This document discusses the process of constructing personality tests, including reliability and validity. It outlines the 5 key steps in test construction:
1. Identifying a need for a new test.
2. Assembling an item pool and deciding on content and format.
3. Piloting the item pool.
4. Selecting good items through statistical analysis.
5. Examining the test's psychometric properties of reliability and validity.
It then provides details on each step, including defining reliability as consistency and validity as measuring the intended construct. Different types of each are described such as test-retest reliability and content/criterion/construct validity. The importance of minimizing errors for high
What Star Trek character are you the most like? And what character could you NEVER work with? In this presentation, writer Joseph Dickerson discuses how the DiSC personality profile system can be used to understand what Trek character aligns best with your personality. He’ll also provide insights on how you can use this information to work with people more effectively!
What Star Trek character are you the most like? And what character could you NEVER work with? In this presentation, writer Joseph Dickerson discuses how the DiSC personality profile system can be used to understand what Trek character aligns best with your personality. He’ll also provide insights on how you can use this information to work with people more effectively!
Recently I was required to provide a brief run down of psychometric tests and their applications. There's more than I thought. Hopefully someone else might find this powerpoint useful too.
The different forms of Psychological tests in practice including the Neuropsychological assessments..................
Details and the original version of the slide can be available on demand by forwrding a mail request to bivin.jb@gmail.com
Faith & ReasonFaith is not opposed to reason, but is sometime.docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Faith & Reason
“Faith is not opposed to reason, but is sometimes opposed to feelings and appeareances.” Tim Keller
How do faith and reason coexist for the Christian disciple? Do faith and reason oppose each other, work together, or end up at the same end goal from completely unrelated paths?
In Ephesians ch. 4, Paul writes:
Ephesians 4:11-15 New King James Version (NKJV)
11 And He Himself gave some to be apostles, some prophets, some evangelists, and some pastors and teachers, 12 for the equipping of the saints for the work of ministry, for the [a]edifying of the body of Christ, 13 till we all come to the unity of the faith and of the knowledge of the Son of God, to a perfect man, to the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ; 14 that we should no longer be children, tossed to and fro and carried about with every wind of doctrine, by the trickery of men, in the cunning craftiness of deceitful plotting, 15 but, speaking the truth in love, may grow up in all things into Him who is the head—Christ—
Faith and knowledge /reason will always feed off one another as we grow in Christ.
Throughout the rest of this semester we will be discussing our faith and how we think through issues related and influenced by our faith.
Christian Reflections – Reflection paper 3-4 pages (1,050-1,400 words) APA format, include references.
To what extent is religious faith objective (i.e., based on reasons or evidence that should be obvious to others) and/or subjective (i.e., based on personal reasons that are not necessarily compelling to others)?
1) In what ways and to what extent do you believe that faith:
· Is derived from what we consider to be true and reasonable?
· Goes beyond what reason and evidence dictate?
· Goes against what is reasonable?
2) What is the role of feelings and emotions in religious faith?
· Does faith depend upon them?
· To what extent should they embraced or controlled?
1
Promoting Reliability
Both MacMillan and Dar (see below) provide suggestions on how promote reliability in classroom assessments. Doing the things mentioned
below can help control both external and internal sources of error which in turn helps bolster reliability of test scores.
McMillan’s (2006, p.51) suggestion on how to help bolster or promote reliability in the classroom assessments:
Motivated students to put forth their best efforts on assessment
Use sufficient number of items or tasks. A minimum of 5 items is needed to assess a single trait or skill
Construct items, scoring criteria, and tasks that clearly differentiate students on what is being assessed, and make the criteria
public
Make sure scoring procedures for constructed-response items are consistently applied to all students
Use independent raters or observers to score a sample of student responses, and check consistency with your evaluations
Build in as much objectivity into scoring as possible and still maintain the integrity of what is be.
A presentation on validity and reliability assessment of questionnaire in research. Also includes types of validity and reliability and steps in achieving the same.
Validity in Psychological Testing refers to the test measure what it claims to measure. The presentation discusses categories in validating procedures such as construct identification, criterion prediction and content description in psychological testing.
What makes a good testA test is considered good” if the .docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
What makes a good test?
A test is considered “good” if the following can be said about it:
· The test measures what it claims to measure. For example, a test of mental ability does, in fact, measure mental ability and not some other characteristic.
· The test measures what it claims to measure consistently or reliably. This means that, if a person were to take the test again, the person would get a similar test score.
· The test is job-relevant. In other words, the test measures 1 or more characteristics that are important to the job.
· By using the test, more effective decisions can be made about individuals.
· The degree to which a test has these qualities is indicated by 2 technical properties: reliability and validity.
Test Reliability
Reliability refers to how consistently a test measures a characteristic. If a person takes the test again, will he or she get a similar test score or a much different score? A test that yields similar scores for a person who repeats the test is said to measure a characteristic reliably.
How do we account for an individual who does not get exactly the same test score every time he or she takes the test? Some possible reasons are the following:
· Test taker's temporary psychological or physical state. Test performance can be influenced by a person's psychological or physical state at the time of testing. For example, differing levels of anxiety, fatigue, or motivation may affect the applicant's test results (unsystematic error).
· Environmental factors. Differences in the testing environment, such as room temperature, lighting, noise, or even the test administrator can influence an individual's test performance (unsystematic error).
· Test form. Many tests have more than 1 version or form. Items differ on each form, but each form is supposed to measure the same thing. Different forms of a test are known as parallel forms or alternateforms. These forms are designed to have similar measurement characteristics, but they contain different items. Because the forms are not exactly the same, a test taker might do better on 1 form than on another.
· Multiple raters. In certain tests, scoring is determined by a rater’s judgments of the test taker’s performance or responses. Differences in training, experience, and frame of reference among raters can produce different test scores for the test taker.
These factors are sources of chance or random measurement error in the assessment process. If there were no random errors of measurement, the individual would get the same test score, the individual's “true” score, each time. The degree to which test scores are unaffected by measurement errors is an indication of the reliability of the test. But, while psychometrics can give you a lot of this information, it is important to ask the client about how they experienced the process of taking the test. This will allow you to detect any potential unsystematic errors.
When selecting an assessment, you want to remember that r.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
2. Personality Test Construction
Goal:
Gain an increased understanding of the
concepts reliability and validity as they
pertain to tests
Gain an increased understanding of test
development methods
3. Test Construction Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Identify a need for a new test
Assemble an item pool (decide on
scale and item formats)
Pilot item pool
Select “good” items
Examine test’s psychometric properties
(reliability and validity)
4. 1. Identify Need for a New Test
What
is the objective of the new test/is
there really a need for it
How will the test be administered?
What is the ideal item format for this
test?
Should more than one form be
developed?
What special training will be required of
test users in terms of administering or
8. 3. Pilot Item Pool
Try
the pool of items out on people for
whom the test is being developed
Test should be administered under
conditions similar to those that the
developed test will be administered (e.g.
same instructions, time frame, time
limits)
9. 4. Select “Good” Items
Selecting “good” items involves complex
statistical analysis of the test results
which varies according to the purpose of
the test.(called item analysis)
However, in tests of attitudes or personality
characteristics one consideration is
whether individuals endorse the full
range of the scale provided.
10. 5. Examine Test’s Psychometric
Properties
Does
the test yield consistent results
(reliability)?
Do the test items measure the intended
construct (validity)?
12. Test Construction Exercise:
Procedure
Divide into groups of 4 to 5 students
In Class
As a group, develop an item to distinguish first
born from later born children
Note: use a personality construct and not a
physical characteristic (e.g. I have no older
siblings)
Develop two responses for the item
Once your item is ready, tell Sara or Eunyoe
so they can write it on the board (so others
won’t give the same item)
16. Reliability
Consistency
of the observations or
measurements
Reliability is inversely related to the
degree of error in the instrument.
High measurement error translates to
low reliability
Low measurement error translates to
high reliability
17. What !?
What does this mean!?
High measurement error
translates to low
reliability
Low measurement error
translates to high
reliability
Easy Example: A broken
scale
There will be high
measurement error on a
broken scale, correct?
How consistent are the
weights likely to be on a
broken scale?
Is a broken or working
scale going to have
more error?
Is the broken or working
scale going to be more
reliable?
18. Types of Measurement Error
Random
Factors unpredictably
influence
measurements.
Systematic
A persistent bias in the test
or in the interpretations
made by examiner.
Examples:
Mood, environmental
distractions, hunger or
motivation interfere with
the responses.
Systematic errors, because
they are consistently
made will not affect
reliability but they will
affect validity
19. Types of Reliability
Inter-rater
reliability (relevant to
observational systems and psychological
assessments requiring ratings or
judgment)
Test-retest reliability
Split-half
Note: Each form of reliability is not equally
important for every assessment method
20. Inter-rater Reliability
Degree of correspondence between two raters
Inter-rater reliability of diagnoses based on
DSM criteria improved with DSM-III and the
development of operational criteria for most of
the mental disorders
Note: We will learn how to calculate next week!.
21. Test-Retest Reliability
The
consistency of results over periods
of time.
The
consistency of the results for a test
given at two different time periods
The
correlation of test result scores
22. Quantifying Test-Retest Reliability
Reliability is expressed as a correlation
coefficient
Values range from 0 (not at all consistent or
reliable) to 1 ( perfectly consistent and reliable.
The value for adequate reliability is about .80
or greater
23. Factors Affecting Test-Retest
Reliability Estimates
Length of the intervening interval
Stability of the measured trait
For example:
In characteristics that are stable, like intelligence, the
interval of time between the two tests should not affect
the stability of the results.
In contrast, in characteristics that are not stable, like
depressed mood, the longer the interval between tests,
the less reliable or consistent the scores. (not necessarily
bad)
25. Validity
A test can be reliable (consistently give the
same results) but not valuable.
Why?
If the test does not measure the correct
construct, then it is not useful even if the
results are consistent.
27. Types of Validity
Face
validity
Content validity
Criterion validity (predictive and
concurrent)
Discriminant
Construct validity
28. Face Validity
A judgment about the relevance of test items
A type of validity that is more from the
perspective of the test taker as opposed to the
test user
Example: Personality tests
Introversion-Extroversion test will be perceived
as a highly (face) valid measure of personality
functioning
The inkblot test may not be perceived as a (face)
valid method of personality functioning
29. Content Validity
Degree
to which the measure covers the
full range of the (personality) construct.
and
Degree to which the measure excludes
factors that are not representative of the
construct
30. Criterion Validity
The
degree to which the test results
(from your measure) are correlated with
another related construct.
WHAT!?
For example: the degree to which scores
on an intelligence test are correlated with
school performance or achievement.
31. Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent: the two constructs are assessed at the same
time
Predictive: one construct may be measured at a later
date
For example:
Concurrent: the correlation of SAT score with G.P.A. at the
time of taking the SAT in high school.
Predictive: the correlation of SAT score taken in high school
with final G.P.A. upon graduating from college
32. Discriminant Validity
The degree to which the score on a measure
of a personality trait does not correlate with
scores on measures of traits that are unrelated
with the trait under investigation.
For example: (from text)
Trait being measured: phobia
Unrelated trait: intelligence
You would not expect the score on your phobia
scale to be correlated with the score on an
intelligence test
33. Construct Validity
The
degree to which the measure
reflects the structure and features of the
hypothetical construct that is being
measured
Measured by combining all these
aspects of validity.
34. Exercise: Reliability and Validity applied to the
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
Let’s
consider reliability and validity in
the context of a real measure: the EPDS
35. What is the Edinburgh Postnatal
Depression Scale (EPDS)?
John Cox, Jenifer
Holden & Ruth
Sagovsky
10 item depression
screening tool
(reliable and valid)
Simple to complete
Acceptable to
mothers and health
workers
36. What is the Edinburgh Postnatal
Depression Scale (EPDS)?
Psychometric Characteristics
10 item scale
Assesses mood aspects of depression
not confounding somatic symptoms
Acceptable to women
Validated
Translated into many languages
37. Stems of all 10 EPDS Items
I have been able to laugh and see the funny side
of things.
I have looked forward with enjoyment to things.
I have blamed myself unnecessarily when things
went wrong.
I have been anxious or worried for no good reason.
Things have been getting on top of me.
38. Stems of all 10 EPDS Items
(cont)
I have felt scared or panicky for no very good
reason.
I have been so unhappy that I have had
difficulty sleeping.
I have felt sad or miserable.
I have been so unhappy that I have been
crying.
The thought of harming myself has occurred to
me.
39. Psychometric Evaluation of the
EPDS: An Exercise
Is
the EPDS a good measure of
depression?
Psychometrically, what does it mean to ask
if the EPDS is a “good” measure of
depression?
Note: Follow the questions on the handout
41. Test Construction Exercise:
Part 2: Evaluating Developed Tests
Regroup into your “test groups”
2. Evaluate items in terms of content
validity and adequacy of scales
3. Select final items for test
4. Propose methods for evaluating
reliability and validity of new measure
1.