DANGI RAHUL ANN-609 saw dust and paper waste unconventional dry roughAGES.pptx

PRESENTATION
TITLE : NON
CONVENTIONAL DRY
ROUGHAGES
Dr. Rahul
Kumar Dangi

ANN-609
TOPIC:- NON CONVENTIONAL DRY
ROUGHAGES
Speaker : Dr. Rahul Kumar Dangi

UNCONVENTIONAL FEEDS
• It refers to all those feeds that have not been traditionally used
for animal feeding either by farmers or by feed manufacturers in
commercial feeds.
• These includes the agricultural waste and industrial byproducts
used in animal feeds at certain percentages depending on their
palatability, nutritional value and toxic factors .
3
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI

UNCONVENTIONAL OR NONCONVENTIONAL
ROUGHAGES (NCR)
• Non conventional roughage (NCR) is defined as shrub fodder, tree fodder,
crop residue and agro industrial by-products which is not commonly used
as livestock ration commercially.
• Jute leaves, water hyacinth, banana leaves, Pipal, Bamboo, Mulberry,
Subabul, Moong straw, cowpea bhoosa, lemon grass,sugarcane bagasse,
tapioca waste etc.
4

1. SUGARCANE BAGASSE
• Sugarcane bagasse is a co-product of the sugar and ethanol production
industry, leaving a residue rich in fiber that can be used as a source of
forage when feeding dairy cattle. Because of its low nutritional value, it is
often used under conditions where forage is scarce, or where its use as a
source of fiber is advantageous because of its lower cost. One example are
areas where sugar or paper paste are produced, and the use of sugarcane
can be a benefit over other more expensive sources of forage.
5

AVAILABILITY OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE
• Sugar industry is among the largest traditional agro based industries in
India. Bagasse is a major by-product of cane sugar production.
• Currently about 4 million hectares of land in India is under sugarcane with
an average yield of 70 tons per hectare. Sugar industry in India is
concentrated in states of Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab.
[Bisht* et al., 5(12): December, 2016]
6

BYPRODUCT FROM SUGAR INDUSTRY
Major byproduct from sugar industry
• Sugarcane tops (25-30%of sugarcane
harvested )
• Molasses (3%of sugarcane )
• Bagasess(10-15% of sugarcane crushed )
• Press mud/filter mud (3.4% of
sugarcane)have 1% phosphorus and 1%
nitrogen
7

SUGARCANE BAGASSE CONTENT
[Bisht* et al., 5(12): December, 2016]
The fiber consists mainly of cellulose (27 percent), pentosan (30 percent), lignin (20
percent) and ash (3 percent).
8

PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF BAGASSE
• Apparent density:- 112-160 kg/m3
• Effect of processing on bulk density of sugarcane bagasse (unprocessed)
1- ground in a hammer mill 40 HP through 8mm sieve
9

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BAGASSE
It is a by-product of the sugarcane industry with approximately
• 32–34% cellulose.
• 19–24% hemicellulose.
• 25–32% lignin.
• 6–12% extractives.
• 2–6% ash .
(Sakdaronnarong and Jonglertjunya , 2012; Rezende et al., 2011; Pandey et al., 2000).
Chemical composition of sugarcane bagasse is similar to the other plant cell walls.
10

DELETERIOUS FACTOR :- THE LOW DIGESTIBILITY HIGH FIBER MORE THAN 20% AND VERY
LOW NITROGEN CONTENT OF RAW BAGASSE LIMIT ITS INCLUSION IN FEEDS.
NUTRITIVE VALUE:- CP-3.5%, TDN-35%
• Many studies have been conducted to raise the nutritive value of sugarcane bagasse for ruminants
through physical, chemical and biological treatments for ruminant feeding.
(Gunun et al., 2017;Balgees et al., 2007;Okano et al., 2006).
• Chemical treatment, such as urea treatment, is considered effective to improve the nutritive value
and nutrient digestibility of sugarcane bagasse; urea is an interesting alternative nitrogen source to
anhydrous ammonia in the treatment of lignocellulose feedstuff due to its low cost, easy handling,
low danger in handling and being non-toxic to animals reported that 5% urea and 3% ammonia
treatments of sugarcane bagasse increased the CP content and in vitro dry matter digestibility. ...
(Ahmed et al., 2013;Ahmed and Babiker, 2015). Balgees et al. (2015)
11

.
• Nutritive value of bagasse can be improved by various ways , by pre-digestion by
chemical and physical methods chemical treatment including NaOH and
ammonia (gas) or urea treatment.
•
Inclusions:- bagasse and bagasse pith are often used as fillers in compound diet and as
carriers for molasses as urea molasses
12

ENRICHMENT OF BAGASSE WITH UREA-MOLASSES
LIQUID FEED
• Urea of 2 kg and 10 kg of molasses are mixed together and dissolved in 100 liters of
water.
• This mixture of water is sprayed on 100 kg of bagasse provides nitrogen and a readily
available source of energy to the rumen microorganisms and help to maximise the rumen
fermentative digestion of bagasse.
13

3. SAWDUST
• Sawdust (or wood dust) is a by-product or waste product
of woodworking operations such as sawing, sanding, milling, planing,
and routing.
• It is composed of small chippings of wood.
• During scarcity when nothing is available, saw dust can also be fed to
animals.
14

.
• Sawdust has been fed satisfactorily to ruminants as a roughage
substitute in all concentrate rations.
(Marion et al., 1959; Anthony and Cunningham, 1968; Anthony et al., 1969;
Dinius et al., 1970; Slyter and Kamstra, 1974; McCartor et al., 1972; Sowande, 2002).
15

SAWDUST
16

AVAILABILITY OF SAW DUST
• waste products, saw dust and form at the working surface
during woodworking operations such as sawing, milling
and sanding.
• Saw dust cost range about 3-10 Rs per kg (rate depends
on transportation and availability )
17

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SAW DUST
• Sawdust is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin
and small amounts (5-10%) of extraneous
materials. ( Horisawa et al., 1999 ).
Chemical composition of saw dust (% DM basis )
CP 0.6
EE 4.7
CF 64.1
NFE 29.9
Phosphorus 0.01
Calcium 0.20
18

.
• Cellulose (44%), hemicellulose (26%), and lignin (26%) were
observed as major chemical constituents of pine sawdust.
• An experiment conducted on different types of sawdust and
reported 2.53% crude protein, 0.76% ether extract, 60.26%
crude fibre, 24.53% nitrogen-free extracts and 0.80% crude ash.
[Radwan (1994)]
19

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SAW DUST
• DM content varied from 91.6 to 97.4 g/100g, ME content varied
from 535.9 to 1756.7 kcal/kg, CP content varied from 1.8 to 3.5
g/100g, CF content varied from 39.5 to 74.0 g/100g and NFE
content varied from 12.5 to 47.1 g/100g.
[Hossain et al. (2012)]
20

TREATMENT FOR IMPROVE DIGESTIBILITY
• Sawdust higher lignin content. Recent studies show that, in vitro dry matter
digestibility (IVDMD) of sawdust by rumen microorganisms has been
improved by alkali treatment.
(Wilson and Pigden, 1964).
• In vivo dry matter digestibility has also been improved by alkali and acid
treatment of sawdust.
(Mellenberger et al., 1971).
21

SOME PREPARATION FROM SAW DUST
• Complete feed as maintenance ration
during scarcity containing
1. 30 % saw dust.
2. 32% maize bran.
3. 31% molasses.
4. 4 % urea.
5. 2 % salt and 1 % mineral mixture.
( ICAR )
22

.
• A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of sawdust as a
roughage source in high energy beef cattle finishing rations. Rations
studied were (1) all concentrate, (2) 15% ground alfalfa, (3) 15% raw pine
sawdust, and (4) 5% alfalfa with 10% sawdust. Feedlot performance, feed
conversion, nor carcass quality were adversely affected by inclusion of
10% sawdust in the total ration. The addition of roughage, alfalfa and/or
sawdust, significantly reduced the occurrence of liver abscess.
(A. L. Slyter, L. D. Kamstra)
23

.
• Feedlot performance data of trials indicate that sawdust can be successfully
used at levels up to 15% of the ration. Results were in favor of the coarser
sawdust particles.
• Improvement in rumen condition was observed when sawdust was
included in rations at 15% level, and when coarser sawdust particles were
used. No apparent problems resulted from feeding sawdust at levels up to
15% to beef cattle.
(F. F. El-Sabban, T. A. Long, B. R. Baumgardt)
24

.
• Addition of sawdust up to 15% to the rabbit diets had no
detrimental effect on growth .
• Similarly, incorporation of sawdust up to 15% did not affect
feed intake. However, as the level exceeded, intake
decreased gradually due to poor palatability of the diet
(Radwan, 1994)
25

.
• Despite many advantages, Sibbald et al. reported a significant decrease in
apparent digestible nitrogen due to incorporation of increased dietary
fibre.
Sibbald et al. (1960)
• The abrasive nature of fibre and greater volume of digesta could have
caused an increase in metabolic nitrogen excretion .
(Hegde et al., 1978)
26

CONCLUSION
• Sawdust is a vital source of fibre for livestock. livestock can utilize fibers
available in sawdust. Additionally, it contains crude protein and ether
extracts which may be used for poultry and livestock as well.
• The quality of sawdust may vary from species to species. Therefore, it
could be suggested that, sawdust should be incorporated with conventional
feedstuffs at an optimal margin after laboratory analysis.
27

SAWDUST IS A KIND OF BIOMASS, CAN IT BE USED
AS CHICKEN FEED?
• Sawdust can be fed to livestock and poultry through fermentation, which can
increase the weight and increase the output. Sawdust fermentation method is:
sawdust 70 kg, rice bran or wheat bran 30 kg, water 60 kg, fermented dough 0.2
kg, salt 0.2 kg, mix the above animal feed making raw materials evenly, pile and
compact, and ferment for 1 to 2 days. After fermentation, when the raw materials
are loose and have wine, sweet and alkaline taste, they can be fed to livestock
and poultry. Generally, the feeding amount of laying hens accounts for 20%
of the diet during the rearing period and 25% during the laying period; pigs
can account for 20% to 30% of the diet.
28

4. PAPER WASTE AS A UNCONVENTIONAL DRY
ROUGHAGE
29

.
• Paper waste means newspapers, magazines, cardboard and any
other form of paper which is free of contaminated matter and is
capable of being recycled.
• Generation of waste paper from household activities,
government offices, printing houses waste, newsprint and
magazine, printing presses, packaging waste. The waste paper
waste may be in the form of old news-paper, high grade paper
offices, computer, magazine, mixed paper and packaging waste
like corrugated containers, box board, etc.
30

PROFILE OF INDIAN PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY:
• World paper industry assumes nearly 3.5% of the world
industrial production and 2% of world’s trade. Demand of paper
and boards worldwide are reach 470 million tonnes in 2010 with
an average annual increase of paper demand of about 3.7%.
Paper and boards demand is estimated to reach 640 million
tonnes in 2020.
31

AVAILABILITY OF PAPER WASTE
• On a daily basis, our country produces more than 1.50 lakh metric tonne
(MT) of solid waste, according to a 2019 India Today report. With almost 15,000
MT of garbage remaining exposed every day, it has become a significant reason
for rising pollution levels.
• On weight basis paper constitutes major portion in municipal solid waste which
may be to the tune of 25-40% of total waste
• Nearly about 0.38 - 0.62 lakh metric tonne waste paper produce daily in
india.
32

COMPOSITION OF PAPER WASTE
(NEWS PAPER )
S,No. Composition percentage
1 cellulose 45.26 % (w/w)
2 hemicellulose 23.75 % (w)
3 lignin 17.60% (w)
4 moisture 7.5% (w)
5 ash 3.69% (w)
(Wang et al)
33

.
• White paper composition
Cellulose :- 85-99%
Hemicellulose :- 0%
Lignin :- 0-15%
(Ye Sen et al .,2002)
34

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PAPER WASTE
S. No. Composition Percentage on DM basis
1 CP 2.5
2 EE 5.0
3 CF 70.7
4 NFE 21.0
5 Phosphorus 0.03
6 Calcium 0.21
35

LEVEL OF INCLUSION
• Complete feed containing 30% ground paper waste and other
cocentrates can be effectively used to maintain the animal
during scarcity.
[Unconventional feed resources for animals ANRS Anand]
36

SOME PREPARATIONS
• Paper waste containing 70.0% cellulose and hence it help to
satisfying the hunger of animals.
• Ground paper waste (6kg) supplemented with molasses (4kg),
salt (50gm), and mineral mixture (50gm) per day is sufficient to
maintain an adult animal.
37

5. SESAME (TIL) STRAW
• Straw is an agricultural byproduct consisting of
the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and
chaff have been removed.
• It has a number of different uses, including
livestock bedding and fodder, thatching and
basket making.
• Common name til straw.
38

AVAILABILITY OF SESAME STRAW
• Sesame straw production is 0.562 to 0.563 ton/ha.
• Sesame straw not utilized for economical purposes, it is
generally burned.
(School of Animal and Range Sciences, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia)
39

.
• Ethiopia has an attractive portfolio of high value sesame seed production
for export market. In the year 2010, the country was reported as the third
largest global exporter of sesame next to Nigeria and India
(ITC 2011)
• It means India stands for 1st or may be 2nd in world .
40

.
• Sesame straw has lower CP and higher CF as for all straws
(Sundstol, 1981).
• The increased CP with increasing alkali level could be due to delignification and
differential solubilization of nutrients associated with alkali.
• Physical and chemical treatment of crop residues has been recognized as means of
improving the feeding value of crop residues .
(Preston 1986; Sundstol and Owen 1984)
41

.
• Asma and Mohamed (2009) noted 4.52 and 7.84% for CP and ash content of sesame straw,
respectively .
• Kamali (2007) on the other hand reported slightly higher CP (5.05%) and ash (9.87%), and
lower NDF (57.6%) and ADF (42.9%) contents for sesame straw as compared to the values
obtained in this study.
( Kamali ,2007 )
43

.
• Although to a variable degree, intake and/or digestibility of crop residues has
been enhanced through treatment of crop residues such as chopping, soaking
with water and chemical treatment.
(Lu et al 2005)
• So soaking chopping and chemical treatment are the main treatments use for
the seasame straw.
44

,
• Generally treated sesame straw with urea increase pH value.
(Morgavi et al., 2002)
• Danesh Mesgaran reported that crude protein content increased for urea
treated sesame straw.
Danesh Mesgaran (2009)
45

EFFECT OF SESAME STRAW PROCESSED BY LOW
STEAM, SULFURIC ACID AND ENZYME
• An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of processing with low
steam pressure, sulfuric acid and Natozyme enzyme mixture on digestibility
and in vitro gas production parameters of sesame straw.
• Experimental treatments were two levels of 0 and one bar steam pressure in
120 min and 130 °c, two levels of 0 and 2.4% sulfuric acid, and two levels of
0 and 3 g/kg/DM exogenous enzyme.
46

.
• Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production parameters
of the samples were determined. Processing caused to significant decrease
of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent
fiber (ADF) and lignin content of sesame straw (P< 0.05).
• Processing by acid, steam and enzyme decreased the lignin by 4%.
47

TREATMENT OF STRAW ALKALI TREATMENT
• The increased CP with increasing alkali level is due to delignification and
differential solubilization of nutrients associated with alkali.
• The effects of alkali level on DM, OM and CP degradation were not consistent,
but generally they were increased with increasing alkali level.
• Rumen degradation of sesame straw: The increased sesame straw DM, OM and
CP degradation by alkali treatment was similar to that found for sorghum stover .
(Hamed and Elimam, 2008).
48

.
• This could be due to the increased nutrients solubilization and reducing sugar release
induced by alkali treatments.
(Wang et al., 2004)
• The marked significant decline in CF with alkali treatment was similar to that for sorghum
stover, but was higher for sesame. This could be genetic and was more beneficial than for
sorghum stover. It indicated that the higher the CF in straws, the more pronounced are the
effects.
49

.
• The small decline in EE could be due to increased oil extraction with increasing
alkali level.
• The increased ash with increasing Rabaa ash alkali level was mainly because
ash was the origin of the alkali and ash contaminates were likely to increase
with increasing alkali level. These results were similar to those found by Maeng
et al. (1971); Alawa and Owen (1984) and Didier et al. (2002)
50

EFFECT OF ALKALI TREATMENT ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEASAME STRAW
51

CONCLUSION
• This indicated that alkali treatment had affected the chemical composition,
cell wall and likely increased delignification, nutrients solubilization and
reducing sugars release. It could be concluded that Rabaa ash alkali
treatment improved the nutritive value of sesame straw
52

CONCLUSION
• The addition of three additive (urea 5%, enzymes & 10%
molasses) additives improved the quality of sesame straw,
chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility,
metabolic energy and fermentation activities. Also suggested
that the use of supplements urea and molasses can be used to
make good sesame straw .
53

CONCLUSION
• Most of the straw is wasted mainly due to the lack of awareness about the resource as
animal feed. Similar to other crop residues, sesame straw is generally low in nutritional
value.
Therefore, efficient utilization of sesame straw , necessitate for designing
appropriate strategies to enhance the feeding value of the straw, along with the creation of
awareness about the potential of the resource as feed.
(Teferi Aregawi et al,.)
54

.
• Degradation characteristics: Alkali treatment had generally increased DM, OM and
CP (a), (b) and (p) values compared to the untreated straw. This effect was in line
with that found for sorghum stover (Hamed and Elimam, 2008). The highest alkali
level had the highest (a) value. This indicated that alkali treatment had affected
the chemical composition, cell wall and likely increased delignification, nutrients
solubilization and reducing sugars release. It could be concluded that Rabaa ash
alkali treatment improved the nutritive value of sesame straw
56

LEVEL OF INCLUSION
• approximate feed intake of 1.7% body weight of the animals for crop residues
(Devendra 1985)
57

.
• Botanically known as Ficus benghalensis, and belonging to the
family Moraceae.
• The banyan tree is a native of India.
• Banyan tree is also called Vata Vriksha (which means one that
grows gigantically, without any death). Another name for the
Banyan tree is Kalpavriksha.
59

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DRY FALLEN
BANYAN TREE LEAVES (%) ON DM BASIS
S. No. Chemical composition Percentage (%)
1. CP 6.3
2. EE 4.0
3. CF 22.8
4. NFE 47.7
5. PHOSPHORUS 0.04
6. CALCIUM 4.12
60

RATION WITH TREE LEAVES FOR FEEDING
DURING SCARCITY
• Nutrient composition
 CP :- 17%
 DCP:- 8%
 TDN :- 42%
Ingredient
composition
Percentage (%)
Banyan tree leaves 50
Maize grain 27
Groundnut cake 14
DORB 7
Mineral + salt
Vitamins AD3
2
61

LEVEL OF INCLUSION
• Four isonitrogenous complete rations (CR) containing groundnut haulms (GH)) at 60% level
(CR-I), ground fallen banyan tree leaves (BTL) replacing GH (W/W basis) at 15 (CR-2), 30
(CR-3) and 45 (CR-4) percent were evaluated In terms of nutrient digestibility and nitrogen
(N) balance in nellore weaner ram lambs.
• The average daily gain (g/day) was 83,70, 58 and 37 in lambs fed complete rations 1 to 4,
respectively. Inclusion of BTL up to 15 % level replacing GH in complete ration did not affect
the DM, intake nutrient digestibility except that of hemicellulose, feed efficiency and N
balance in growing lambs. Significantly lower (P<0.05) N retention was observed In lambs
fed CR.4 as compared to those fed complete rations 1 to 3.
62

.
• Based on the overall performance it is concluded that inclusion
of BTL(banyan tree leaves) in the complete rations of growing
sheep should be restricted to 15% as a source of roughage
component.
63

.
• When fed to ruminants, banyan foliage was found to
reduce enteric methane emissions by 20%.
(Bhatta et al., 2014)
64

8. DRY FALLEN MANGO LEAVES
65

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF DRY FALLEN MANGO
LEAVES
s. no. Chemical composition Percentage
1. CP 3.3
2. EE 4.5
3. CF 21.1
4. NFE 52.1
5. PHOSPHORUS 0.07
6. CALCIUM 2.79
66

PROCESSING OF LEAVES
• Processing methods like grinding in hammer mills or steam pelleting can be used
with fallen dry tree leaves.
• These leaves are lighter than crop residues; their bulk density is 11 kg/m3 ,
compared with 60-80 kg/m3 for chopped cereal straws. After grinding, the bulk
density of the leaves increases more than 30 times. Th bulk density of ground tree
leaves is 370 kg/m3 , compared with 100-150 kg/m3 for cereal straws.
• This clearly indicates that light tree leaves can be economically transported, after
grinding, from where they are available to where they are needed.
67

.
• The ground tree leaves may be incorporated in various feed formulae and
commercial feed compounds at appropriate levels
(G.V.N. Reddy and M.R. Reddy 1984,
1986).
• Fallen tree leaves cannot, however, form the sole source of feed: they have a poor
palatability and a low nutritional value
(Reddy et al.
1984).
68

PROCESSING OF LEAVES
• Steam pelleting is an important processing method that can be economically
applied for processing feeds containing fallen dry tree leaves. The pelleting
process improves the acceptability and use of low-quality roughages, controls
dustiness, and prevents segregation of ground particles.
(Hale and Theurer
1972),
• Pelleting also improves the density and keeping quality of feedstuffs.
(Reddy
1986)
69

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Bulk density (kg/m3 ) :- 11
• Bulk density (kg/m3) ground material :- 370
( M.R. Reddy)
College of Veterinary Science, Andhra Pradesh Agricultural University, Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad
70

LEVEL OF INCLUSION AND TOXIC PRINCIPAL
• Mango leaves were successfully used as a roughage source in complete feeds of
sheep
(G.V.N. Reddy and M.R. Reddy
1984).
• The fallen dry mango leaves were ground in a hammer mill using a 5-mm sieve.
The ground leaves were added at 30 and 60%, replacing dry mixed grass as the
roughage source and were processed into mash and pelleted forms.
• These four complete feeds (Table ) were tested on 24 Nellore rams.
• DMI was more (P < 0.01) with the pelleted feed than with the corresponding
mash.
71

.
• Including fallen dry mango leaves as the roughage source did not affect DMI.
• DCP was higher (P < 0.01) with the pelleted feeds.
• Pelleting also improved in both feeds containing mango leaves. However, TDN decreased as
the level of mango leaves increased from 30 to 60%; this may be due to the high tannin content
of mango leaves.
• This study indicates that fallen dry mango leaves could be safely used in complete feeds at a
level of 30% without any adverse effects. However, pelleting complete mash feeds may further
improve nutrient use.
72

TOXIC PRINCIPLE
• Fallen mango tree leaves contain 9.35% tannin.
• steam pelleting of the mash feed markedly reduced this tannin content.
73

.
• To overcome the tannin effect of fallen mango leaves, calcium oxide (CaO) or urea
were added to the feeds. Five complete feeds were formulated using dry mixed grass
(control) and fallen dry mango leaves as the sole roughage source (50%), and the
feeds were processed into mash form . The effects of 0.5% CaO and 1 % urea were
evaluated in a metabolic study on 30 adult Nellore rams.
• The feed containing CaO improved the use of mango leaves compared with the
control. The study indicated that fallen mango leaves could be safely used as the sole
source of roughage in complete feeds and that CaO, rather than urea, will improve the
use of the leaves. Urea is a less effective nitrogen source when fallen mango leaves are
used as roughage.
74

TABLE SHOWING DATA
75

9. TAMARIND SEED HULLS
• Tamarind seed husk is brown outer shell of black
seeds obtained after decortications of roasted seeds. It has wide
uses in fuel and cattle feed industry and also tannins extracted
from tamarind husk are used in leather industry and Tamarind
husk is also used for making fish poison.
76

.
• Local names:
Hindi: Imli Bengali: Tentul Manipuri: Mange Tamil: Puli
Telugu: Chinta Marathi: Chinch
• Scientific name :- (Tamarindus indica)
78

AVAILABILITY:
• Tamarind seeds are available to the extent of 11 million tones annually in India
(Talpada et al., 2002)
• Tamarind seeds contain 30-40% red hulls.
• Than availability of tamarind seed hulls in india is approx. 3.3 to 4.4 million tones annually in
India.
79

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TAMARIND SEED HULLS
• The TSH contained 14% tannin (DM basis)
( R. Bhatta et al )
80
Chemical composition (%)
CP 7.2
CF 20.1
EE 0.3
Ash 2.5
Bhatta et al., 2000

NUTRITIONAL VALUE
• Nutritive value: Tamarind seeds contain 30-40% red
hulls and 55-70% white kernels. Tamarind seed kernels
are good source of energy (TDN 64%). It contains 12%
CP.
81

NUTRITIVE VALUE (%) OF TSH ON DRY MATTER
BASIS.
 DCP :- 5.0 %
 TDN :- 60.0 %
82

LEVEL OF INCLUSION
• Optimum level of inclusion of tamarind seed hulls in ruminant
rations is 10 percent in the concentrate mixture.
• Higher levels may not be advisable due to its high tannin content .
• Incorporation at 10% level is also helpful for better utilization of
groundnut cake protein since tannin of tamarind seed protect the
protein of groundnut cake from rumen degradation.
83

10. PALM PRESS FIBRE
• Palm pressed fiber is produced as a result of extracting palm oil from the fruits of oil palm and
contains rich organic matter. It is a fibrous by-product that comes out when the crude oil is isolated
from the fruit with the help of the screw-press. It is very much more likely that palm pressed fiber is
rich in residual palm oil as well.
84

.
• Most of the by-products of palm oil industry (e.g. palm kernel cake, palm press
fibre, palm oil mill effluent) are considered as potential livestock feeds .
(Alimon, 1993; Dahlan,
1996)
85

AVAILABILITY
86
• They are extracted from the oil palm empty
fruit bunches around the nut

NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION
• Palm-press fibres contain about 86.2% of dry mater, 4% of
crude proteins, 21% of fat, 0.31% of Calcium, 0.13% of
Phosphate and 36.4% of crude fibre.
(M. Frederic Houndonougbo et al,.)
87

PROCESSING OF PALM PRESS FIBER
• Palm-press fibres can be dried and pelleted to overcome the problems of poor
keeping quality and bulkiness.
• Palm-press fibres can be therefore included in complete diets of rabbits, rodents
and ruminants.
(M. Frederic Houndonougbo et
al)
88

LEVEL OF INCLUSION
• Optimum level of inclusion, of palm press fiber is 30 percent in
the concentrate mixture.
(Applied nutrition, D.V. Reddy)
• Crude proteins and crude fibre digestibility decreases when the
level of palm-press fibres exceeds 25–30% in ruminants diet .
89

.
• The marketing of palm-press fibres for animal feeding
will provide additional revenues to palm oil producers
in developing countries
90

11. EMPTY COTTON BOLLS
• Empty cotton bolls derived after removal of cotton from the flower in field
91

12. SUNFLOWER STRAW AND HEADS
93

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUNFLOWER STRAW
• sunflower straw contains about
 2.8 % CP
 31.0 % CF
 52.2 % NFE .
94

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SUNFLOWER HEADS
• Sunflower heads after removal of seeds contains about
 7.2 % CP
 16.6 % CF
 62.2 % NFE
1.4 % Calcium .
95

LEVEL OF INCLUSION
• Low-cost ready-made balanced feed have been formulated and
processed utilizing sunflower heads (33 to 48 % level) and
subabul (30%) for sheep.
• It is also demonstrated that sunflower head or straw (at 50 %
level) can work out as a sole source of roughage in the
formulation of complete feeds for sheep and crossbreed cattle.
96

.
• Supplementation of subabul meal replacing 45% of groundnut
cake protein in the sunflower straw rations further reduced the
feed cost without affecting the performance of the animal and
feeding quality of ration.
97

EXPERIMENT
• Sixteen crossbred calves were selected on the basis of nearness in body weight and age from
the herd.
• These crossbred calves were grouped into four groups for feeding different trials as complete
feeds with wheat straw 50% (T1 ), sunflower heads straw 50% (T2 ), sunflower heads straw
30% + subabul meal 20% (T3) and Sunflower head straw 25% + wheat straw 25 % (T4).
• The treatment effect on feed intake DM intake was significant over experimental period and
it was higher in T2 treatment .
98

.
• The water intake per DMI was not dependant on dry matter
consumption as the calves from T1 treatment consumed significantly
less dry matter over other treatment. Growth performance of calves
from T2 treatment showed higher growth rate than other treatment.
• SFH could be incorporated in the diets of calves at 50% level
without any adverse effect on acceptability, palatability and nutrient
utilization.
99

SUNFLOWER STRAW BASED (%) COMPLETE DIETS AND
THEIR NUTRITIVE VALUE
S. No. Ingredients Percentage (%)
1 Sunflower straw 35.0
2 Cottonseed cake 25.0
3 Molasses 8.5
4 DORB 10.0
5 Wheat bran 10.0
6 Rice polishings 10.0
7 Mineral mixture 1.0
8 Common salt 0.5
100

13 CORN COB
101

.
• Common name :- Maize cobs, corn cobs
• Maize cobs are a by-product of the maize crop, consisting of the central fibrous
rachis of the female inflorescence (the maize "ear"). While the whole maize ear
(with the grains, with or without the husks) is also sometimes called a maize cob,
we concerns only the maize cob without the grains.
• Maize cobs are a highly fibrous product with many agricultural and industrial
applications
102

AVAILABILITY
• Among the maize growing countries, India rank 4th in area and 7th in production,
representing around 4% of the world maize area and 2% of total production. During
2018-19 in India, the maize area has reached to 9.2 million ha.
• During 1950-51 India used to produce 1.73 million MT maize, which has increased to
27.8 million MT by 2018-19.
• Among Indian states Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka has highest area under maize (15%
each) followed by Maharashtra (10%), Rajasthan (9%), Uttar Pradesh (8%) and others.
(ICAR-IIMR)
103

AVAILABILITY
• Corn cobs (CC) is a by-product of a major cereal grown worldwide. Since the ratio
between corn grain and CC may reach 100:18, a large quantity of CC can be generated
(Cao et al., 2004)
• Estimates of 180 to 200 kg of maize cobs produced per ton of grains .
(Božović et al., 2004)
• Means approximately 20% are CC.
• It means approx. 5.56 million MT CC produced every year
104

.
• Corn cobs are high in cellulose and hemicelluloses, and are potentially
valuable sources of roughage for ruminants
(Avila-Segura et al., 2011, Van Eylen et al.,
2011, Liu et al., 2011).
• Maize cobs fall under the lignocellulose biomass classification; characterized by
a close intertwining of cellulose (45% to 55%), hemicellulose (25% to 35%), and
lignin (20% to 30%)
(Deutschmann and Dekker, 2012; Menon and Rao, 2012)
105

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GROUND CORN COB
(GCC)%
106
Dry matter 90.5
Organic matter 97.5
Crud protein 2.3
Ether extract 0.8
Neutral detergent fiber 87.7
Acid detergent fiber 47.7
Hemicelluloses 40.0
Cellulose 36.7
Lignin 11.0
ME, MJ/kg DM 6.7
Ash 2.5

.
• The composition of maize cobs is affected by stage of maturity, cultivar,
climate, soils and production methods.
(Szyszkowska et al., 2007).
• Mature cobs have higher NDF, ADF, DM and lower CP and starch than
less mature cobs. Szyszkowska et al. (2007) reported that DM content in
cobs was positively correlated with the content of starch, and negatively
with the content of NDF and ADF fractions.
107

ENRICHMENT OF COBS
• Ground corn cobs (GCC) are a good source of fiber, and when enriched
with urea (15 g/kg) and fed to swamp buffaloes, they can be efficiently
utilized in the rumen and provide good fermentation end-products
(Wanapat et al., 2009).
• Emery et al. (1964) reported that dairy cows fed GCC as a roughage
source could have improved feed intake and milk yield compared with
those fed ground hay.
108

CONCLUSIONS AND LEVEL OF INCLUSION
• It was concluded that ground corn cobs used as the whole roughage source
in TMR containing 60% concentrate significantly improve nutrient intake and milk
yield in lactating dairy crossbred cows. These findings should be applied further in
practical dairy feeding in the tropics to increase production efficiency.
• The proportions of volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) were not
affected by GCC, which agreed with Wanapat et al. (2009a), who found that acetate,
propionate and butyrate concentrations in swamp buffaloes were not affected by GCC
and urea at 15 g/kg.
109

.
• When fed with restricted grain rations, ground corn cobs have replaced up to 60% of the
roughage without affecting milk production or composition, although feed intake was
reduced when corn cobs were the only source of roughage
• More feed was eaten and a higher milk-fat test was obtained with the inclusion of corn
cobs in the ration than with the ground hay ration.
• Indigestion, including diarrhea with nmcous casts and anorexia, occurred in four cows
while fed the ration containing corn cobs.
110

.
• Ground corn cobs were a better roughage than ground hay and equal to
chopped hay for maintaining feed intake. The milk fat concentration was
depressed more by the hay rations than by the corn cob ration.
(R.S.EmeryL.D.BrownJ.W.Thomas)
111

SUBABUL (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA)
• Subabul (Leucaena leucocephala) tree so named for its resemblance to the Babul
(Vachellia nilotica) tree is quite a common sight in India.
• This multi-faceted, fast-growing tree was introduced in India from Hawaii, in the early
1980s, for its many benefits.
• Leucaena provides medium-density wood, high-protein fodder from its leaves and fixes
nitrogen in the roots which help the soil.
• No wonder that the then Government of India made it a part of a social forestry program
to increase green cover and provide fuel for rural households.
112

SUBABUL (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA)
113

SUBABULAND ITS VIABILITY FOR INDIA
• Interestingly, in India, Subabul wood is already being used as raw material for paper pulp.
India is, probably, the only country in the world to use Subabul wood for pulp making
• An area of 1600 ha under Subabul plantation will be required. This can produce about
12,000 tons of dry edible biomass/year (leaves and small stems), enough for about 7500
livestock.
114

.
• Leucaena was excellent fodder for animals, both in good rainfall areas as well as in dry
and drought-prone areas.
• Harvesting is done at the end of fourth year.
• The average yield is 70 ton/ha.
• Farmers adopt a rotation of 4 year.
• The sale price for pulpwood is considered at Rs. 1000/ton.
115

ANALYSED CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (% DM
BASIS) OF SUBABUL TREE LEAVES
116

ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS
• Leucaena contains an anti-nutrition compound Mimosine which can cause toxicity in
animals. However, researchers at the conference showed that in a short time the gut of
animals adapt and degrade Mimosine. Also, researchers have identified bacteria which
when fed to animals completely neutralized the toxicity of Mimosine.
• Anti-nutritional factors in subabul tree leaves
1) Mimosine: 2-6% in leaves and pod 3-5% of DM
2) Tannin: 4.45%
117

THE REDUCTION OF MIMOSINE AND TANNIN
CONTENTS IN LEAVES OF LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA
• Mimosine and tannin are chemicals present in lead tree leaves (Leucaena leucocephala).
They are both toxic when ingested by herbivores, and their inactivation or reduction
would enhance the use of the plant as livestock fodder.
• Antinutritional effects include interference with the digestive processes either by binding
the enzyme or by binding to feed components like proteins or minerals
(Liener, 1989)
118

.
• The leaves were dried at 60 °C for 24 hrs, then soaked in water for 72 hrs, at room
temperature and dried again at 60 °C for 48 hrs.
• Mimosine content was reduced from 4.4% to 0.2% or an overall 94% of reduction was
achieved.
• In addition to that, tannin content was reduced from 37.6 to 0.3% or overall 99.33%
reduction was achieved.
(Nuttaporn Chanchay1 and Naiyatat Poosaran2)
This article was originally presented at the International Symposium “GoOrganic2009”, Bangkok, Thailand, August 2009
119

NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SUBABUL LEAVES
120

.
•Commonly grown area’s for Subabul (Leucaena
leucocephala) are :-
•Sub humid
•Semiarid
(NDDB, 2015)
121

.
• NUTRITIOUS biscuits made from the leaves of the fast-growing fodder tree subabul
(Leucaena leucocephala) can be fed to cattle and increase milk yields, say animal
husbandry and social forestry experts.
• Subabul leaves are collected and ground and mixed with molasses and bone meal to
produce biscuits. Prosopis pods and rice bran are also added to enhance the nutritive
value of the feed. The biscuits are more digestible than other feeds and animals tend
to consume as much as 20 per cent more of subabul biscuits. Subabul biscuits are also
preferred to subabul leaves.
• Trials with milch cattle and buffaloes show the biscuits enhance milk production. Both
the milking period and the milk yield increased. The yield was higher in rural areas
than in urban centres. In some urban centres, the milk yield increased by 8 per cent to
10 per cent and in rural areas the improvement ranged from 10 per cent to 20
percent.
122

CONCLUSION
• These feed resources are extremely useful for feeding of ruminant animals in terms of cost
effectiveness, growth and production.
123

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