This document defines key graph terminology and concepts. It begins by defining what a graph is composed of - vertices and edges. It then discusses directed vs undirected graphs and defines common graph terms like adjacent vertices, paths, cycles, and more. The document also covers different ways to represent graphs, such as adjacency matrices and adjacency lists. Finally, it briefly introduces common graph search methods like breadth-first search and depth-first search.
The document discusses graphs and graph algorithms. It defines what a graph is - a non-linear data structure consisting of vertices connected by edges. It describes different graph representations like adjacency matrix, incidence matrix and adjacency list. It also explains graph traversal algorithms like depth-first search and breadth-first search. Finally, it covers minimum spanning tree algorithms like Kruskal's and Prim's algorithms for finding minimum cost spanning trees in graphs.
A graph is a pair (V, E) where V is a set of vertices and E is a set of edges connecting the vertices. Graphs can be represented using an adjacency matrix, where a matrix element A[i,j] indicates if there is an edge from vertex i to j, or using adjacency lists, where each vertex stores a list of its neighboring vertices. Graphs find applications in modeling networks, databases, and more. Common graph operations include finding paths and connectivity between vertices.
The document discusses graphs and graph theory. It defines graphs as non-linear data structures used to model networks and relationships. The key types of graphs are undirected graphs, where edges have no orientation, and directed graphs, where edges have orientation. Graph traversal algorithms like depth-first search and breadth-first search are discussed. Common graph terminology is defined, including vertices, edges, paths, cycles, degrees. Different graph representations like adjacency matrices and adjacency lists are also covered. Applications of graphs include modeling networks, routes, and relationships.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to graphs. It defines a graph as a data structure consisting of vertices and edges linking vertices, which can represent objects and relationships. Graphs are a generalization of trees that allow any type of relationship between nodes. Common graph representations include adjacency lists and matrices. The document also discusses graph traversal methods, minimum spanning trees, and applications of graphs.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of graphs, including simple graphs, multigraphs, pseudographs, directed graphs, and directed multigraphs. It also defines key graph theory concepts such as vertices, edges, paths, degrees of vertices, adjacency matrices, subgraphs, unions of graphs, and connectivity. Examples are provided to illustrate these definitions and concepts, such as examples of graphs, paths, and how to construct the adjacency matrix of a graph.
Graphs can be represented using adjacency matrices or adjacency lists. Common graph operations include traversal algorithms like depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS). DFS traverses a graph in a depth-wise manner similar to pre-order tree traversal, while BFS traverses in a level-wise or breadth-first manner similar to level-order tree traversal. The document also discusses graph definitions, terminologies, representations, elementary graph operations, and traversal methods like DFS and BFS.
A graph G consists of a non empty set V called the set of nodes (points, vertices) of the graph, a set E, which is the set of edges of the graph and a mapping from the set of edges E to a pair of elements of V.
Any two nodes, which are connected by an edge in a graph are called "adjacent nodes".
In a graph G(V,E) an edge which is directed from one node to another is called a "directed edge", while an edge which has no specific direction is called an "undirected edge". A graph in which every edge is directed is called a "directed graph" or a "digraph". A graph in which every edge is undirected is called an "undirected graph".
If some of edges are directed and some are undirected in a graph then the graph is called a "mixed graph".
Any graph which contains some parallel edges is called a "multigraph".
If there is no more than one edge but a pair of nodes then, such a graph is called "simple graph."
A graph in which weights are assigned to every edge is called a "weighted graph".
In a graph, a node which is not adjacent to any other node is called "isolated node".
A graph containing only isolated nodes is called a "null graph". In a directed graph for any node v the number of edges which have v as initial node is called the "outdegree" of the node v. The number of edges to have v as their terminal node is called the "Indegree" of v and Sum of outdegree and indegree of a node v is called its total degree.
This document defines key graph terminology and concepts. It begins by defining what a graph is composed of - vertices and edges. It then discusses directed vs undirected graphs and defines common graph terms like adjacent vertices, paths, cycles, and more. The document also covers different ways to represent graphs, such as adjacency matrices and adjacency lists. Finally, it briefly introduces common graph search methods like breadth-first search and depth-first search.
The document discusses graphs and graph algorithms. It defines what a graph is - a non-linear data structure consisting of vertices connected by edges. It describes different graph representations like adjacency matrix, incidence matrix and adjacency list. It also explains graph traversal algorithms like depth-first search and breadth-first search. Finally, it covers minimum spanning tree algorithms like Kruskal's and Prim's algorithms for finding minimum cost spanning trees in graphs.
A graph is a pair (V, E) where V is a set of vertices and E is a set of edges connecting the vertices. Graphs can be represented using an adjacency matrix, where a matrix element A[i,j] indicates if there is an edge from vertex i to j, or using adjacency lists, where each vertex stores a list of its neighboring vertices. Graphs find applications in modeling networks, databases, and more. Common graph operations include finding paths and connectivity between vertices.
The document discusses graphs and graph theory. It defines graphs as non-linear data structures used to model networks and relationships. The key types of graphs are undirected graphs, where edges have no orientation, and directed graphs, where edges have orientation. Graph traversal algorithms like depth-first search and breadth-first search are discussed. Common graph terminology is defined, including vertices, edges, paths, cycles, degrees. Different graph representations like adjacency matrices and adjacency lists are also covered. Applications of graphs include modeling networks, routes, and relationships.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to graphs. It defines a graph as a data structure consisting of vertices and edges linking vertices, which can represent objects and relationships. Graphs are a generalization of trees that allow any type of relationship between nodes. Common graph representations include adjacency lists and matrices. The document also discusses graph traversal methods, minimum spanning trees, and applications of graphs.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of graphs, including simple graphs, multigraphs, pseudographs, directed graphs, and directed multigraphs. It also defines key graph theory concepts such as vertices, edges, paths, degrees of vertices, adjacency matrices, subgraphs, unions of graphs, and connectivity. Examples are provided to illustrate these definitions and concepts, such as examples of graphs, paths, and how to construct the adjacency matrix of a graph.
Graphs can be represented using adjacency matrices or adjacency lists. Common graph operations include traversal algorithms like depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS). DFS traverses a graph in a depth-wise manner similar to pre-order tree traversal, while BFS traverses in a level-wise or breadth-first manner similar to level-order tree traversal. The document also discusses graph definitions, terminologies, representations, elementary graph operations, and traversal methods like DFS and BFS.
A graph G consists of a non empty set V called the set of nodes (points, vertices) of the graph, a set E, which is the set of edges of the graph and a mapping from the set of edges E to a pair of elements of V.
Any two nodes, which are connected by an edge in a graph are called "adjacent nodes".
In a graph G(V,E) an edge which is directed from one node to another is called a "directed edge", while an edge which has no specific direction is called an "undirected edge". A graph in which every edge is directed is called a "directed graph" or a "digraph". A graph in which every edge is undirected is called an "undirected graph".
If some of edges are directed and some are undirected in a graph then the graph is called a "mixed graph".
Any graph which contains some parallel edges is called a "multigraph".
If there is no more than one edge but a pair of nodes then, such a graph is called "simple graph."
A graph in which weights are assigned to every edge is called a "weighted graph".
In a graph, a node which is not adjacent to any other node is called "isolated node".
A graph containing only isolated nodes is called a "null graph". In a directed graph for any node v the number of edges which have v as initial node is called the "outdegree" of the node v. The number of edges to have v as their terminal node is called the "Indegree" of v and Sum of outdegree and indegree of a node v is called its total degree.
BFS is the most commonly used approach. BFS is a traversing algorithm where you should start traversing from a selected node (source or starting node) and traverse the graph layerwise thus exploring the neighbor nodes (nodes which are directly connected to the source node.
This document discusses graphs and Eulerian paths and circuits. It begins by defining what a graph is - a set of nodes and edges. It then describes different types of graphs like directed/undirected, cyclic/acyclic, labeled, and weighted graphs. It explains the concepts of adjacency and connectivity in graphs. The document focuses on Eulerian paths and circuits, providing properties for a graph to have an Eulerian path or circuit. It presents pseudocode for an algorithm to check if a graph is Eulerian using depth-first search. Finally, it includes C++ code for a program that tests if input graphs exhibit an Eulerian path or circuit.
Graph terminology and algorithm and tree.pptxasimshahzad8611
This document provides an overview of key concepts in graph theory including graph terminology, representations, traversals, spanning trees, minimum spanning trees, and shortest path algorithms. It defines graphs, directed vs undirected graphs, connectedness, degrees, adjacency, paths, cycles, trees, and graph representations using adjacency matrices and lists. It also describes breadth-first and depth-first traversals, spanning trees, minimum spanning trees, and algorithms for finding minimum spanning trees and shortest paths like Kruskal's, Prim's, Dijkstra's, Bellman-Ford and A* algorithms.
Graph theory concepts complex networks presents-rouhollah nabatinabati
This document provides an introduction to network and social network analysis theory, including basic concepts of graph theory and network structures. It defines what a network and graph are, explains what network theory techniques are used for, and gives examples of real-world networks that can be represented as graphs. It also summarizes key graph theory concepts such as nodes, edges, walks, paths, cycles, connectedness, degree, and centrality measures.
The document provides information about a faculty development program on discrete mathematics. It includes:
- An outline of the course content which covers topics like graph terminology, representations of graphs, connectivity, Euler and Hamilton paths, shortest path algorithms, planar graphs, and graph coloring.
- Details of learning resources including textbooks and reference books.
- A table listing the topics to be discussed in lectures, related self-learning tasks, reference materials and number of contact hours.
- Information on representation of graphs through adjacency matrix, incidence matrix and adjacency lists.
The program aims to teach key concepts in graph theory and related algorithms over 6 lecture hours through lectures, self-study and reference books.
The tutorial describes existing approaches to model graph databases and different techniques implemented in RDF and Database engines including their main drawbacks when a large volume of interconnected data needs to be traversed.
This document defines and provides examples of graphs and graph representations. It begins by discussing Euler's use of graphs to solve the Königsberg bridge problem. It then defines graphs formally as G=(V,E) with vertices V and edges E. Examples of undirected and directed graphs are given. Common graph terms like paths, cycles, and connectivity are defined. Methods of representing graphs through adjacency matrices and adjacency lists are described and examples are provided. Finally, the document briefly discusses graph traversal algorithms and the concept of weighted edges.
Graph Representation, DFS and BFS Presentation.pptxbashirabdullah789
The document describes the breadth-first search (BFS) algorithm for traversing graphs. BFS uses a queue to visit all neighboring nodes at the current level before moving to the next level out. It marks nodes as discovered, processes their neighbors, and marks them finished after processing. The algorithm initializes all nodes as undiscovered, enqueues the source node, and dequeues nodes to process their neighbors until the queue is empty.
Unit II_Graph.pptxkgjrekjgiojtoiejhgnltegjtepournima055
The document discusses graphs and graph algorithms. It covers basic graph concepts like vertices, edges, paths, cycles. It describes different ways to represent graphs like adjacency matrix, adjacency list and their pros and cons. It also discusses operations on graphs like inserting and deleting vertices and edges. The document explains traversal algorithms like depth-first search and breadth-first search. It covers minimum spanning tree algorithms like Prim's and Kruskal's. It also briefly discusses shortest path algorithms like Dijkstra's and topological sorting.
This document discusses graphs and graph data structures. It defines a graph as a pictorial representation of a set of objects connected by links, with the objects represented as vertices and the links as edges. It provides definitions and examples of basic graph terminology like vertices, edges, adjacency, and different types of graphs like directed vs undirected graphs. It also covers graph implementations using adjacency matrices and adjacency lists, as well as common graph algorithms like depth-first search and breadth-first search. Finally, it lists some applications of graphs like social networks, maps, and computer networks.
The document discusses graph theory concepts including:
- Euler's analysis of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem which proved that a walk crossing each bridge once is impossible.
- Definitions of graphs, vertices, edges, degree of a vertex, adjacency matrix, adjacency lists, trees, forests, connectivity, graph traversal algorithms like breadth-first search and depth-first search.
- Explanations and examples are provided for graph representations and common graph terminology.
The document discusses graphs and their basic concepts. It defines what a graph is - an abstract way to represent connectivity using nodes and edges. It explains how graphs are stored using adjacency matrices and adjacency lists. It also defines common graph terminology like vertices, edges, walks, paths etc. Additionally, it discusses special types of graphs like trees and implicit graphs.
Graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph consists of vertices and edges connecting pairs of vertices. There are many types of graphs including trees, which are connected acyclic graphs. Spanning trees are subgraphs of a graph that connect all vertices using the minimum number of edges. Key concepts in graph theory include paths, connectedness, cycles, and isomorphism between graphs.
Graphs are useful tools for modeling problems and consist of vertices and edges. Breadth-first search (BFS) is an algorithm that visits the vertices of a graph starting from a source vertex and proceeding to visit neighboring vertices first, before moving to neighbors that are further away. BFS uses a queue to efficiently traverse the graph and discover all possible paths from the source to other vertices, identifying the shortest paths in an unweighted graph. The time complexity of BFS on an adjacency list representation is O(n+m) where n is the number of vertices and m is the number of edges.
A graph is a pictorial representation consisting of vertices connected by edges. It is represented as a pair of sets (V,E) where V is the set of vertices and E is the set of edges connecting vertex pairs. Key aspects include vertices, edges, adjacency, paths, degrees of vertices, directed/undirected graphs, cycles, and representations using adjacency matrices. Common graph algorithms are BFS, DFS, minimum spanning trees using Prim's and Kruskal's algorithms.
A graph G is composed of a set of vertices V connected by edges E. It can be represented using an adjacency matrix, with a 1 or 0 in position (i,j) indicating whether vertices i and j are connected, or an adjacency list storing the neighbors of each vertex. Graph search algorithms like depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS) are used to traverse the graph and find paths between vertices, with DFS prioritizing depth and BFS prioritizing breadth of exploration. DFS uses recursion to implicitly store paths while BFS uses queues and must store paths separately.
The document discusses graph theory and provides definitions and examples of various graph concepts. It defines what a graph is consisting of vertices and edges. It also defines different types of graphs such as simple graphs, multigraphs, digraphs and provides examples. It discusses graph terminology, models, degree of graphs, handshaking lemma, special graphs and applications. It also provides explanations of planar graphs, Euler's formula and graph coloring.
1. A graph is a collection of objects called vertices that are connected by links called edges. Graphs can be represented as a pair of sets (V,E) where V is the set of vertices and E is the set of edges.
2. There are several important terms used to describe graphs including adjacent nodes, degree of a node, regular graphs, paths, cycles, connected graphs, and complete graphs. Graphs can be represented using adjacency matrices or adjacency lists.
3. There are two main techniques for traversing graphs - depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS). DFS uses a stack and traverses graphs in a depth-wise manner while BFS uses a
The document discusses graphs and graph algorithms. It defines what a graph is - a set of vertices and edges. It describes different types of graphs like directed/undirected graphs and examples. It then covers graph representations like adjacency matrix and adjacency lists. Common graph algorithms like depth first search, breadth first search, finding connected components and spanning trees are also mentioned.
BFS is the most commonly used approach. BFS is a traversing algorithm where you should start traversing from a selected node (source or starting node) and traverse the graph layerwise thus exploring the neighbor nodes (nodes which are directly connected to the source node.
This document discusses graphs and Eulerian paths and circuits. It begins by defining what a graph is - a set of nodes and edges. It then describes different types of graphs like directed/undirected, cyclic/acyclic, labeled, and weighted graphs. It explains the concepts of adjacency and connectivity in graphs. The document focuses on Eulerian paths and circuits, providing properties for a graph to have an Eulerian path or circuit. It presents pseudocode for an algorithm to check if a graph is Eulerian using depth-first search. Finally, it includes C++ code for a program that tests if input graphs exhibit an Eulerian path or circuit.
Graph terminology and algorithm and tree.pptxasimshahzad8611
This document provides an overview of key concepts in graph theory including graph terminology, representations, traversals, spanning trees, minimum spanning trees, and shortest path algorithms. It defines graphs, directed vs undirected graphs, connectedness, degrees, adjacency, paths, cycles, trees, and graph representations using adjacency matrices and lists. It also describes breadth-first and depth-first traversals, spanning trees, minimum spanning trees, and algorithms for finding minimum spanning trees and shortest paths like Kruskal's, Prim's, Dijkstra's, Bellman-Ford and A* algorithms.
Graph theory concepts complex networks presents-rouhollah nabatinabati
This document provides an introduction to network and social network analysis theory, including basic concepts of graph theory and network structures. It defines what a network and graph are, explains what network theory techniques are used for, and gives examples of real-world networks that can be represented as graphs. It also summarizes key graph theory concepts such as nodes, edges, walks, paths, cycles, connectedness, degree, and centrality measures.
The document provides information about a faculty development program on discrete mathematics. It includes:
- An outline of the course content which covers topics like graph terminology, representations of graphs, connectivity, Euler and Hamilton paths, shortest path algorithms, planar graphs, and graph coloring.
- Details of learning resources including textbooks and reference books.
- A table listing the topics to be discussed in lectures, related self-learning tasks, reference materials and number of contact hours.
- Information on representation of graphs through adjacency matrix, incidence matrix and adjacency lists.
The program aims to teach key concepts in graph theory and related algorithms over 6 lecture hours through lectures, self-study and reference books.
The tutorial describes existing approaches to model graph databases and different techniques implemented in RDF and Database engines including their main drawbacks when a large volume of interconnected data needs to be traversed.
This document defines and provides examples of graphs and graph representations. It begins by discussing Euler's use of graphs to solve the Königsberg bridge problem. It then defines graphs formally as G=(V,E) with vertices V and edges E. Examples of undirected and directed graphs are given. Common graph terms like paths, cycles, and connectivity are defined. Methods of representing graphs through adjacency matrices and adjacency lists are described and examples are provided. Finally, the document briefly discusses graph traversal algorithms and the concept of weighted edges.
Graph Representation, DFS and BFS Presentation.pptxbashirabdullah789
The document describes the breadth-first search (BFS) algorithm for traversing graphs. BFS uses a queue to visit all neighboring nodes at the current level before moving to the next level out. It marks nodes as discovered, processes their neighbors, and marks them finished after processing. The algorithm initializes all nodes as undiscovered, enqueues the source node, and dequeues nodes to process their neighbors until the queue is empty.
Unit II_Graph.pptxkgjrekjgiojtoiejhgnltegjtepournima055
The document discusses graphs and graph algorithms. It covers basic graph concepts like vertices, edges, paths, cycles. It describes different ways to represent graphs like adjacency matrix, adjacency list and their pros and cons. It also discusses operations on graphs like inserting and deleting vertices and edges. The document explains traversal algorithms like depth-first search and breadth-first search. It covers minimum spanning tree algorithms like Prim's and Kruskal's. It also briefly discusses shortest path algorithms like Dijkstra's and topological sorting.
This document discusses graphs and graph data structures. It defines a graph as a pictorial representation of a set of objects connected by links, with the objects represented as vertices and the links as edges. It provides definitions and examples of basic graph terminology like vertices, edges, adjacency, and different types of graphs like directed vs undirected graphs. It also covers graph implementations using adjacency matrices and adjacency lists, as well as common graph algorithms like depth-first search and breadth-first search. Finally, it lists some applications of graphs like social networks, maps, and computer networks.
The document discusses graph theory concepts including:
- Euler's analysis of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg problem which proved that a walk crossing each bridge once is impossible.
- Definitions of graphs, vertices, edges, degree of a vertex, adjacency matrix, adjacency lists, trees, forests, connectivity, graph traversal algorithms like breadth-first search and depth-first search.
- Explanations and examples are provided for graph representations and common graph terminology.
The document discusses graphs and their basic concepts. It defines what a graph is - an abstract way to represent connectivity using nodes and edges. It explains how graphs are stored using adjacency matrices and adjacency lists. It also defines common graph terminology like vertices, edges, walks, paths etc. Additionally, it discusses special types of graphs like trees and implicit graphs.
Graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph consists of vertices and edges connecting pairs of vertices. There are many types of graphs including trees, which are connected acyclic graphs. Spanning trees are subgraphs of a graph that connect all vertices using the minimum number of edges. Key concepts in graph theory include paths, connectedness, cycles, and isomorphism between graphs.
Graphs are useful tools for modeling problems and consist of vertices and edges. Breadth-first search (BFS) is an algorithm that visits the vertices of a graph starting from a source vertex and proceeding to visit neighboring vertices first, before moving to neighbors that are further away. BFS uses a queue to efficiently traverse the graph and discover all possible paths from the source to other vertices, identifying the shortest paths in an unweighted graph. The time complexity of BFS on an adjacency list representation is O(n+m) where n is the number of vertices and m is the number of edges.
A graph is a pictorial representation consisting of vertices connected by edges. It is represented as a pair of sets (V,E) where V is the set of vertices and E is the set of edges connecting vertex pairs. Key aspects include vertices, edges, adjacency, paths, degrees of vertices, directed/undirected graphs, cycles, and representations using adjacency matrices. Common graph algorithms are BFS, DFS, minimum spanning trees using Prim's and Kruskal's algorithms.
A graph G is composed of a set of vertices V connected by edges E. It can be represented using an adjacency matrix, with a 1 or 0 in position (i,j) indicating whether vertices i and j are connected, or an adjacency list storing the neighbors of each vertex. Graph search algorithms like depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS) are used to traverse the graph and find paths between vertices, with DFS prioritizing depth and BFS prioritizing breadth of exploration. DFS uses recursion to implicitly store paths while BFS uses queues and must store paths separately.
The document discusses graph theory and provides definitions and examples of various graph concepts. It defines what a graph is consisting of vertices and edges. It also defines different types of graphs such as simple graphs, multigraphs, digraphs and provides examples. It discusses graph terminology, models, degree of graphs, handshaking lemma, special graphs and applications. It also provides explanations of planar graphs, Euler's formula and graph coloring.
1. A graph is a collection of objects called vertices that are connected by links called edges. Graphs can be represented as a pair of sets (V,E) where V is the set of vertices and E is the set of edges.
2. There are several important terms used to describe graphs including adjacent nodes, degree of a node, regular graphs, paths, cycles, connected graphs, and complete graphs. Graphs can be represented using adjacency matrices or adjacency lists.
3. There are two main techniques for traversing graphs - depth-first search (DFS) and breadth-first search (BFS). DFS uses a stack and traverses graphs in a depth-wise manner while BFS uses a
The document discusses graphs and graph algorithms. It defines what a graph is - a set of vertices and edges. It describes different types of graphs like directed/undirected graphs and examples. It then covers graph representations like adjacency matrix and adjacency lists. Common graph algorithms like depth first search, breadth first search, finding connected components and spanning trees are also mentioned.
Similar to Data Structures and Agorithm: DS 21 Graph Theory.pptx (20)
AI for Legal Research with applications, toolsmahaffeycheryld
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Data Structures and Agorithm: DS 21 Graph Theory.pptx
1. International Islamic University H-10, Islamabad, Pakistan
Data Structures
Lecture No. 21
Graph, DFS, BFS
Engr. Rashid Farid Chishti
http://youtube.com/rfchishti
http://sites.google.com/site/chishti
2. Graphs are composed of Nodes (vertices) and Edges.
A graph is a set of vertices (V) with links or edges (E) connecting them
Linked lists, trees, and heaps are all special cases of graphs
Notation: A graph G is a pair (V, E) i.e G = (V, E)
Each edge is a pair (v1, v2), where v1, v2 are vertices in V
In a directed graph (digraph), all edges have directions
In an undirected graph, an edge does not have a direction
For Example
G = (V, E)
where V={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
E={(1, 2), (1, 6), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 6)}
Graphs
2
5
6
1 3
4
Node
or
Vertex
Edge
3. If the order of edge pairs (v1, v2) matters then the graph is directed (also called
a digraph): (v1, v2) ≠ (v2, v1)
If the order of edge pairs (v1, v2) does not matter, the graph is called an
undirected graph: in this case, (v1 , v2) = (v2 , v1)
Vertex v1 is adjacent to vertex v2, if there is an edge (v1, v2)
In a digraph, existence of edge (v1, v2) does not mean v1 is adjacent to v2
In an undirected graph, existence of edge (v1, v2) means both v1 and v2 are
adjacent to each other.
An edge may have a weight or cost
Directed vs Undirected Graphs
v1 v2
A Directed Graph Undirected Graph v1 v2
v1 v2
15
- 4
4. Path: a sequence of vertices v1, v2 …, vn such that consecutive vertices vj , vj+1
have an edge between them.
Length: length of a path is the number of edges in the path
Loop: an edge from a vertex onto itself, denoted by (v, v).
Definitions
v5
v4
v3
v1
v2
Simple Path = v1, v2, v3 v4, v5
Length = 5
v6
Loop (v6, v6)
5. Simple Path: a path in a graph is simple if all vertices are distinct
v1 , v3 , v4 (a simple path)
v1 , v3 , v4 , v6 , v3 (a path but not a simple path)
Cycle: a cycle is a path of length at least 1 such that the first and the last
vertices are the same.
v1 , v2 , v3 , v1 (A Simple Cycle)
v1 , v2 , v3 , v1 , v1 , v3 (A Cycle but not Simple Cycle)
Definitions
v5
v4
v3
v1
v2 v6
6. A undirected graph is connected if there is a path from every vertex to every
other vertex. A digraph with this property is strongly connected
If a directed graph is not strongly connected, but underlying undirected graph
is connected then the directed graph is weakly connected
Definitions
v1 v3
v4
v2
strongly connected
v1 v3
v4
v2
weakly connected
v1 v3
v4
v2
disconnected
8. Driving Map
Edge = Road
Vertex = Intersection
Edge weight = Time required to cover
the road
Airline Traffic
Vertex = Cities serviced by the airline
Edge = Flight exists between two cities
Edge weight = Flight time or flight cost
Computer networks
Vertex = Switches, routers
Edge = Communication links
Edge weight = Delay, hop count, cost
Graph Applications
Clash Free Datasheet
Edge = Paper
Vertex = Date
Google Maps
Edge = Roads
Vertex = Location
Dijkstra's Algorithm
Prims's Algorithm
Kruskal's Algorithm
9. There are at least two ways of representing graphs:
The adjacency matrix representation
The adjacency list representation
An adjacency matrix for a graph with n vertices numbered
0,1,...,n-1 is an n by n array matrix such that matrix[i][j] is 1
(true) if there is an edge from vertex i to vertex j and 0
(false) otherwise.
When the graph is weighted, we can let matrix[i][j] be the
weight that labels the edge from vertex i to vertex j
instead of simply 1, and let matrix[i][j] equal to ∞ instead
of 0 when there is no edge from vertex i to vertex j
Adjacency matrix for an undirected graph is symmetrical.
i.e. matrix[i][j] is equal to matrix[j][i]
Graph Implementation
A B
D
C
A Graph
A B C D
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 0 0 0
C 1 0 0 1
D 1 0 1 0
Adjacency Matrix
10. An adjacency list for a graph with n vertices numbered 0,1,... ,n-
1 consists of n linked lists.
The ith linked list has a node for vertex j if and only if the graph
contains an edge from vertex i to vertex j.
Adjacency list is a better solution if the graph is sparse.
Space requirement is O(|E| + |V|), which is linear in the size of
the graph. In an undirected graph each edge (v,w) appears in
two lists. So space requirement is doubled.
Adjacency List
A B
D
C
Undirected Weighted Graph
A B C D
A ∞ ∞ 6 9
B ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
C 6 ∞ ∞ 8
D 9 ∞ 8 ∞
Its Adjacency Matrix
6
8
9
0 A
1 B
2 C
3 D
NULL
Adjacency List
C 6
A 6
A 9
D 9
D 8
NULL
NULL
C 8 NULL
11. Adjacency Matrix for a Digraph
A B
D
C
A Diagraph
A B C D
A 0 0 1 1
B 0 0 0 0
C 0 0 0 1
D 0 0 0 0
Adjacency Matrix
0 A
1 B
2 C
3 D
NULL
Adjacency List
C
D
D NULL
NULL
NULL
12. Two common graph operations:
1. Determine whether there is an edge from vertex i to vertex j.
2. Find all vertices adjacent to a given vertex i.
An adjacency matrix supports operation 1 more efficiently.
An adjacency list supports operation 2 more efficiently.
An adjacency list often requires less space than an adjacency matrix.
Adjacency Matrix: Space requirement is O(|V|2)
Adjacency List: Space requirement is O(|E| + |V|), which is linear in the size
of the graph.
Adjacency matrix is better if the graph is dense (too many edges)
Adjacency list is better if the graph is sparse (few edges)
Adjacency Matrix vs Adjacency List
13. A graph-traversal algorithm starts from a vertex v, visits all of the vertices that
can be reachable from the vertex v.
A graph-traversal algorithm visits all vertices if and only if the graph is
connected.
A connected component is the subset of vertices visited during a traversal
algorithm that begins at a given vertex.
A graph-traversal algorithm must mark each vertex during a visit and must
never visit a vertex more than once.
Thus, if a graph contains a cycle, the graph-traversal algorithm can avoid
infinite loop.
We look at two graph-traversal algorithms:
Depth-First Search
Breadth-First Search
Graph Traversals
16. #include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <list>
using namespace std;
class Graph {
public:
map<int, bool> visited;
map<int, list<int> > adj;
void addEdge(int v, int w); // function to add an edge to graph
void DFS(int v); // DFS traversal of the vertices reachable from v
};
void Graph::addEdge(int v, int w){
adj[v].push_back(w); // Add w to v’s list.
}
void Graph::DFS(int v)
{
visited[v] = true; // Mark the current node as visited and
cout << v << " "; // print it
16
Example 1: Depth First Search
1
17. // Recur for all the vertices adjacent to this vertex
list<int>::iterator i;
for (i = adj[v].begin(); i != adj[v].end(); ++i)
if (!visited[*i])
DFS(*i);
}
int main() {
Graph g; // Create a graph given in the above diagram
int Start = 1;
g.addEdge( 1, 2); g.addEdge(1, 3); g.addEdge(1, 4); g.addEdge(1, 5); g.addEdge(1, 6);
g.addEdge( 2, 3); g.addEdge(2, 7); g.addEdge(2, 8);
g.addEdge( 3, 4); g.addEdge(3, 9);
g.addEdge( 4,10); g.addEdge( 5,11);
g.addEdge( 6,12); g.addEdge( 8, 9);
g.addEdge( 9,10); g.addEdge(10,11); g.addEdge(12, 8);
cout << "Depth First Traversal (starting from vertex "<< Start << " ) n";
g.DFS(Start);
system ("PAUSE"); return 0;
}
17
Example 1: Depth First Search
2
18. A systematic search strategy
Begin at a root node and inspect all the
neighboring nodes
For each of those neighboring nodes in turn,
inspect their neighboring nodes which were
unvisited, and so on
Algorithm
Start from node x
Mark x as visited and Put it a in queue
While queue is not empty do
Get a node s from queue and show it
Get all neighbor vertices of vertex s.
If a neighbor has not been visited, then
mark it visited and put it in a queue.
Breadth First Search
Starting Point
First Level
Second Level
Breath First Search
Wave Approach
20. #include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <list>
using namespace std;
class Graph {
public:
map<int, bool> visited;
map<int, list<int> > adj;
list<int> queue;
void addEdge(int v, int w);// function to add an edge to graph
void BFS(int v); // BFS traversal of the vertices reachable from v
};
void Graph::addEdge(int v, int w){
adj[v].push_back(w); // Add w to v’s list.
}
20
Example 2: Breadth First Search
1
21. void Graph::BFS(int v)
{
visited[v] = true; // Mark the current node as visited and
queue.push_back(v); // and put it in a queue
list<int>::iterator i; // 'i' will be used to get all adjacent vertices of a vertex
while(!queue.empty()) {
v = queue.front(); // Get a vertex from queue and print it
queue.pop_front();
cout << v << " ";
// Recur for all the vertices adjacent to this vertex
list<int>::iterator i;
for (i = adj[v].begin(); i != adj[v].end(); ++i){
if (!visited[*i])
{
visited[*i] = true;
queue.push_back(*i);
}
}
}
}
21
Example 2: Breadth First Search
2
22. int main() {
Graph g; // Create a graph given in the above diagram
int Start = 1;
g.addEdge( 1, 2); g.addEdge(1, 3); g.addEdge(1, 4); g.addEdge(1, 5); g.addEdge(1, 6);
g.addEdge( 2, 3); g.addEdge(2, 7); g.addEdge(2, 8);
g.addEdge( 3, 4); g.addEdge(3, 9);
g.addEdge( 4,10); g.addEdge( 5,11);
g.addEdge( 6,12); g.addEdge( 8, 9);
g.addEdge( 9,10); g.addEdge(10,11);
g.addEdge(12, 8);
cout << "Breadth First Traversal (starting from vertex "<< Start << " ) n";
g.BFS(Start);
system ("PAUSE");
return 0;
}
22
Example 2: Breadth First Search
3
23. Finding the shortest path out of the maze (unweighted)
Finding the minimum spanning tree (unweighted)
Peer to peer (P2P) networks to locate the host
Facebook to find friends within a given distance
Web crawler for search engines
Depth First Search (Applications)
Maze generator by using randomized DFS
Solving maze puzzles with one solution
Topological sorting
Breadth First Search (Applications)
24. Finding the shortest path out of the maze (unweighted)
Represent corners, junctions, dead ends by nodes
Use BFS from a starting point until an exit point is reached
Start at the root and explore as far as possible along each
branch before backtracking
ALGORITHM dfs(x)
visit(x)
FOR each neighbor y of x DO
IF y was not visited yet THEN
dfs(y)
END
END
END
Maze Solver
Nodes = rooms
Edge = door or passage
25. Finding the shortest path out of
the maze (unweighted)
Represent corners, junctions,
dead ends by nodes
Use BFS from a starting point
until an exit point is reached
Start at the root and explore as
far as possible along each
branch before backtracking
ALGORITHM dfs(x)
visit(x)
FOR each neighbor y of x DO
IF y was not visited yet THEN
dfs(y)
END
END
END
Maze Solver (Using BFS)
26. Randomly select a starting cell
Randomly select an unvisited neighbor (randomly choose N, S, E, W)
Break the wall
Continue until all cells are visited
Maze Generator (Using Random DFS)
Start
S
E
W
N
S
E
E
N
W
N
E
W
N
S
N
E
W
S
W
S
E
W
E
N
N
S
W
W
E
N
E
S
E
W
W
W
S
S
E
S
W
W
W
N
S
E
W
W
N
E
E
E
S
E
Stop
1
7 8 9 10 11 12
3 4 5 6
2
13
19 20 21 22 23 24
15 16 17 18
14
25 27 28 29 30
26