This document outlines two assignments for a course on data structures and files. The first assignment involves implementing a stack using a linked list and using it for infix, postfix, and prefix notation conversions and evaluations. The second assignment involves implementing a priority queue using a linked list to service patients in a hospital based on priority of illness. Key algorithms for stack, queue, and priority queue operations are described.
In computer science, a queue (/ˈkjuː/ kyew) is a particular kind of abstract data type or collection in which the entities in the collection are kept in order and the principal (or only) operations on the collection are the addition of entities to the rear terminal position, known as enqueue, and removal of entities from the front terminal position, known as dequeue. This makes the queue a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure. In a FIFO data structure, the first element added to the queue will be the first one to be removed. This is equivalent to the requirement that once a new element is added, all elements that were added before have to be removed before the new element can be removed. Often a peek or front operation is also entered, returning the value of the front element without dequeuing it. A queue is an example of a linear data structure, or more abstractly a sequential collection.
In computer science, a queue (/ˈkjuː/ kyew) is a particular kind of abstract data type or collection in which the entities in the collection are kept in order and the principal (or only) operations on the collection are the addition of entities to the rear terminal position, known as enqueue, and removal of entities from the front terminal position, known as dequeue. This makes the queue a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) data structure. In a FIFO data structure, the first element added to the queue will be the first one to be removed. This is equivalent to the requirement that once a new element is added, all elements that were added before have to be removed before the new element can be removed. Often a peek or front operation is also entered, returning the value of the front element without dequeuing it. A queue is an example of a linear data structure, or more abstractly a sequential collection.
Collections in .net technology (2160711)Janki Shah
Collections in .NET Framework.
- What is collections?
- Needs of Collections/ importance of collection
- various most useful classes of collection such as
ArrayList, Hashtable, Stack, Queue, BitArray, SortedList
In this chapter we will discuss tree data structures, like trees and graphs. The abilities of these data structures are really important for the modern programming. Each of this data structures is used for building a model of real life problems, which are efficiently solved using this model. We will explain what tree data structures are and will review their main advantages and disadvantages. We will present example implementations and problems showing their practical usage. We will focus on binary trees, binary search trees and self-balancing binary search tree. We will explain what graph is, the types of graphs, how to represent a graph in the memory (graph implementation) and where graphs are used in our life and in the computer technologies. We will see where in .NET Framework self-balancing binary search trees are implemented and how to use them.
Dataset Preparation
Abstract: This PDSG workshop introduces basic concepts on preparing a dataset for training a model. Concepts covered are data wrangling, replacing missing values, categorical variable conversion, and feature scaling.
Level: Fundamental
Requirements: No prior programming or statistics knowledge required.
Stack and its Applications : Data Structures ADTSoumen Santra
Stack is an Abstract Data Type (ADT), Last in First out (LIFO) concept.
Features of Stack: Abstract Data Type (ADT)
C implementations of Stack's Functions like push(), pop(), isEmpty(), isOverflow(), peep()
Stack Applications like Tower of Hanoi, Infix to Postfix Conversion, Postfix Evaluation, Parenthesis Checking etc.
Diagramatic Representation of Tower of Hanoi, Infix to Postfix Conversion & Postfix Evaluation
Collections in .net technology (2160711)Janki Shah
Collections in .NET Framework.
- What is collections?
- Needs of Collections/ importance of collection
- various most useful classes of collection such as
ArrayList, Hashtable, Stack, Queue, BitArray, SortedList
In this chapter we will discuss tree data structures, like trees and graphs. The abilities of these data structures are really important for the modern programming. Each of this data structures is used for building a model of real life problems, which are efficiently solved using this model. We will explain what tree data structures are and will review their main advantages and disadvantages. We will present example implementations and problems showing their practical usage. We will focus on binary trees, binary search trees and self-balancing binary search tree. We will explain what graph is, the types of graphs, how to represent a graph in the memory (graph implementation) and where graphs are used in our life and in the computer technologies. We will see where in .NET Framework self-balancing binary search trees are implemented and how to use them.
Dataset Preparation
Abstract: This PDSG workshop introduces basic concepts on preparing a dataset for training a model. Concepts covered are data wrangling, replacing missing values, categorical variable conversion, and feature scaling.
Level: Fundamental
Requirements: No prior programming or statistics knowledge required.
Stack and its Applications : Data Structures ADTSoumen Santra
Stack is an Abstract Data Type (ADT), Last in First out (LIFO) concept.
Features of Stack: Abstract Data Type (ADT)
C implementations of Stack's Functions like push(), pop(), isEmpty(), isOverflow(), peep()
Stack Applications like Tower of Hanoi, Infix to Postfix Conversion, Postfix Evaluation, Parenthesis Checking etc.
Diagramatic Representation of Tower of Hanoi, Infix to Postfix Conversion & Postfix Evaluation
Data Structure Introduction
Data Structure Definition
Data Structure Types
Data Structure Characteristics
Need for Data Structure
Stack Definition
Stack Representation
Stack Operations
Stack Algorithm
Program for Stack in C++
Linked List Definition
Linked List Representation
Linked List Operations
Linked List Algorithm
Program for Linked List in C++
Linked List Defination
Linked List Representation
Linked List Operations
Linked List Algorithm
Program for Linked List in C++
What is Stack, Its Operations, Queue, Circular Queue, Priority QueueBalwant Gorad
Explain Stack and its Concepts, Its Operations, Queue, Circular Queue, Priority Queue. Explain Queue and It's Operations
Data Structures, Abstract Data Types
Data Structure- Stack operations may involve initializing the stack, using it and then de-initializing it. Apart from these basic stuffs, a stack is used for the following two primary operations −
PUSH, POP, PEEP
Difference between linear and non-linear data structure, Tree Data Structure - Introduction, Terminology, Tree Representation, Binary Tree, Properties of Binary Tree
Depth First Search Traversal of Binary Tree - Recursive and Non-recursive In-order, preorder, post-order traversal, Breath First Traversal of Binary Tree
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers introduction to paging in 80386, Address Translation (Linear to physical), Page Level Protection,
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers Introduction to multitasking, Support Registers and Data Structures, Task State Segment (TSS), TSS Descriptor, Task Register, Task Switching via TSS and Task Gate, Task Gate Descriptor,
PAI Unit 2 Segmentation in 80386 microprocessorKanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers types of address spaces : Logical, linear, Physical, Address Translation in 80386, Segment Descriptor Format, Types of Segment Descriptors,
PAI Unit 2 Protection in 80386 segmentationKanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers protection mechanism in 80386 microprocessor through conforming code segment and call gate
SE PAI Unit 2_Data Structures in 80386 segmentationKanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers Descriptor Tables in 80386 as Global Descriptor Table, Local Descriptor Table, Types of Interrupts/Exception : Traps, faults, Aborts, Real mode Interrupt Structure (IVT), Protected mode interrupt Structure (IDT)
SE PAI Unit 5_Timer Programming in 8051 microcontroller_Part 1KanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers Introduction to Timers, Special Function Registers as Timer 1 Register, Timer 0 Register, TMOD register, TCON register, Operating modes of Timer
SE PAI Unit 5_Timer Programming in 8051 microcontroller_Part 2KanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers Mode 1 and Mode 2 programming of timers, Counters and Counter Programming
SE PAI Unit 5_Serial Port Programming in 8051 micro controller_Part 3KanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers importance of RI Flag, Importance of TI flag, examples on Serial Port programming
SE PAI Unit 5_Serial Port Programming in 8051 microcontroller_Part 2KanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers special function registers used for serial communication in 8051, Operating modes of serial communication, doubling baud rate in 8051
SE PAI Unit 5_Serial Port Programming in 8051 microcontroller_Part 1KanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers the basics of serial communication, Data framing and Baud Rate in 8051 microcontroller.
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers ports of 8051 microcontroller, Description and How to configure those ports with examples
Unit 5_Interrupt programming in 8051 micro controller - part 2KanchanPatil34
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers Special Function Registers of Interrupt programming of 8051 (IE, IP registers), example on interrupt programming
2015 course SPPU SEIT syllabus of subject Processor Architecture and Interfacing (PAI) This covers Introduction to Interrupts in 8051, Interrupt Handler, Types of Interrupts etc.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
Data Structures and Files
1. A Presentation
on
Data Structure and Files
Laboratory (214455)
Prepared By
Ms. K.D. Patil
Assistant Professor, Dept. of IT
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon.
2. Teaching & Examination Scheme
• Teaching Scheme:
– Practical : 4 Hours/Week
• Credits:
– 02
• Examination Scheme:
– Term Work : 25 Marks
– External Practical : 50 Marks
3. Course Objectives
• To study data structures and their
implementations using OOP (C++)
and their applications
• To study some advanced data
structures such as trees, graphs and
tables
• To learn different file organizations
4. Course Outcomes
• After successful completion of this course,
student will be able to
– Apply and implement algorithm to illustrate use of
linear data structures such as stack, queue
– Apply and implement algorithms to
create/represent and traverse non-linear data
structures such as trees, graphs etc
– Apply and implement algorithms to create and
manipulate database using different file
organizations
– Learn and apply the concept of hashing in database
creation and manipulation
5. Assignment No. 1
• Aim:
– To implement stack as an abstract data
type using linked list and use this ADT
for conversion of infix expression to
postfix, prefix and evaluation of postfix
and prefix expression.
6. What is stack??
• It is a linear data structure in which
the insertion and deletion operations
are performed at only one end called
as ‘top’
• Inserting an item is known as
“pushing” onto the stack. “Popping”
off the stack is removing an item
• It is called as Last in First Out Data
structure.
7. Disadvantages of Stack using
Array
• The size of the stack must be
determined when a stack object is
declared
• Space is wasted if we use less
elements
• We cannot "push" more elements
than the array can hold
8. Stack as ADT
• Allocate memory for each new
element dynamically using linked list
• Each node in the stack should
contain two parts:
– data: the user's data
– next: the address of the
next element in the stack
9. Stack as ADT
• A stack is an abstract data type (ADT) that
supports two main methods:
– push(x): Inserts object x onto top of stack
– pop(): Removes the top object of stack and returns it;
if stack is empty an error occurs
• The following support methods should also be
defined:
– size(): Returns the number of objects in stack
– isEmpty(): Return a boolean indicating if stack is
empty.
– top(): return the top object of the stack, without
removing it; if the stack is empty an error occurs.
10. Node & Class Structure
Node Structure
• struct node
{
int data;
node* next;
};
Class Structure
•class Stack
{
private:
struct node * top; // Will always point to the head of
the list (First element)
public:
Stack()
{
top=NULL;
} // Default Constructor
void push(int);
int pop();
int getTop(); // returns the top-most element.
int isEmpty(); // returns true if the Stack is Empty,
else return false.
};
11. Algorithm
push
{
struct node *p;
p = new node;
p->data=value;
p->next = top;
top = p;
}
isEmpty()
{
If (top == NULL)
Return true;
Else
Return False;
}
pop
if(top != NULL)
{
Struct node *p;
p = top->data;
p = top;
top = top->next;
delete p;
}
getTop()
{
if(top)
return top->data;
else
return -1;
}
12. Expressions (Polish Notations)
• An expression is a collection of
operators and operands that
represents a specific value.
• Based on the operator position,
expressions are divided into THREE
types. They are as follows...
• Infix Expression eg. a+b
• Postfix Expression eg. ab+
• Prefix Expression eg. +ab
13. Algorithm: Infix to Postfix
Conversion
• Algorithm(infixtopostfix)
• Create stack
• Set postfix to null string
• i=0
• for all tokens ‘ch’ in the infix expression
• token=ch[i]
• if(token=‘(’)
– Push(stack, token)
• elseif(token=‘)’)
– Pop(stack, token)
– while(token!=‘(’)
- append token to postfix expression
- pop(stack, token)
14. • elseif(token==‘operator’)
–// test the priority of token to token at top of stack
–Stacktop(stack, toptoken)
–While(!stack.isEmpty() && priority(token)<=priority(toptoken))
-Pop(stack, tokenout)
-Append tokenout to postfix expression
-Stacktop(stack, toptoken)
–End while
–Push(stack,token)
• else
–// token is operand
–Append it to the postfix expression
• endif
• i=i+1
• end loop
• while(!stack.isempty())
–popstack(stack,token)
–Append token to postfix expression
• end while
• return postfix
• end infixtopostfix
15. Algorithm: Postfix Evaluation
• exprsize=length of string
• Initialize(stack s)
• x=readtoken()
• while(x)
• If(x is operand)
Push x onto stack
• If(x is operator)
{
Opnd2=pop(stack)
Opnd1=pop(stack)
Evaluate(opnd1,opnd2,operator x);
}
x=readnexttoken;
}
16. Algorithm: Prefix Evaluation
• exprsize=length of string
• Initialize(stack s)
• x=readtoken() // read token from right to left
• while(x)
• If(x is operand)
Push x onto stack
• If(x is operator)
{
Opnd2=pop(stack)
Opnd1=pop(stack)
Evaluate(opnd2,opnd1,operator x);
}
x=readnexttoken;
}
17. Application
• Stacks in the Java Virtual Machine
– Each process running in a Java program has its own Java
Method Stack.
– Each time a method is called, it is pushed onto the stack.
– The choice of a stack for this operation allows Java to do
several useful things:
- Perform recursive method calls
- Print stack traces to locate an error
• Java also includes an operand stack which is used to
evaluate arithmetic instructions, i.e.
Integer add(a, b):
OperandStack Op
Op.push(a)
Op.push(b)
temp1 ¬ Op.pop()
temp2 ¬ Op.pop()
Op.push(temp1 + temp2)
18. Outcome
• After successful completion of this
assignment, student will be able to
apply and implement algorithm to
illustrate use of stack linear data
structures.
19. Assignment 2
• Aim:
– Implement priority queue as ADT using
single linked list for servicing patients in
an hospital with priorities as i) Serious
(top priority) ii) medium illness (medium
priority) iii) General (Least priority).
20. What is Queue?
• Linear data structure which follows
FIFO (First In First ) principle.
• Allocate memory for each new
element dynamically
• Link the queue elements together
• Use two pointers, qFront and qRear
to mark the front and rear of the
queue
21. Queue as ADT
• A queue is an abstract data type
(ADT) that supports two main
methods:
– Enqueue(x): Inserts object x from rear
end
– Dequeue(): Removes the object x from
front end
22. Node & Class structure
Node Structure
• struct node
{
int data;
node* next;
};
Class Structure
• class queue
{
private:
struct node * front,
*rear;
public:
queue()
{
front=rear=NULL;
} // Default
Constructor
void enqueue();
void dequeue();
24. Priority Queue
• Priority queues are a generalization of queues.
• Rather than inserting and deleting elements in
a fixed order, each element is assigned a
priority represented by an integer.
• We always remove an element with the
highest priority, which is given by the minimal
integer priority assigned.
• If two elements have the same priority, they
are served according to their order in the
queue.
25. Priority queue as ADT
Node Structure
• struct node
{
int priority;
int info; struct
node *link;
};
Class Structure
class Priority_Queue
{
private:
node *front;
public:
Priority_Queue()
{
front = NULL;
}
}
27. Applications
• In an operating system the runnable
processes might be stored in a priority
queue, where certain system processes are
given a higher priority than user processes.
• CPU Scheduling
http://cs.uttyler.edu/Faculty/Rainwater/COSC
3355/Animations/priority.htm
• In a network router packets may be routed
according to some assigned priorities.
28. • Priority Queuing:
– classes have different priorities
– class may depend on explicit marking or
other header info, eg IP source or
destination, TCP Port numbers, etc.
• Transmit a packet from the highest
priority class with a non-empty
queue
29. Outcome
• After successful completion of this
assignment, student will be able to
apply and implement algorithm to
illustrate use of queue linear data
structures.