In this paper using CVP Analysis we have analyzed the product of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited to know whether the company is profitable or not by examining the interrelationships between its costs, revenues, production volume and profits. Also we determined the breakeven point or level of operating activity at which revenues covered the company’s all fixed and variable costs, resulting in zero profit. Knowing about this point is very crucial for the business, because it is the point a company wants to reach as quickly as possible in order to cover all the costs and start making real profits.
Cost volume Profit Analysis of Shinepukur Ceramics LimitedSamia Ibrahim
In this paper using CVP Analysis we have analyzed the product of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited to know whether the company is profitable or not by examining the interrelationships between its costs, revenues, production volume and profits. Also we determined the breakeven point or level of operating activity at which revenues covered the company’s all fixed and variable costs, resulting in zero profit. Knowing about this point is very crucial for the business, because it is the point a company wants to reach as quickly as possible in order to cover all the costs and start making real profits.
Effect of Different Classes of Cost in Decision MakingMasum Hussain
Running any business requires immense responsibility. In a company, managers need to know the logistics of every department, from the cost of a box of paper clips to the biggest deal made, in order to run it successfully. Managers who aren’t very involved with their company’s finances don’t usually do well. The ultimate goal is to make a profit by eliminating unnecessary costs. In order to make an analysis of this, cost accounting comes into play.
Though cost accounting and management accounting are separate entity but both of them are interrelated to each other. Management accounting is a broad concept than the cost accounting because a manager must have to depend on cost accounting for taking his managerial decision. Cost accounting it is a system that has been developed to provide managers with a structure to examine the day-to-day finances of the company, while not having tax factors to worry about. From the information gathered, managers can make decisions on where to cut costs to improve the company’s profitability. Cost accounting doesn’t follow any specific standards, such as the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), as it is not used for external purposes. A cost accounting system to help managers keep control over the daily finances and be closely involved in almost every aspect of the business. Management uses cost accounting, a subset of management accounting, for planning and controlling operations and for decision making. The guiding light for cost accountants is usefulness. The cost data must be accumulated, classified, interpreted, and presented in ways that are useful to managers for decision making. A budget, the key to planning and controlling, involves cost accounting data. Where to set an optimal price for a product or service cannot be decided without knowing the cost of what is to be sold.
Cost volume Profit Analysis of Shinepukur Ceramics LimitedSamia Ibrahim
In this paper using CVP Analysis we have analyzed the product of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited to know whether the company is profitable or not by examining the interrelationships between its costs, revenues, production volume and profits. Also we determined the breakeven point or level of operating activity at which revenues covered the company’s all fixed and variable costs, resulting in zero profit. Knowing about this point is very crucial for the business, because it is the point a company wants to reach as quickly as possible in order to cover all the costs and start making real profits.
Effect of Different Classes of Cost in Decision MakingMasum Hussain
Running any business requires immense responsibility. In a company, managers need to know the logistics of every department, from the cost of a box of paper clips to the biggest deal made, in order to run it successfully. Managers who aren’t very involved with their company’s finances don’t usually do well. The ultimate goal is to make a profit by eliminating unnecessary costs. In order to make an analysis of this, cost accounting comes into play.
Though cost accounting and management accounting are separate entity but both of them are interrelated to each other. Management accounting is a broad concept than the cost accounting because a manager must have to depend on cost accounting for taking his managerial decision. Cost accounting it is a system that has been developed to provide managers with a structure to examine the day-to-day finances of the company, while not having tax factors to worry about. From the information gathered, managers can make decisions on where to cut costs to improve the company’s profitability. Cost accounting doesn’t follow any specific standards, such as the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles), as it is not used for external purposes. A cost accounting system to help managers keep control over the daily finances and be closely involved in almost every aspect of the business. Management uses cost accounting, a subset of management accounting, for planning and controlling operations and for decision making. The guiding light for cost accountants is usefulness. The cost data must be accumulated, classified, interpreted, and presented in ways that are useful to managers for decision making. A budget, the key to planning and controlling, involves cost accounting data. Where to set an optimal price for a product or service cannot be decided without knowing the cost of what is to be sold.
Seven Steps for Achieving Sustainable Cost ReductionScottMadden, Inc.
Slow economic and demand growth coupled with increased penetration of distributed energy resources (including energy efficiency) has resulted in declining energy industry sales and revenues. Many companies have witnessed their non-fuel O&M costs increase in the face of rapidly declining generation and sales, creating an unsustainable environment. To avoid increasing energy rates and further eroding sales, companies are looking to reduce costs to meet shareholder expectations. This document provides an overview of the steps that you can take to achieve sustainable cost reductions. For additional information, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
1-18 Value chain and classification of costs, fast food restaurant. Burger King, a hamburger fast food restaurant, incurs the following costs.
1-20 Planning and control decisions. Conner Company makes and sells brooms and mops. It takes the following actions, not necessarily in the order given. For each action (a–e) state whether it is a planning
Seven Steps for Achieving Sustainable Cost ReductionScottMadden, Inc.
Slow economic and demand growth coupled with increased penetration of distributed energy resources (including energy efficiency) has resulted in declining energy industry sales and revenues. Many companies have witnessed their non-fuel O&M costs increase in the face of rapidly declining generation and sales, creating an unsustainable environment. To avoid increasing energy rates and further eroding sales, companies are looking to reduce costs to meet shareholder expectations. This document provides an overview of the steps that you can take to achieve sustainable cost reductions. For additional information, please visit www.scottmadden.com.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
1-18 Value chain and classification of costs, fast food restaurant. Burger King, a hamburger fast food restaurant, incurs the following costs.
1-20 Planning and control decisions. Conner Company makes and sells brooms and mops. It takes the following actions, not necessarily in the order given. For each action (a–e) state whether it is a planning
Learning Objectives:
Determine the break-even point and output to achieve target operating income
Incorporate income tax considerations into CVP analysis
Determine and explain operating leverage
Draw the breakeven graph and the cost-volume-profit graph
Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis by Paulino SilvaPaulino Silva
This presentation shows Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Chart in a very detailed way. Total Costs are classified in Variable Costs and Fixed Costs. Breakeven point is obtained when Sales equals Total Costs.
INFORMATION ABOUT
B.E.P.
Definition
Cost Volume Profit analysis & Application
Assumption of BEP analysis
Calculation
Method
Formula
Target profit
Margin of safety
Definition
Formula
Limitation of B.E.P.
Basic equation of Marginal Costing
Uses Of CVP Analysis
Limitations Of CVP Analysis
Profit Volume (P/V) Ratio
Marginal costing
Determination Of Marginal Cost
Features of Marginal Costing
Life Cycle Costing Critical Evaluation ReportAnkur Aggarwal
Life Cycle Costing (LCC) is an important economic analysis used in the selection of alternatives that impact both pending and future costs. It compares initial investment options and identifies the least cost alternatives for a twenty year period.
Operational risk management and measurementRahmat Mulyana
a short description in mixed English and Bahasa Indonesia on Operational Risk Management and Measurement, in particular value at risk calculation using Monte carlo Simulation. Another method using EVT (Extree Value Theory) will be delivered shortly. regards
Term paper on Different Leadership Approach Analysis Based on Shabnam RamaswamySamia Ibrahim
This study is aimed to establish a relationship between Shabnam Ramaswamy’s leadership skills and different leadership models described by various researchers. The study will attempt to find out how Shabnam performs as a leader. I will consider seven leadership models to analyze Shabnam’s leadership ability. The study will help to understand different leadership approaches and how these approaches impact Shabnam’s leadership style.
The Impact of Liquidity on Profitability on Selected Banks of Bangladesh Samia Ibrahim
This research seeks to establish a relationship between liquidity and profitability which may assess in liquidity management in the banks in Bangladesh.There has been a wide range of study on the concepts of liquidity and profitability. My research differs from the previous works as such research was not done in the context of Bangladeshi banking sector using recent data.
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
From intelligent search and recommendations to automated data productisation and quotation, Opendatabay AI-driven features streamline the data workflow. Finding the data you need shouldn't be a complex. Opendatabay simplifies the data acquisition process with an intuitive interface and robust search tools. Effortlessly explore, discover, and access the data you need, allowing you to focus on extracting valuable insights. Opendatabay breaks new ground with a dedicated, AI-generated, synthetic datasets.
Leverage these privacy-preserving datasets for training and testing AI models without compromising sensitive information. Opendatabay prioritizes transparency by providing detailed metadata, provenance information, and usage guidelines for each dataset, ensuring users have a comprehensive understanding of the data they're working with. By leveraging a powerful combination of distributed ledger technology and rigorous third-party audits Opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of every dataset. Security is at the core of Opendatabay. Marketplace implements stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular vulnerability assessments, to safeguard your data and protect your privacy.
Cost volume profitability analysis of shinepukur ceramics
1. Cost Volume Profit Analysis:
“A Study Based on the Shinepukur Ceramics Limited”
Submitted By:
Samia Ibrahim
Nasrin Sultana
Salva Wahida
Hamida Begum
Bijoya Bhowmik
Submitted to:
Professor Dr. Ayub Islam
Course Title:
Management Accounting
Date of Submission: 24th
July, 2015
2. Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction:.............................................................................................................................3
1.1 Purpose of study: ......................................................................................................................4
In this paper we have tried to outline some objectives which mainly focus on the profitability of
Shinepukur Ceramics limited...........................................................................................................4
2.0 Research Methodology..................................................................................................................4
2.1 Research Design:.......................................................................................................................4
2.2 Data Sources:............................................................................................................................4
3.0 Findings and Analysis.....................................................................................................................4
3.1 Fixed Costs & Variable Costs: .....................................................................................................4
3.2 Major Fixed Costs:.....................................................................................................................6
3.3 Total Fixed Cost:........................................................................................................................7
3.4 Major Variable Costs: ................................................................................................................9
3.5 Total Variable Cost:.................................................................................................................11
3.6 Contribution Margin:...............................................................................................................12
3.7 Contribution Margin Ratio: ......................................................................................................12
3.8 Break Even Pointin Taka:.........................................................................................................14
3.9 Margin of Safetyin Taka: .........................................................................................................15
3.10 Net Income:..........................................................................................................................16
3.11 Break-Even ChartAnalysis:.....................................................................................................17
4.00 Conclusion:...........................................................................................................................19
References:......................................................................................................................................20
3. 1.0 Introduction:
Cost Volume Profit Analysis (CVP Analysis) is the study of the relationship between revenues,
costs and profits of a business. The analysis is used to examine the relationship among the total
volume of an independent variable, total costs, total revenues and profits for a time period. Cost-
volume-profit analysis is useful in the early stages of planning because it provides an easily
understandable framework for discussing planning issues and organizing relevant data.
Cost Volume Profit analysis (CVP) is one of the most hallowed, and yet one of the simplest,
analytical tools in management accounting. In a general sense, it provides a sweeping financial
overview of the planning process. That overview allows managers to examine the possible
impacts of a wide range of strategic decisions. Those decisions can include such crucial areas as
pricing policies, product mixes, market expansions or contractions, outsourcing contracts, idle
plant usage, discretionary expense planning, and a variety of other important considerations in
the planning process. Given the broad range of contexts in which CVP can be used, the basic
simplicity of CVP is quite remarkable. Armed with just three inputs of data – sales price,
variable cost per unit, and fixed costs – a managerial analyst can evaluate the effects of decisions
that potentially alter the basic nature of a firm.
There are three main tools offered by CVP analysis:
Contribution margin analysis, which compares the profitability of different products,
lines or services you offer
Breakeven analysis, which tells you the sales volume you need to break even under
different price or cost scenarios
Operating leverage, which examines the degree to which your business uses fixed costs,
which magnifies your profits as sales increase, but also magnifies your losses as sales
drop.
In this paper using CVP Analysis we have analyzed the product of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited
to know whether the company is profitable or not by examining the interrelationships between its
costs, revenues, production volume and profits. Also we determined the breakeven point or level
of operating activity at which revenues covered the company’s all fixed and variable costs,
resulting in zero profit. Knowing about this point is very crucial for the business, because it is the
4. point a company wants to reach as quickly as possible in order to cover all the costs and start
making real profits.
1.1 Purpose ofstudy:
In this paper we have tried to outline some objectives which mainly focus on the profitability of
Shinepukur Ceramics limited
The objectives of the study are:
a. To identify and calculate the fixed and variable costs.
b. To calculate contribution margin ratio, breakeven point in taka and margin of safety in
taka.
c. To prepare break even chart of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited.
2.0 ResearchMethodology
2.1 Research Design:
The data used in this study are compiled from Shinepukur Ceramics Limited’s website. The data
have been extracted, systemized, investigated and interpreted in this paper with proper reasoning,
clarification and explanation.
2.2 Data Sources:
All the relevant data regarding the study were collected from the annual reports of Shunepukur
Ceramics Limited.
3.0 Findings and Analysis
3.1 Fixed Costs & Variable Costs:
Expenses that must be paid no matter how many goods or services are offered for sale are called
fixed costs. There are other types of costs that change with the number of products offered for
sale. These are called variable costs.
In order to conduct the cost volume profit analysis it is very important to understand the
difference between fixed and variable costs. We identified Shinepukur Cermics Ltd’s fixed and
variable costs to have a better understanding about the company. The fixed and variable costs
are listed below:
5. SL Fixed Costs Variable Cost
A Direct Material:
1 Raw Material
B Manufacturing Overhead:
2 Gratuity Depreciation
3 Office expenses Salaries, wages etc.
4 Insurance expenses Power and fuel
5 Occupancy expenses Packing materials
6 Lease rental Transport expenses
7 Welfare expenses
8 Communication expenses
9 Travelling & conveyance
10 Handling & carrying expenses
11 Repairs & maintenances
12 General expenses
C Administrative Overhead:
13 Depreciation Transport expenses
14 Salaries and allowances Communication expenses
15 Gratuity Travelling & conveyance expenses
16 Welfare expenses Utilities expenses
17 Office expenses Repairs & maintenances
18 Legal fees, prof. and other fees General expenses
19 AGM expenses Handling & carrying expenses
20 Occupancy expenses
21 Audit fee
D Selling & Distribution Expenses:
22 Promotional expenses Transport expenses
23 Salaries and allowances Travelling & conveyance expenses
24 Gratuity Communication expenses
25 Advertising Utilities expenses
26 Occupancy expenses Handling & carrying expenses
27 Office expenses Repairs & maintenances
28 Welfare expenses General Expenses
29 Show room expenses
30 Legal and professional fees
6. 31 Product research
32 Lease rental
Table 1: List of Fixed & Variable Costs
3.2 Major Fixed Costs:
At any and all levels of output, the fixed costs of Shinepukur Ceramics’ Ltd. will always remain
same. The following table shows the percentage of total fixed cost used to cover the individual
fixed cost components for the year 2014.
SL Fixed Costs Percentage
A Manufacturing Overhead:
1 Gratuity 10.17
2 Office expenses 4.01
3 Insurance expenses 2.12
4 Occupancy expenses 0.03
5 Lease rental 0.76
B Administrative Overhead:
6 Depreciation 5.68
7 Salaries and allowances 13.84
8 Gratuity 1.13
9 Welfare expenses 5.36
10 Office expenses 6.18
11 Legal fees, prof. and other fees 0.19
12 AGM expenses 0.69
13 Occupancy expenses 0.81
14 Audit fee 0.40
C Selling & Distribution Expenses:
15 Promotional expenses 27.45
16 Salaries and allowances 11.85
17 Gratuity 0.92
18 Advertising 0.36
7. 19 Occupancy expenses 2.88
20 Office expenses 2.73
21 Welfare expenses 1.52
22 Show room expenses 0.37
23 Legal and professional fees 0.05
24 Product research 0.10
25 Lease rental 0.38
Total 100.00
Table 2: Major Fixed Costs
The percentage of major fixed costs out of the total fixed expenditure of the year 2014 is shown
below:
Figure 1: Major fixed costs
The figure above shows that, Out of the total fixed cost it spends the largest portion to cover the
expenses of promotion and salaries. Other than these two the company’s some other major fixed
costs are office expenses, gratuity, welfare expenses, and depreciation and insurance expenses.
3.3 Total Fixed Cost:
Fixed costs are the Costs of production that do not change with changes in the quantity of output
produced by a firm in the short run. They remain constant even when your revenues rise or fall.
Total fixed cost is one part of total cost. Fixed costs are permanent and have to be incurred
independent of the quality of goods and services produced.
27.45
25.69
12.92
11.3
6.88
5.68
2.12 7.96
Promotional expenses
Salaries and allowances
Office expenses
Gratuity
Welfare expenses
Depreciation
Insurance expenses
Others
8. The total fixed cost of Shinepukur limited since 2010 to 2014 are shown below:
Years Total Fixed Cost
2010 89079122
2011 96401390
2012 102214877
2013 102313047
2014 174578342
Table 3: Total Fixed Cost
Figure 2: Total fixed cost
The total fixed cost curve graphically represents the relation between total fixed cost incurred by
Shinepukur Ceramics in the short-run production of their product and the percentage of sales
revenue. Because total fixed cost is fixed, the total fixed cost curve is a horizontal line. The costs
increased steadily since 2010 to 2013. But after 2013 the fixed cost increased in a significant
manner. This happened because during 2014 the company had to incur two new fixed costs:
gratuity and lease rental.
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
120000000
140000000
160000000
180000000
200000000
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Cost
Fixed cost
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
9. 3.4 Major Variable Costs:
As Shinepukur Ceramics is a manufacturing company, Out of the total variable cost it spends
most of the money to cover those variable costs which falls under direct material and
manufacturing overhead. The following table shows the percentage of total variable cost used to
cover the individual variable components of the year 2014.
SL Variable Costs Percentage
A Direct Material:
1 Raw Material 45.86
B Manufacturing Overhead:
2 Depreciation 21.72
3 Salaries, wages etc. 8.61
4 Power and fuel 9.66
5 Packing materials 7.47
6 Transport expenses 2.56
7 Welfare expenses 1.48
8 Communication expenses 0.067
9 Travelling & conveyance 0.12
10 Handling & carrying expenses 0.0088
11 Repairs & maintenances 0.78
12 General expenses 0.0015
C Administrative Overhead:
13 Transport expenses 0.49
14 Communication expenses 0.075
15 Travelling & conveyance expenses 0.47
16 Utilities expenses 0.045
17 Repairs & maintenances 0.0015
18 General expenses 0.0072
19 Handling & carrying expenses 0.0094
10. D Selling & Distribution Expenses:
20 Transport expenses 0.29
21 Travelling & conveyance expenses 0.18
22 Communication expenses 0.074
23 Utilities expenses 0.044
24 Handling & carrying expenses 0.018
25 Repairs & maintenances 0.0014
Total 100.00
Table 4: Major Variable Costs
The percentage of major variable costs out of the total variable expenditure of the year 2014 is
shown below:
Figure 3: Major Variable Costs of 2014
The figure above reveals that, Out of the total variable cost it spends a huge portion which is to
cover the costs of raw material and depreciation. Other than these two the other major variable
expenses of Shinepukur Ceramic’s are the costs power and fuel, wages, packing materials,
transport and welfare.
45.86
21.72
9.66
8.61
7.47
2.56
1.48
2.64
Raw Material
Depreciation
Power and fuel
Salaries, wages etc.
Packing materials
Transport expenses
Welfare expenses
Others
11. 3.5 Total Variable Cost:
A variable cost is dependent on the production output level of goods and services. Unlike a fixed
cost, a variable cost is always fluctuating. This cost rises as the production output level rises and
decreases as the production output level decreases.
The total fixed costs of Shinepukur limited since 2010 to 2014 are shown below:
Years Total Variable Cost
2010 1197175437
2011 1236060207
2012 1219078593
2013 1028435016
2014 1202656347
Table No 5: Total Variable Cost
Figure No 4: Total Variable Cost
Figure no. shows that during the recent years the total variable costs of Shinepukur Ceramics
Limited haven’t experienced much fluctuation except the year 2013. The variable cost of 2011
was slightly higher because the costs of wages, depreciation, power and packing materials
increased a bit compared to the other years. But in 2013 there was a huge downfall in total
variable cost because the sales of the company decreased in a significant manner.
0
200000000
400000000
600000000
800000000
1000000000
1200000000
1400000000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Total Variable
Cost
12. 3.6 Contribution Margin:
Contribution is the difference between sales and variable costs (expenses). Contribution
represents the portion of sales revenue that is not consumed by variable costs and so contributes
to the coverage of fixed costs. It represents the amount of income or profit the company made
before deducting its fixed costs.
Years Contribution
2010 729570282
2011 665384355
2012 723272159
2013 676132218
2014 475001327
Table 6: Contribution Margin of Shinepukur Ceramics Ltd.
Figure 5: Contribution Margin of Shinepukur Ceramics Ltd.
The figure shows that there was not much difference between the contribution margins of 2010
to 2013. But In 2014 an increase in variable costs caused the contribution margin to shrink.
3.7 Contribution Margin Ratio:
Contribution ratio is the contribution margin divided by the sales amount. It is the percent of
sales amount available to cover fixed costs. Once fixed costs are covered, the next amount of
sales results in a company's profits.
0
200000000
400000000
600000000
800000000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Contribution Margin
Contribution
Margin
13. Years Contribution Ratio (%)
2010 37.87
2011 34.99
2012 37.24
2013 39.67
2014 28.31
Table 7: Contribution Margin Ratio of Shinepukur Ceramics Ltd.
Table no. shows the contribution margin ratio, which is the percentage of each sales taka that is
available to cover fixed costs and provide income.
Figure 6: Contribution Margin Ratio of Shinepukur Ceramics Ltd.
In the figure no. we can see that the contribution ratios form 2010 to 2013 were almost same. It
shows that the contribution ratio was always moving between the ranges of 35 percent to 40
percent. That means theses portions of sales revenue were not consumed by variable costs and
contributed to the coverage of fixed costs. The ratio was highest in 2013 compared to the other
years because the company decided to reduce their variable costs. But the contribution ratio of
2014 was much lower than the previous years, this happened due to an increase in variable costs
and decrease in sales revenue. That means a large portion of the sales revenue was consumed by
variable costs and caused a decrease in contribution ratio.
37.87%
34.99%
37.24% 39.67%
28.31%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Contribution Margin Ratio
CR
14. 3.8 Break Even Point in Taka:
The break‐even point represents the level of sales where net income equals zero. In other words,
the point where sales revenue equals total variable costs plus total fixed costs, and contribution
margin equals fixed costs.
Years BEPT
2010 23,52,23453
2011 27,55,11260
2012 27,44,76039
2013 25,79,10378
2014 61,66,66697
Table 8: Break Even Point in Taka:
Table No. shows Shinepukurs breakeven point of five years when their sales reached a volume at
which producing products became profitable. At the break-even point, the company recovered its
investments in production and began turning a profit with each additional sale.
Figure 7: Break Even Point in Taka:
The Figure no. shows that the breakeven points were almost moving at the same level since 2010
to 2013.The BEP was lowest in 2010, this happened due to lower fixed cost and higher
contribution margin. In 2014 the breakeven point went suddenly went sharply upward. One
reason was an increase in the company's fixed costs. A second reason for the increase in
Shinepukur Ceramic’s break-even point was a reduction in the contribution margin, as a result if
0
100000000
200000000
300000000
400000000
500000000
600000000
700000000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
BEPT
BEPT
15. a greater proportion of lower contribution margin products were sold. Due to these reasons the
breakeven point of 2014 was highest among the other years.
3.9 Margin of Safety in Taka:
Margin of safety is used in break-even analysis to indicate the amount of sales that are above the
break-even point. The Table represents the marginal safety of the shinepukur ceramics.
Table 9: Margin of safety
Margin of Safety is the amount of sales which generates profit. In other words, sales beyond
Break Even Point are known as Margin of Safety. It is calculated as the difference between total
sales and the break even sales.
Figure 8: Margin of safety
The figure represents the marginal safety of shinepukur ceramics since 2010 to 2014. The size of
margin of safety is an extremely important guide to the financial strength of a business. From
2010 to 2011 the marginal safety was large enough, which indicates that during those years BEP
0
200000000
400000000
600000000
800000000
1000000000
1200000000
1400000000
1600000000
1800000000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Margin of
safety
Years MST
2010 1691522266
2011 1625933302
2012 1667874713
2013 1446656856
2014 1060990977
16. was much below the actual sales, that means business was in a sound condition and reduction in
sales would not have affected the profit of the business. After 2012 the margin of safety of the
company started to decrease. The margin was lowest in 2014 this happened due to an increase in
the breakeven point and any decrease in sales volume could have cause a loss to the company.
3.10 Net Income:
In business, what remains after subtracting all the costs (namely, business, depreciation, interest,
and taxes) from a company's revenue. Net income is sometimes called the bottom line also called
earnings or net profit.
The following table represents the net income of Shinepukur Ceramics from the year 2010 to
2014.
Years Net Income
2010 640491160
2011 568982965
2012 621357282
2013 573819171
2014 300422485
Table 10: Net Income
Figure 9: Net Income
0
100000000
200000000
300000000
400000000
500000000
600000000
700000000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Net Income
Net Income
17. The figure shows that the net income of each year was almost same till 2012. The income was
highest in 2010 because the expenses were lower compared to the sales revenue. After 2013 the
net income started to decrease and in 2014 it reduced significantly. This happened because
company lost revenue and incurred a larger amount of expenses due to some additional costs.
3.11 Break-Even Chart Analysis:
The Break-even analysis helps in finding out the relationship of costs and revenues to output. It
enables the financial manager to study the general effect of the level of output upon income and
expenses and, therefore, upon profits. This analysis is usually presented on a break-even chart. It
helps in understanding the behavior of profits in relation to output. Such an understanding,
among other things, is significant in planning the financial structure of a company.
To understand the profitability nature of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited we have created Break
chart for the years of 2010 and 2014.
In these break-even charts, the concepts like total fixed cost, total variable cost, and the total cost
and total revenue are shown separately. It will also give you an idea about the extent of profit or
loss to the firm at different levels of activity.
The figures below shown are the graphical representation of the break-even analysis of 2010 and
2014 in the forms of a chart. The sales units are shown on the horizontal axis and costs and
revenue on vertical axis.
18. Figure 10: Break-even chart of 2010
Figure 11: Break-even chart of 2014
Here we can see that the fixed costs stayed the same regardless of how many units the company
sold during those years. From the fixed costs lines show that the fixed cost of 2014 was much
higher than 2010. The Variable costs are dependent on production output. From these charts we
0.00
200,000,000.00
400,000,000.00
600,000,000.00
800,000,000.00
1,000,000,000.00
1,200,000,000.00
1,400,000,000.00
1,600,000,000.00
1,800,000,000.00
2,000,000,000.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Revenue&cost
Units
Revenue
Fixed cost
Variable
cost
Total cost
0.00
200,000,000.00
400,000,000.00
600,000,000.00
800,000,000.00
1,000,000,000.00
1,200,000,000.00
1,400,000,000.00
1,600,000,000.00
1,800,000,000.00
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Revenue&cost
Units
Revenue
Fixed cost
Variable cost
Total cost
19. can see that the variable cost line of both the years were almost at the same. The total expenses
lines show that they have a positive or upward slop that indicate the effect of increasing variable
expenses with the increase in sales units. Total cost amount of 2014 was higher compared to the
year 2010. The total revenue lines and the total expenses lines crossed each other. The point at
which they crossed each other is the break-even point of 2010 and 2014. Notice that the total
expenses line is above the total revenue line before the point of intersection and below after the
point of intersection. It tells us that the business suffers a loss before the point of intersection and
makes a profit after this point. The break-even point in the above graphs are 23,52,23453 for
2010 and 61,66,66697 that agrees with the break-even point computed using equation and
contribution margin methods above.
Now if we compare the charts of 2010 and 2014 it can be seen that the difference between the
total expenses lines and the total revenue lines before the point of intersection (BE point) is the
loss area. This area reduces as the number of units sold increases. It means every additional unit
sold before the break-even point reduces the loss. The loss area of the company started to
increase after 2010. This happened due to a decrease in sales revenue after the year 2010 in a
continuous manner. Again The difference between the total expenses line and the total revenue
line after the point of intersection (BE point) is the profit area. Notice that this area increases as
the number of units sold increases. It means every additional unit sold after the break-even point
increases the profit of the business. It can be seen that the profit area decreased in a significant
manner in 2014. This happened due to higher fixed cost and lower contribution margin.
4.00 Conclusion:
c-v-p- analysis furnishes complete picture of the profit structure which enables management to
distinguish between the effect of sales volume fluctuations and the” results of price or cost
changes upon profits. It is essential that the results from break-even analysis are interpreted
correctly and the information is effectively utilized to make better, informed business decisions.
The break even analysis of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited reveals that the company is profitable.
But the profitability decreased in a significant manner after 2010 and in 2014 it generated the
lowest net income among the five years.
20. Profit performance of Shinepukur Ceramics can be improved by increasing sales volume, by
increasing selling price, by decreasing variable costs and by decreasing fixed costs. Or else if the
breakeven point continues to increase in this manner than in future the company has to face loss.
References:
1. Annual Report of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited (2010)
2. Annual Report of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited (2011)
3. Annual Report of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited (2012)
4. Annual Report of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited (2013)
5. Annual Report of Shinepukur Ceramics Limited (2014)