balancing fat nutrition to optimise transition cow performance animal nutrition .pptx animal nutrition mineral vitamin vitamins minerals veterinary balancing fat nutrition to optimise transition cow performance animal nutrition .pptx animal nutrition mineral vitamin vitamins minerals veterinary balancing fat nutrition to optimise transition cow performance animal nutrition .pptx animal nutrition mineral vitamin vitamins minerals veterinary balancing fat nutrition to optimise transition cow performance animal nutrition .pptx animal nutrition mineral vitamin vitamins minerals veterinary balancing fat nutrition to optimise transition cow performance animal nutrition .pptx animal nutrition mineral vitamin vitamins minerals veterinary balancing fat nutrition to optimise transition cow performance animal nutrition .pptx animal nutrition mineral vitamin vitamins minerals veterinary

1. TOPIC:- BALANCING FAT NUTRITION TO
OPTIMISE TRANSITION COW
PERFORMANCE
Dangi
Submitted to : Dr. S. G. Vohara sir,
Research Scientist,
Animal Nutrition Research Station,
College of Veterinary Science
&A.H. Anand
Submitted by:
Rahul kumar Dangi
M.V.Sc. Scholar
Reg.no:2021010160021146
RAHUL KUMAR DANGI

2. TRANSITION PERIOD
• The term "transition" refers to the process of a cow
not producing milk (dry cow), calving, and then
producing milk. The transition period was
traditionally the three weeks before calving and the
three weeks following calving.
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI 2

3. THE TRANSITION PERIOD INTO
LACTATION REMAINS ONE OF THE
MOST CHALLENGING AND IMPORTANT
PHASES
• A transient period
around calving
characterised by
drastic changes in the
hormonal status, 2 to
5-fold
• Increase in nutrient
demand
• Apportioning of 85
% of body glucose
towards mammary
gland
• Simultaneously,
the requirement
for specific fatty
acids escalates
by more than four
times

4. • A cow’s transition period is a key time since most of the metabolic and infectious
diseases occur then.
• Higher demand of energy and nutrients for the synthesis of colostrum and milk coupled
with decreased feed intake force the transition cows to undergo negative energy balance
(NEB) and micronutrient deficiencies. When metabolism does not meet production
demands, incidence of clinical or subclinical metabolic disorders increases. Because
innate and acquired immunity are suboptimal during this period, animals are more prone
to infection
 Proper supplementation at this moment may prevent future diseases and production
losses.

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6. CHANGES DURING TRANSITION
These increased metabolic dynamics occur when dry matter
intake is at its lowest level.
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Increased hepatic gluconeogenesis,
Elevated adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma fatty
acid levels.
Greater utilisation of fatty acids and amino acids for
oxidative metabolism in the liver.

7. • Most transition cows experience at least a few days of systemic
inflammation after calving, and inflammatory molecules inhibit
appetite. Those cows who resolve the inflammatory state quickly are
likely to be the ones who show a strong improvement in feed intake
in the first week of lactation.
• A cascade of events which follows increases inflammatory molecules
which are known to reduce appetite
(Kuhla,
2020)

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9. ADAPTATION
 In early lactation, the challenge for the cow to shift gear to accelerate copious milk
production against loss of appetite results in nutrient deficiencies and subsequent negative
energy balance leading to mobilisation of body reserves and compromised immunity
(Fiore et al., 2017).
 Endocrine, adipose tissue, liver, digestive system and mammary gland are key
components of the adaptations that dairy cows experience to achieve the necessary
balance to adjust to the onset of sustained increasing milk production.
 If unchecked metabolic stress in the affected cows can burden dairy producers with
increased poor cow health, infertility, culling rates, inefficient nutrient utilisation and
economic loss

10. IMMUNE RESPONSE
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI 10
• Immediately following
calving, majority of cows
in the transition period
experience impaired
immune function which
precipitates inflammation
(Goff,
2008).
• rapid response immune
cell types decline after
calving
• compromised antibody
production
• Bradford et al. (2015)
suggested that the onset
of lactation opens new
avenues for pathogenic
infections.
All these factors make it hard for the cow to combat
disease pressure and perform well.

11. • Inflammation is a key part of immune response. It is therefore difficult to
mitigate inflammation and promote immune reaction at the same time in
order to fight diseases such as metritis and mastitis.
• Helping the cow come out of the inflammatory state as quickly as
possible has the potential to improve feed intake and increase supply of
nutrients to drive milk production. Dietary fatty acids can be used as a
part of nutrition strategy to strike a balance between the competing
inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes.
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI 11

12. ROLE OF FATTY ACIDS
• Efficient energy
• Immune regulation
• Cell signaling
• Hormonal regulation
12
• Body condition
• Milk fat production
• Impact digestion
• Regulate
metabolism

13. ROLE OF FATTY ACIDS
• Fatty acids are known to be more than just energy currency, constituents of cellular membranes or
building blocks of triglycerides (Pires and
Grummer, 2008).
• They are strategies to improve transition cow health and performance.
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI
13
Growth reproduction and
parturition
Improved feed efficiency
reduce body condition
loss
Better immunity reduced
embryo embryo loss better
egg quality
Improved
butterfat

14. The demand for glucose, AA, fatty acids, and net energy by the gravid
uterus at 250 d of gestation and the lactating mammary gland at 4 d
postpartum indicate approximately a tripling of demand for glucose, a
doubling of demand for AA, and approximately a fivefold increase in
demand for fatty acids during this timeframe
(Bell,
1995)
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI 14

15. fatty acids bioactive metabolites that signal and modulate a number of
important biochemical processes in the dairy cow which can be manipulated as a
part of the nutritional strategies to improve transition cow health and
performance.
• Immune response
• Fatty acids-bioactive nutrients
• Energy balance
• Energy partitioning
• Saturated fatty acids
• Omega-9 Oleic acid C18:1
• Omega-3 fatty acids
• Inflammation cost of glucose utilisation
• Omega-6-Linoleic acid
• Impacts of omega-6 and omega-3 on reproduction
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI 15

16. FATTY ACIDS-BIOACTIVE
NUTRIENTS
• FA as cellular signals and not only supply of fuel for the body.
• PUFA can alter gene expression (Pires and Grummer, (2008). The fatty acids and
their metabolic derivatives are capable of binding to cellular surface receptors,
modulate host genetic makeup and alter the functions of specific cells and organs.
• Increased concentrations of palmitic and stearic acids found in the blood during
body fat mobilization, both of which can increase dairy cow’s susceptibility to
disease.

17. ENERGY BALANCE
• Feeding palmitic acid (C16:0) demonstrated increased milk fat yield in early
lactation. There was no effect on feed intake or milk yield but the cows lost more
weight and had higher levels of plasma NEFAs.
• Cows with fat cow syndrome suffer decreased dry matter intake, high NEFAs, and
are more prone to extra clinical cases of a range of metabolic disorders and
infectious disease
• When the researchers supplemented fresh cow diets with palmitic acid (C16:0) with
oleic acid (C18:1) at increasing replacement rates of 10, 20 and 30% there was a
notable positive dose response to oleic acid. Dry matter intake increased in parallel
with blood insulin while loss of body condition declined. Follow-up investigation to
understand the oleic acid effect led them to postulate that there could be a link with
reduced lipolysis of the adipose tissue and increased insulin sensitivity.
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI 17

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19. ENERGY PARTITIONING
• Partitioning energy towards body tissue has been observed with
conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) which is a product of incomplete
ruminal biohydrogenation process occasioned by excess unsaturated
fatty acids and suboptimal level of fibre in the diet.
• Under practical feeding conditions, supplementation in early
lactation with CLA to reduce milk fat and mitigate the impact of
NEB may not be popular since some producers want higher milk fat
for the premium price butterfat attracts.
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI 19

20. SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
• The involvement of lipid metabolism in the cow’s stress and maternal adaptation during transition
from gestation into lactation
• an increase of C16:0 circulating in the blood increased NEFAs and ceramide levels and coincided
with elevated insulin resistance in early lactation cows. There is a commonality between C16:0
and C18:0 in such responses
• Ceramide is an interesting metabolite which is a type of sphingolipid found in tissues and is
formed from primarily palmitic acid
• Although ceramide can induce insulin resistance fatty liver, and inflammation in dysfunctional
metabolically challenged dairy cows, it may also block glucose uptake by the adipose tissues and
shunt it toward mammary gland to improve lactation performance of clinically healthy animals

21. CONT.
The challenge is for nutritionists to manipulate dietary fatty acid supply, in particular
(palmitic acid) C16:0 in early lactation cows to minimise ceramide synthesis in these
cows due to the high risk of body condition loss immediately pre and post calving. This
would help enhance peripheral insulin sensitivity and responsiveness, lower NEFAs and
reduce the incidence of liver fat overload. On the other hand, promote ceramide
production to spare glucose for milk production in mid- to late-lactation when the cows
are in a positive energy balance.
 Considered together there is a strong advocacy in striking a balance between cow
health and milk production by restricting palmitic acid supplementation in early
lactation and reserving C16:0-enriched supplements for mid lactation and beyond.

22. OMEGA-9 OLEIC ACID C18:1
• oleic acid supplementation immediately postpartum may
help in body reconditioning. This is thought to be
mediated through reduced lipolysis and improved
insulin sensitivity at adipose tissue level in early
lactation
• Elevated blood lipid content is linked to metabolic
diseases such as fatty liver and ketosis, and predisposes
dairy cows to inflammatory diseases including mastitis,
metritis, and lameness affecting herd welfare and
profitability
• oleic acid as a biomarker for early diagnosis of higher
than normal blood levels of NEFAs and BHB in the
early stages of lactation among high-yielding dairy
cows.
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI 22

23. • High concentrations of NEFAs and BHB postpartum are
associated with immune dysfunction.
• During adipose tissue mobilisation, the liver
accumulates greater amounts of palmitic acid, whereas
levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids including
arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and
docosahexaenoic acid DHA are depleted . These
changes may promote immune dysfunction as well as
curtail insulin secretion and sensitivity compromising
liver health of the dairy cow.
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24. OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS
• omega-3 fatty acids of interest in transition dairy cow nutrition are the
essential fatty acids alpha linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),
and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
• The main dietary sources are fresh grass and linseed for ALA and fish oil and
marine algae for EPA and DHA
1. Omega-3 fatty acids form a part of phospholipids of cell membranes where
they perform anti-inflammatory functions through direct or indirect inhibitory
mechanisms.
2. Make up most of the lipids in neutrophils, the key component of the first line
of defence against inflammation.
3. Selective uptake of omega-3 fatty acids has been demonstrated in ovarian
tissues, in bull sperm and in the unborn calf through the placenta. In the
reproductive system, EPA and DHA can help mitigate pro-inflammatory
responses in transition cows suffering intense lipid mobilisation, and exert
some positive effects on fertility.
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25. (elbaz et al. 2019)
Supplementation of dairy cow diets with calcium salts of EPA
and DHA from calving till the 60th day of lactation established
that the fatty acids increased the energy balance of the fresh
cows.
1. change was manifested in increased serum insulin and
glucose levels (17.3 – 28.73%) accompanied with
decreased NEFAs and BHB with progressive days into
lactation.
2. increased serum globulin and reduced inflammatory
response post calving.

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Dr. RAHUL DANGI

27.  In transition cows experiencing reduced antioxidant
potential,
 fatty acids may become vulnerable to peroxidation in
the liver
 Therefore, adequate supply of effective antioxidants in
the diet is essential to ensure these long chain PUFA
remain stable in feed and at tissue level to be able to
elicit the expected response.
 There are available rumen-inert dryfat products
incorporating omega-3 fatty acids, and rumen-protected
calcium salts of fish oil to minimise metabolism of fatty
acids in the rumen. Or helpful in minimising rumen
biohydrogenation of the unsaturated fatty acids.
27

28. INFLAMMATION COST OF GLUCOSE UTILISATION
• Immune cells depend primarily on circulating glucose to meet their energy needs,
and poor cow health can lead to diversion of large amounts of energy that could
otherwise be used for production and normal physiological functions.
• Insulin resistance, which is directly induced by inflammatory signals, is a
mechanism driving this resource allocation.
• To put this into perspective acute immune activation can cost a cow more than 1 kg
of glucose within 12 hours during which approximately 14kg milk synthesis is
sacrificed
(Kvidera et al, 2017).

29. .
The omega-3 omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids
provide subtle but effective means to balancing
inflammatory and immune tone in transition cows.

30. OMEGA-6-LINOLEIC ACID
• Increased intake of linoleic acid has the potential to alter
the fatty acid profile of the phospholipids of cell
membranes causing increased proportions of linoleic and
arachidonic acids.
• The metabolic events that follow lead to eicosanoids
synthesis putting the cow in pro-inflammatory state
• Eicosanoids include prostaglandins which are required
for parturition and uterine involution in readiness for
subsequent breeding.
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI 30
Dr. RAHUL DANGI

31. CONCLUSION
• Of particular interested and requiring further research into their interactions and
activities are the omega-3, omega-6 and omega-9 families of fatty acids. They are
involved in reproductive processes, immune response and tissue regeneration among
others all of which affect dairy cow productivity.
• The omega-3 omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids provide subtle but effective means to
balancing inflammatory and immune tone in transition cows
• To exploit the potential benefits of partitioning energy toward body reconditioning in
early stages of lactation may open up opportunities to balance nutrients to meet the
cow needs for health, fertility and milk production in equal measure. Equally,
nutritionists need to formulate strategic fatty acid blends for use in transition cow
feeding and management for productivity and wellbeing.
Dr. RAHUL KUMAR DANGI 31

32. THANK YOU
.
Dr. RAHUL DANGI