This document contains information about cost-volume-profit analysis, including: - Definitions of key terms like contribution margin, break-even point, margin of safety, and degree of operating leverage. - An example problem calculating these metrics for a company before and after changes in unit sales price, variable costs, fixed costs, and units sold. - Explanations of how increasing or decreasing various costs and revenues can impact profit, break-even point, margin of safety, and degree of operating leverage. - A graph illustrating the relationship between total sales, costs, and profit over different production levels.

1. CHAPTER 3
COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
GROUP 4

2. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
Learning Objectives:
1. Determine the break-even point and output to achieve
target operating income
2. Incorporate income tax considerations into CVP analysis
3. Determine and explain operating leverage
4. Draw the breakeven graph and the cost-volume-profit graph

3. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis-deals with
the effects of changes in the variables of
profit

4. COST-OLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE:
Richko Enterprises produces and sells product KE and makes
available to you the following data:
Unit Sales Price P 80
Unit Variable Cost 50
Total Fixed Cost 600,000
Units Sold 45,000
What would the new CMR, BEP (pesos), operating profit if:
Case A-Unit sales price increases by 20%
Case B-Unit variable costs increase by 10%
Case C-Total Fixed Cost decrease to P450,000
Case D-Units sold increase by 20%
Case E- Unit sales price increases to P100; Unit
Variable Cost increase by 15%; and
total fixed cost increase by 5%

5. COST-OLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS:
Unit Contribution Margin= (P80-P50) = P30
Old CMR = (P30/P80) = 37.50%
BEP = (P600,000/37.5%) = P1,600,000
Operating Profit =
CM (45,000 units x P30) P1,350,000
Less: FC 600,000
Operating Profit P 750,000

6. New CMR, BEP (pesos), and Profit COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
CASE ADJUSTED DATA CMR BEP (pesos) PROFIT
A
USP (P80x120%) PHP 96.00CMR = P46/96 BEP = P600,000/47.92% CM (45,000 X P46) PHP 2,070,000.00
UVC 50.00 Less: FC 600,000.00
UCM 46.00 47.92% 1,252,174.00 PHP 1,470,000.00
B
USP PHP 80.00CMR = P25/80 BEP = P600,000/31.25% CM (45,000 X P25) PHP 1,125,000.00
UVC (P50x110%) 55.00 Less: FC 600,000.00
UCM PHP 25.00 31.25% PHP 1,920,000.00 PHP 525,000.00
C
FC PHP 450,000.00CMR = P30/80 BEP = P450,000/37.50% CM (45,000 X P30) PHP 1,350,000.00
Less: FC 450,000.00
PHP 450,000.00 37.50% PHP 1,200,000.00 PHP 900,000.00

7. New CMR, BEP (pesos), and Profit COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
CASE ADJUSTED DATA CMR BEP (pesos) PROFIT
D
Units Sold (45,000 x
120%)
PHP 54,000.00CMR = P30/80 BEP = P600,000/37.5% CM (54,000 X P30) PHP 1,620,000.00
Less: FC 600,000.00
PHP 54,000.00 37.50% PHP 1,600,000.00 PHP 1,020,000.00
E
USP PHP 100.00CMR = P42.50/100 BEP = P630,000/42.50% CM (45,000 X P42.50) PHP 1,912,500.00
UVC (P50x115%) 57.50 Less: FC 630,000.00
UCM 42.50 42.50% 1,482,352.94 PHP 1,282,500.00
FC (600,000 X 1.05%) PHP 630,000.00

8. New CMR, BEP (pesos), and Profit COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
CHANGE CMR BEP OI MARGIN OF
SAFETY
Increase in USP
Decrease in USP
Increase
Decrease
Decrease
Increase
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
Increase in UVC Decrease Increase Decrease Decrease
Increase in FC No Effect Decrease Increase Increase
A change in the number of units sold does not affect
unit sales price, Unit variable costs and fixed cost but
affect CM, Profit and Margin of Safety

9. Sample Problem 2 COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
Richman Corp., which is subject to a 40% income tax rate had the
following operating data for the period:
Selling price per unit P 60
Variable cost per unit 22
Fixed Costs 472,000
Management is contemplating to improve the quality of its product sold by
(1) replacing a component that costs P3.50 with the higher grade unit that
cost P6 and (2) acquiring P765,000 packing machine to be depreciated
over a 10-year life. The company want to earn after-tax income of
P172,800. The applicable income tax rate is 40%.
Required: The number of units the company must sell to earn the desired
profit before and after the improvement.

10. Sample Problem 2 SOLUTION COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
 No. of units to
sell=FC+IBIT/UCM
 Profit before
tax=P288,000
(172,800/1-40)
 UVC increase by P2.50
(6.00-3.50)
 TFC increases by
P76,500 (765,000/10
yrs)
BEFORE AFTER
USP 60 60.00
Less:
UVC
22 25.50 (22+2.5)
UCM 38 35.50
FC 465,000 548,500
No of
units to
sell
20,000 23,563
FC+IBIT/
UCM
(472,000+
288,000/38)
(548,500+288,000/
35.50)

11. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
The Break-Even Point
The break-even point is that quantity of output where
total revenues equals total costs – that is, where the
operating income is zero.
An aspect of sensitivity analysis is margin of safety, which is
the amount of budgeted revenues over and above breakeven
revenues.

12. The BEP GRAPH COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
Trulyrich Company expects to sell 200,000 units of its product M
priced at P20 per unit. The product’s variable cost per unit is P12
and its total fixed costs and expenses is P800,000. Given varying
production levels, the sales, cost and profit are estimated as:
PRODUCTION
TOTAL
SALES TFC TVC
TOTAL
COST
(TFC-TVC)
PROFIT(LOSS)
(TS-TC)
0 0 800,000 - 800,000 (800,000)
100,000 2,000,000 800,000 1,200,000 2,000,000 0
200,000 4,000,000 800,000 2,400,000 3,200,000 800,000
300,000 6,000,000 800,000 3,600,000 4,400,000 1,600,000
400,000 8,000,000 800,000 4,800,000 5,600,000 2,400,000

13. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
9,000,000
8,000,000
7,000,000
6,000,000
5,000,000
4,000,000
3,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
-
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000
TOTAL SALES
TFC
TVC
TOTAL COST
BEP
Contribution
Margin (TS-TVC)
Margin of Safety
(BS-BES)
The BEP GRAPH

14. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
 Economist believe that the behavior of revenues and cost is
non-linear which is direct contradiction with the linearity
assumption in the relevant range.
 CVP graph focus on the behavior or trend of profit over
different levels of production and not on the behavior of cost
and revenues.
 The CVP graph (or “profit-volume graph”) emphasizes the
profit (loss) line. The profit (loss) line starts from P800,000
which is the amount of FC and expenses. The loss gradually
diminishes as peso sales increase because of the increasing
trend in CM.
 The CVP graph is used for long-term analysis.

15. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
3,000,000
2,500,000
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
0
(500,000)
(1,000,000)
CVP GRAPH
BEP
0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000
FC-(800,000)

16. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
Operating Leverage of Profit is the Contribution Margin
or (OL=CM)
Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) – refers to the ability of
the business to increase its profit powered by its contribution
margin. Profit, as used in this topic means EBIT or the
earnings before interest and taxes. (DOL = CM/P)
Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) = Contribution Margin/EBIT
or; Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) = Percentage ▲ in EBIT
Percentage ▲ in Sales
The DOL is a multiplier of profit based on the change in contribution margin
(CM). Once the DOL is determined, the percentage change in EBIT is
computed as follows:
Percentage ▲ in EBIT = Percentage ▲ in Sales x DOL

17. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
The DOL signifies the percentage change in EBIT (earnings
before interest and tax) given a certain percentage change in
sales. To amplify this premise, let us say:
Unit sales price P 200
Unit variable costs 120
Total Fixed cost 550,000
Units Sold 10,000
What would happen to EBIT if sales increase by 40%?

18. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
 If sales increase by 40%, EBIT will increase by 128%.
 First, let us determine the DOL ratio. The contribution margin
(CM) and profit are determined below:
Contribution Margin
(CM)
(10,000 units
x P80)
P 800,000
Less: FC 550,000
EBIT 250,000
Therefore:
Degree of Operating Leverage = P800,000/250,000 = 3.2
Then, the percentage change in EBIT is:
Percentage change in EBIT =Percentage change in Sales x DOL
= 40% X 3.2
= 128%

19. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
BEFORE AFTER PESO
CHANGE
PERCENTAGE
CHANGE
Sales (10,000 x P200) 2,000,000 2,800,000 800,000 40%
Less: Variable Cost 1.200,000 1,680,000 480,000 40%
CM 800,000 1,120,000 320,000 40%
Less: FC 550,000 550,000 - -
EBIT 250,000 570,000 320,000 128%
Sales (after) = P2M x 140% = P2.8M
Variable Cost (after) = P1.2M x 140% = P1.68M
Percentage change in EBIT = Amount of change in EBIT/Original EBIT balance

20. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
If the operating leverage ratio is higher than 3.2, the percentage change in profit would be
higher. In case of increasing pattern in sales, it would be better to have a high DOL. In case
of decreasing trend in sales, it is better to have a low DOL. To summarize:
When Sales are DOL Should be To
Increasing Higher Maximize the
Percentage Change
in EBIT
Decreasing Lower Minimize the
Percentage Change
in EBIT

21. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
Stark Corporation based its profit planning on the following operating data; Unit sales
price (USP), P400; Unit Variable Cost (UVC), P240; Total Fixed Cost (TFC),
P8M; Sales Volume, 80,000 units.
Required:
1. Based on the original data, determine the CMR, BEP
pesos, operating profit, MSR, and the DOL.
2. Based on the following changes in the variables of
profit, determine the new CMR, BEP in pesos, operating
profit, MSR, and DOL.
a. Units sales price increases by 10%
b. Unit variable costs decrease by 5%
c. Total fixed costs and expenses by P500,000.
d. Quantity sold increases by P10,000.
e. Unit Sales price decreases by P20, unit variable costs increase by 10%
total fixed costs decrease by 5%, and unit sold increases to 100,000
3. Comment on the data determined in requirement 2.

22. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
CMR =UCM/USP WHERE: CMR= Contribution Margin
Rate
BEPP =FC/CMR MSR= Margin of Safety Rate
P =CM-FC BEPP= Breakeven point in
pesos
MSR =MS/BS DOL= Degree of operating
leverage
DOL =1/MSR P= Profit

23. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
Requirements 1 & 2:
Changes USP UVC TFC QS CMR BEPP
(FC/CMR)
P
(CM-FC)
MSR
(MS/BS)
DOL
1. Original data P400 P240 P8M 80,000 40% 20M 4.8M 37.5% 2.67
2a. USP ↑ by 10% 440 240 P8M 80,000 45.45% 17.602M 17.598M 50% 2
b. UVC ↓ by 5% 400 228 P8M 80,000 43% 18.605M 5.760M 41.86% 2.39
c. FC ↑ by
P500,000
400 240 P8.5M 80,000 40% 21.250M 4.3M 33.59% 2.98
d. QS ↑ by 10,000 400 240 P8M 90,000 40% 20M 6.4M 44.44% 2.25
e. USP ↓ by P20
UVC ↑ by 10%
FC ↓ by 5%
QS ↑ to 100,000
380 264 P7.6M 100,000 30.53% 24.894M 4M 35.49% 2.82

24. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
Requirement 3:
Base on the data contained in the preceding table, the
following comments may apply:
a. Profit is the measure of short-tem performance. The
DOL reflects the medium term performance
b. Profit and DOL relate inversely. This suggest what may
be good for business in the short term will not result to
better performance in the medium term.
c. For example, an increase in unit sales price
immediately reduces DOL. A decrease in unit variable
cost increase profit and increase DOL
d. On the other hand, and increase in fixed cost reduces
profit and increases DOL

25. COST-VOLUME-PROFIT ANALYSIS
THANK YOU
References:
Management Advisory Services by Agamata, Franklin