box around
Q1 and Q3.
5. Draw a vertical line
through the median.
6. Draw “whiskers”
from the minimum to
Q1 and maximum to
Q3.
45. Example……
Draw a box plot of the following data.
33, 38, 43, 30, 29, 40, 51, 27, 42, 23, 31
Remember: You can put the numbers in
L1 of the calculator and run “stat calc
one-var stats L1” and then scroll down
to the bottom to get the 5-number
summary.
46. The 5-number summary…...
Remember to
ALWAYS write down
on your paper exactly
what numbers you got
for the 5-number
summary.
47. Let’s draw the box plot by hand
together…..
Min = 23
Q1 = 29
Median = 33
Q3 = 42
Max = 51
48. Example…..Now you try
Draw a box plot for the following data.
3, 8, 15, 20, 22, 23, 23, 24, 28, 29, 29, 30,
35, 38
51. Skewness
If the whisker to the right of the box is
longer than the one to the left in relation to
the median, there are more extreme
values towards the positive end and so the
distribution is positively skewed.
Similarly, if the whisker to the left is longer,
the distribution is negatively skewed.
56. Can we figure out the numbers for the
5-number summary?
Answers:
A: Min = 50
Q1 = 65
Med = 70
Q3 = 80
Max = 100
B: Min = 40
Q1 = 60
Med = 70
Q3 = 85
Max = 100