This document provides an overview of the present status of the cut flower business in Kathmandu, Nepal. It finds that the cut flower business has grown significantly in recent years, with an annual turnover reaching 16 crores in 2069/70 compared to 0.22 crores in 1993/94. The main cut flowers grown in Nepal are gladiolus, carnation, rose, and gerbera. While the demand for cut flowers is increasing due to changes in culture and urbanization, the export of cut flowers from Nepal remains negligible. For exports to grow, Nepalese entrepreneurs need to focus on quality, quantity, consistent supply, and competitive pricing. The government also needs to support entrepreneurs to promote the floriculture
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
This document provides an overview of the flower Anthurium. It discusses the plant's characteristics, classification, structure, cultivation requirements including climate, soil, propagation methods, and common pests and diseases. Anthurium is native to South America and is commonly grown as a cut flower, potted plant, or for floral arrangements. It requires warm temperatures between 20-28°C and high humidity levels to thrive.
- Marigolds are affected by several common pests including bud caterpillars, aphids, red spider mites, leaf miners, thrips, mealybugs, and leafhoppers.
- Bud caterpillars and leaf miners feed internally on flowers and leaves, while aphids, mites, thrips, and mealybugs feed on the undersides of leaves and flowers by sucking plant juices.
- Infestations can cause stunted growth, discolored or misshapen leaves and flowers, and reduced plant productivity.
- Management strategies include removing infested plant parts, applying appropriate insecticides or miticides, using sticky traps, and maintaining plant health
The grandiflora petunia type was developed in early 1950, with the first F1 hybrid grandiflora,
‘Ballerina,’ introduced in 1952. This type has large showy flowers 31⁄2 to 5 inches in diameter. Cultivarshave been developed in a widerange of flower colors and with
petals that may have frilled or
rounded edges.
Floriculture business in NER – Status and ProspectsAndrewChinzah
This document provides an overview of the status and prospects of floriculture business in Northeast India. It discusses the current status in each Northeast state including area under cultivation, major flowers grown, production levels, marketing channels, and key companies. While floriculture has potential given the region's climate and biodiversity, the industry still faces challenges like lack of market infrastructure and low prioritization. However, opportunities exist to expand through initiatives like the government's Act East Policy and dedicated funding for the region from the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority.
Gaillardia(common name blanket flower) is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, native to North and South America. It was named after Maître Gaillard de Charentonneau, an 18th-century French magistrate who was an enthusiastic botanist. The common name may refer to the resemblance of the inflorescence to the brightly patterned blankets made by Native Americans, or to the ability of wild taxa to blanket the ground with colonies.Many cultivars have been bred for ornamental use.
This document provides information about heliconia, a tropical flowering plant native to Central and South America. It discusses the various species of heliconia, their uses as cut flowers, landscaping, and medicinal purposes. The document also covers heliconia cultivation requirements including temperature, light, soil, propagation methods, fertilization, irrigation, pruning, harvesting, and common pests/diseases. There are over 100 heliconia species that can be erect or pendant types and differ in flower and leaf characteristics. Proper care and maintenance are needed for successful heliconia growth.
Jasmine- introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
This document provides an overview of the flower Anthurium. It discusses the plant's characteristics, classification, structure, cultivation requirements including climate, soil, propagation methods, and common pests and diseases. Anthurium is native to South America and is commonly grown as a cut flower, potted plant, or for floral arrangements. It requires warm temperatures between 20-28°C and high humidity levels to thrive.
- Marigolds are affected by several common pests including bud caterpillars, aphids, red spider mites, leaf miners, thrips, mealybugs, and leafhoppers.
- Bud caterpillars and leaf miners feed internally on flowers and leaves, while aphids, mites, thrips, and mealybugs feed on the undersides of leaves and flowers by sucking plant juices.
- Infestations can cause stunted growth, discolored or misshapen leaves and flowers, and reduced plant productivity.
- Management strategies include removing infested plant parts, applying appropriate insecticides or miticides, using sticky traps, and maintaining plant health
The grandiflora petunia type was developed in early 1950, with the first F1 hybrid grandiflora,
‘Ballerina,’ introduced in 1952. This type has large showy flowers 31⁄2 to 5 inches in diameter. Cultivarshave been developed in a widerange of flower colors and with
petals that may have frilled or
rounded edges.
Floriculture business in NER – Status and ProspectsAndrewChinzah
This document provides an overview of the status and prospects of floriculture business in Northeast India. It discusses the current status in each Northeast state including area under cultivation, major flowers grown, production levels, marketing channels, and key companies. While floriculture has potential given the region's climate and biodiversity, the industry still faces challenges like lack of market infrastructure and low prioritization. However, opportunities exist to expand through initiatives like the government's Act East Policy and dedicated funding for the region from the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority.
Gaillardia(common name blanket flower) is a genus of flowering plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae, native to North and South America. It was named after Maître Gaillard de Charentonneau, an 18th-century French magistrate who was an enthusiastic botanist. The common name may refer to the resemblance of the inflorescence to the brightly patterned blankets made by Native Americans, or to the ability of wild taxa to blanket the ground with colonies.Many cultivars have been bred for ornamental use.
This document provides information about heliconia, a tropical flowering plant native to Central and South America. It discusses the various species of heliconia, their uses as cut flowers, landscaping, and medicinal purposes. The document also covers heliconia cultivation requirements including temperature, light, soil, propagation methods, fertilization, irrigation, pruning, harvesting, and common pests/diseases. There are over 100 heliconia species that can be erect or pendant types and differ in flower and leaf characteristics. Proper care and maintenance are needed for successful heliconia growth.
The document discusses cole crops, which refer to plants in the mustard family including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and others. It provides details on:
- The botanical classification and origin of cole crops like cabbage being in the Brassica genus and originating in the Mediterranean.
- The nutritional value of cole crops like cabbage being rich in vitamins A and C as well as minerals and low in calories.
- The many uses of different parts of cole crops from leaves to flowers to seeds for food or medicine.
- Important cole crop growing regions including China, India, and various states in India.
- Characteristics of cabbage specifically such as its self
Crossandra - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
This document provides an introduction to pea (Pisum sativum L.), including its origin, distribution, description, botany, uses, and breeding. It notes that pea originated in the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is now widely cultivated globally. Pea is used as a fresh or processed vegetable and for dehydration, canning, and freezing. The document describes pea plant morphology and inheritance patterns. It outlines breeding objectives such as disease resistance, yield, and quality. Breeding methods including selection and hybridization are discussed. Popular varieties developed in India are mentioned.
variety
climate
plant protection
harvesting
mcq question
THIS VIDEO IS MEANT FOR UPCOMING DDA SO EXAM II ICAR JRF HORTICULTURE II LILY VARIETY II CLIMATE II SOIL II PLANT PROTECTION II HARVESTING
CHRYSANTHEMUM https://youtu.be/58tuqy_1SgY
ANTHURIUM https://youtu.be/DcbomK21Dm0
FLOWER SHOWS IN INDIA https://youtu.be/9VoTHd4qmmY
ANNUAL FLOWERS https://youtu.be/NqlQCuCbndk
SHRUBS FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/U6w6mIt8y0g
TREES FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/xVrTnRfIi_k
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT https://youtu.be/uvT-kI_wah4
This document provides information on small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), including its introduction, constituents, uses, varieties, soil and climate requirements, botany, propagation methods, cultivation practices such as planting, aftercare, irrigation, mulching and pest management. Key points: Small cardamom is the third most expensive spice. It is native to South India. Propagation is through seeds or suckers. It requires humid, shaded conditions with ample rainfall. Major pests include thrips, shoot borers, hairy caterpillars, aphids and root grubs. Proper shade, irrigation, manuring and plant protection measures are needed to obtain optimal yields.
Safflower is an important rabi oilseed crop grown primarily in India and Mexico. The main varieties grown in India are S 144, A1, A2, and A300. Safflower is cultivated for its oil content of 28-32% and protein content of 14-19%. Maharashtra and Karnataka are the major producers of safflower in India. The crop faces pest problems from safflower aphid and diseases like Alternaria leaf spot. Breeding objectives for safflower include developing varieties with higher yields, oil content, thermo-insensitivity and resistance to pests and diseases.
This document discusses the taxonomy, origins, cultivation, and breeding of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). It begins by classifying cauliflower taxonomically and noting its introduction to India in 1822. It then discusses the origins of cauliflower and other cole crops in the Mediterranean region. The document outlines key traits that have been a focus in cauliflower breeding programs, such as curd quality, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. It also provides details on cauliflower growth phases, production trends in India, and methods for hybrid seed production.
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that infect crucifer crops like cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. The major pests described in detail include the cabbage butterfly, diamond back moth, flea beetle, mustard sawfly, and cabbage aphid. For each pest, the document outlines their physical description, life cycle, damage caused, and potential management strategies. Minor pests that are also briefly mentioned include tobacco caterpillar, soybean hairy caterpillar, and various bugs and beetles. The document provides important information on identifying and controlling key insect threats to crucifer vegetable production.
Crossandra is a flowering plant native to tropical regions. There are approximately 40-50 species of Crossandra, but the most commercially important is C. undulaefolia. It is a short branching shrub with bright orange, salmon, or scarlet flowers. Crossandra is commonly cultivated in Southern India, especially in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It requires fertile soil and a temperature of 30-35 degrees Celsius to grow. Propagation is done through seeds for tetraploid varieties and stem cuttings for triploid varieties. Crossandra is an important crop for the garland industry due to its long-lasting flowers.
This document provides information on onion seed production including floral biology, methods, requirements, and standards. It discusses:
1) Onion flowers are protandrous, with pollen shed occurring before stigma receptivity. Cross-pollination by insects is needed for high seed yields.
2) The bulb-to-seed method is most common, involving selecting bulbs in one season for planting the next season for seed production. Care is taken to select true-to-type bulbs.
3) Seed production requires isolation distances between varieties, rogueing of off-types, and inspection to ensure varietal purity and high seed quality and yields.
- The document discusses the production technology of bulbous crops like onion and garlic. It provides details on various aspects of cultivation such as soil and climatic requirements, varieties grown in different regions of India, propagation, planting methods, manure and fertilizer application, irrigation practices, and physiological disorders. It also lists the botanical classification and importance of onion and garlic as important bulb crops in India.
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
This document provides information on 6 pests that affect mango trees:
1. Mango hopper, which sucks sap from young leaves and flowers and affects fruit setting.
2. Mango stem borer, whose grub bores into and tunnels in stems, causing branches to dry up.
3. Mango fruit fly, whose maggot bores into fruit, causing rotting and fruit drop.
4. Mango stone weevil, whose grub feeds inside mango stones, discoloring nearby pulp.
5. Mango mealy bug, which sucks sap from young leaves and flowers, affecting fruit setting.
6. Bark eating caterpillar, whose larva bores into and damages
This document provides information on carrot breeding. It discusses the botany and genetics of carrots, including that they are a cross-pollinated crop with 2n=18 chromosomes. The main goals of carrot breeding are outlined, such as increasing yield, carotene content, and disease resistance. Breeding methods used include introduction, mass selection, hybrid breeding using cytoplasmic male sterility, and mutation breeding. Biotechnologies like tissue culture have also been applied to carrot breeding.
Heliconia are tropical flowering plants found near rivers and forests in moist, tropical regions below 1500 feet elevation. There are over 350 varieties that are used as cut flowers, in landscaping, and interior decorating due to their brightly colored bracts. Heliconia species are pollinated by hummingbirds and propagate through rhizomes, division, and tissue culture. They grow best with sunlight, temperatures between 21-35°C, and spacing depending on variety.
Indian spinach (Basella alba) is a popular leafy vegetable grown in tropical areas for its nutrient-rich leaves and shoots. It is high in vitamins A, C, calcium, and iron. The plant has fleshy red or green stems and leaves and is cultivated in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is used medicinally to treat constipation, headaches, and skin irritation. The crop grows best in loose, organic-rich soil and requires moderate temperatures and moisture to produce succulent leaves and stems within 8-10 weeks.
This document provides information on diseases that affect guava plants. It discusses the symptoms, characteristics, and management of major diseases like Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii. It also covers other diseases such as fruit canker caused by Pestalotiopsis psidii, stem canker from Physalospora psidii, anthracnose from Gloeosporium psidii, and red rust from Cephaleuros virescens. It details the identification and environmental conditions that promote each disease, as well as cultural, biological and chemical control methods.
Harvesting Indices and Harvesting Techniques of Cut FlowersKarthekaThirumugam1
Harvesting indices and harvesting techniques of cut flowers are dealt in this presentation. Commercial major greenhouse cut flowers, open- field cut flowers, specialty cut flowers and minor cut flowers are discussed with appropriate pictures.
Botanical Name : Heliconia spp. (hel-I-KO-nee-a)
Family : Heliconiaceae
Order: Zingiberales
Botanical Name : Heliconia spp. (hel-I-KO-nee-a)
Family : Heliconiaceae
Order: Zingiberales
“Heliconia” refers to Mount Helicon in Greece, home to the muses, goddesses of the arts and sciences in greek mythology. The muses were said to be eternally young and beautiful, thus the name “heliconia” refers to the flowers’ long-lasting and attractive qualities.
India has potential to become a major player in the global floriculture industry due to its suitable climate and low production costs. Currently India accounts for only 0.65% of global floriculture trade. The document outlines strategies to improve India's floriculture industry such as developing new varieties suited for export markets, improving infrastructure like cold storage, and establishing more research on advanced cultivation techniques. Adopting these strategies could help India increase its share of the global floriculture trade.
importance scope and bottle necks of floriculture industry in indiaArvind Yadav
1) Floriculture has potential for economic growth in India through exports and domestic sales, but currently accounts for only 0.61% of the global floriculture sector.
2) Key opportunities for expansion include exporting flowers to international markets during their winter seasons as well as developing the domestic market in major cities.
3) However, bottlenecks like a lack of production and market data, high freight costs within India and to export markets, and insufficient research and development are currently limiting growth of the floriculture industry.
The document discusses cole crops, which refer to plants in the mustard family including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and others. It provides details on:
- The botanical classification and origin of cole crops like cabbage being in the Brassica genus and originating in the Mediterranean.
- The nutritional value of cole crops like cabbage being rich in vitamins A and C as well as minerals and low in calories.
- The many uses of different parts of cole crops from leaves to flowers to seeds for food or medicine.
- Important cole crop growing regions including China, India, and various states in India.
- Characteristics of cabbage specifically such as its self
Crossandra - introduction and uses – varieties - soil and climate and planting systems - weed, nutrition and irrigation management –special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
This document provides an introduction to pea (Pisum sativum L.), including its origin, distribution, description, botany, uses, and breeding. It notes that pea originated in the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is now widely cultivated globally. Pea is used as a fresh or processed vegetable and for dehydration, canning, and freezing. The document describes pea plant morphology and inheritance patterns. It outlines breeding objectives such as disease resistance, yield, and quality. Breeding methods including selection and hybridization are discussed. Popular varieties developed in India are mentioned.
variety
climate
plant protection
harvesting
mcq question
THIS VIDEO IS MEANT FOR UPCOMING DDA SO EXAM II ICAR JRF HORTICULTURE II LILY VARIETY II CLIMATE II SOIL II PLANT PROTECTION II HARVESTING
CHRYSANTHEMUM https://youtu.be/58tuqy_1SgY
ANTHURIUM https://youtu.be/DcbomK21Dm0
FLOWER SHOWS IN INDIA https://youtu.be/9VoTHd4qmmY
ANNUAL FLOWERS https://youtu.be/NqlQCuCbndk
SHRUBS FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/U6w6mIt8y0g
TREES FOR GARDENING https://youtu.be/xVrTnRfIi_k
FLOWER ARRANGEMENT https://youtu.be/uvT-kI_wah4
This document provides information on small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), including its introduction, constituents, uses, varieties, soil and climate requirements, botany, propagation methods, cultivation practices such as planting, aftercare, irrigation, mulching and pest management. Key points: Small cardamom is the third most expensive spice. It is native to South India. Propagation is through seeds or suckers. It requires humid, shaded conditions with ample rainfall. Major pests include thrips, shoot borers, hairy caterpillars, aphids and root grubs. Proper shade, irrigation, manuring and plant protection measures are needed to obtain optimal yields.
Safflower is an important rabi oilseed crop grown primarily in India and Mexico. The main varieties grown in India are S 144, A1, A2, and A300. Safflower is cultivated for its oil content of 28-32% and protein content of 14-19%. Maharashtra and Karnataka are the major producers of safflower in India. The crop faces pest problems from safflower aphid and diseases like Alternaria leaf spot. Breeding objectives for safflower include developing varieties with higher yields, oil content, thermo-insensitivity and resistance to pests and diseases.
This document discusses the taxonomy, origins, cultivation, and breeding of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). It begins by classifying cauliflower taxonomically and noting its introduction to India in 1822. It then discusses the origins of cauliflower and other cole crops in the Mediterranean region. The document outlines key traits that have been a focus in cauliflower breeding programs, such as curd quality, disease resistance, and climate adaptation. It also provides details on cauliflower growth phases, production trends in India, and methods for hybrid seed production.
This document discusses several major and minor insect pests that infect crucifer crops like cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. The major pests described in detail include the cabbage butterfly, diamond back moth, flea beetle, mustard sawfly, and cabbage aphid. For each pest, the document outlines their physical description, life cycle, damage caused, and potential management strategies. Minor pests that are also briefly mentioned include tobacco caterpillar, soybean hairy caterpillar, and various bugs and beetles. The document provides important information on identifying and controlling key insect threats to crucifer vegetable production.
Crossandra is a flowering plant native to tropical regions. There are approximately 40-50 species of Crossandra, but the most commercially important is C. undulaefolia. It is a short branching shrub with bright orange, salmon, or scarlet flowers. Crossandra is commonly cultivated in Southern India, especially in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It requires fertile soil and a temperature of 30-35 degrees Celsius to grow. Propagation is done through seeds for tetraploid varieties and stem cuttings for triploid varieties. Crossandra is an important crop for the garland industry due to its long-lasting flowers.
This document provides information on onion seed production including floral biology, methods, requirements, and standards. It discusses:
1) Onion flowers are protandrous, with pollen shed occurring before stigma receptivity. Cross-pollination by insects is needed for high seed yields.
2) The bulb-to-seed method is most common, involving selecting bulbs in one season for planting the next season for seed production. Care is taken to select true-to-type bulbs.
3) Seed production requires isolation distances between varieties, rogueing of off-types, and inspection to ensure varietal purity and high seed quality and yields.
- The document discusses the production technology of bulbous crops like onion and garlic. It provides details on various aspects of cultivation such as soil and climatic requirements, varieties grown in different regions of India, propagation, planting methods, manure and fertilizer application, irrigation practices, and physiological disorders. It also lists the botanical classification and importance of onion and garlic as important bulb crops in India.
Dutch rose - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
This document provides information on 6 pests that affect mango trees:
1. Mango hopper, which sucks sap from young leaves and flowers and affects fruit setting.
2. Mango stem borer, whose grub bores into and tunnels in stems, causing branches to dry up.
3. Mango fruit fly, whose maggot bores into fruit, causing rotting and fruit drop.
4. Mango stone weevil, whose grub feeds inside mango stones, discoloring nearby pulp.
5. Mango mealy bug, which sucks sap from young leaves and flowers, affecting fruit setting.
6. Bark eating caterpillar, whose larva bores into and damages
This document provides information on carrot breeding. It discusses the botany and genetics of carrots, including that they are a cross-pollinated crop with 2n=18 chromosomes. The main goals of carrot breeding are outlined, such as increasing yield, carotene content, and disease resistance. Breeding methods used include introduction, mass selection, hybrid breeding using cytoplasmic male sterility, and mutation breeding. Biotechnologies like tissue culture have also been applied to carrot breeding.
Heliconia are tropical flowering plants found near rivers and forests in moist, tropical regions below 1500 feet elevation. There are over 350 varieties that are used as cut flowers, in landscaping, and interior decorating due to their brightly colored bracts. Heliconia species are pollinated by hummingbirds and propagate through rhizomes, division, and tissue culture. They grow best with sunlight, temperatures between 21-35°C, and spacing depending on variety.
Indian spinach (Basella alba) is a popular leafy vegetable grown in tropical areas for its nutrient-rich leaves and shoots. It is high in vitamins A, C, calcium, and iron. The plant has fleshy red or green stems and leaves and is cultivated in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is used medicinally to treat constipation, headaches, and skin irritation. The crop grows best in loose, organic-rich soil and requires moderate temperatures and moisture to produce succulent leaves and stems within 8-10 weeks.
This document provides information on diseases that affect guava plants. It discusses the symptoms, characteristics, and management of major diseases like Fusarium wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii. It also covers other diseases such as fruit canker caused by Pestalotiopsis psidii, stem canker from Physalospora psidii, anthracnose from Gloeosporium psidii, and red rust from Cephaleuros virescens. It details the identification and environmental conditions that promote each disease, as well as cultural, biological and chemical control methods.
Harvesting Indices and Harvesting Techniques of Cut FlowersKarthekaThirumugam1
Harvesting indices and harvesting techniques of cut flowers are dealt in this presentation. Commercial major greenhouse cut flowers, open- field cut flowers, specialty cut flowers and minor cut flowers are discussed with appropriate pictures.
Botanical Name : Heliconia spp. (hel-I-KO-nee-a)
Family : Heliconiaceae
Order: Zingiberales
Botanical Name : Heliconia spp. (hel-I-KO-nee-a)
Family : Heliconiaceae
Order: Zingiberales
“Heliconia” refers to Mount Helicon in Greece, home to the muses, goddesses of the arts and sciences in greek mythology. The muses were said to be eternally young and beautiful, thus the name “heliconia” refers to the flowers’ long-lasting and attractive qualities.
India has potential to become a major player in the global floriculture industry due to its suitable climate and low production costs. Currently India accounts for only 0.65% of global floriculture trade. The document outlines strategies to improve India's floriculture industry such as developing new varieties suited for export markets, improving infrastructure like cold storage, and establishing more research on advanced cultivation techniques. Adopting these strategies could help India increase its share of the global floriculture trade.
importance scope and bottle necks of floriculture industry in indiaArvind Yadav
1) Floriculture has potential for economic growth in India through exports and domestic sales, but currently accounts for only 0.61% of the global floriculture sector.
2) Key opportunities for expansion include exporting flowers to international markets during their winter seasons as well as developing the domestic market in major cities.
3) However, bottlenecks like a lack of production and market data, high freight costs within India and to export markets, and insufficient research and development are currently limiting growth of the floriculture industry.
Floriculture is the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants. India has various climates suitable for floriculture and the industry has grown significantly since liberalization. West Bengal, Karnataka, and Maharashtra are the top producing states, cultivating flowers like roses, tuberoses, and carnations in open farms and greenhouses. India's floriculture exports were Rs. 455.90 crores in 2013-14, with the US, Netherlands, Germany, and UK as major importers. The government has identified floriculture as a "sunrise industry" and commercial floriculture has emerged as an important agricultural trade.
Floriculture - its status and prospects in Manipur, IndiaJeebit Singh
Status and prospects of floriculture in Manipur, a state in North Eastern India. The slides provides general information on scope, opportunity and demands of flower in the state to draw the attention of people connected with flower business to understand the marketing scenario.
Presnt status of floriculture in india.pptxNeetesh Kumar
The document discusses the floriculture industry in India. It provides an introduction to floriculture, defines it, and outlines the present status and key areas of cultivation. The top states for floriculture are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and West Bengal. Constraints include a lack of research and quality planting materials. Future strategies proposed include developing new varieties, improving cold storage, and establishing single window systems for farmers.
Handbook on floriculture and landscapingBultiEtefa
This document provides information on the classification of floricultural and landscape plants. It discusses two main classification systems:
1. Based on growth/life cycle - plants are classified as annuals, biennials, or perennials depending on whether they complete their life cycle in one, two, or multiple growing seasons.
2. Based on applications/uses - plants are classified based on how they are used, including as cut flowers, potted plants, or for landscaping purposes. Cut flowers can be fresh or non-fresh varieties.
Examples of common plants are provided for different categories, such as roses and carnations as fresh cut flowers, and ficus and dracaena as popular pot
A HANDBOOK ON FLORICULTURE And LandscapingAndrew Parish
This document provides information on the classification of floricultural and landscape plants. It discusses two main classification systems:
1. Based on growth/life cycle - plants are classified as annuals, biennials, or perennials depending on whether they complete their life cycle in one, two, or multiple growing seasons.
2. Based on applications/uses - plants are classified based on how they are used, including as cut flowers, potted plants, or for landscaping purposes. Cut flowers can be fresh or non-fresh varieties.
The document provides examples of common plant types that fall under each classification, such as roses, carnations, and orchids as cut flowers and slow-growing
Floriculture is the cultivation and management of flowers and ornamental plants. It involves growing bedding plants, houseplants, cut flowers, and more for gardens, landscaping, and floral arrangements. Floriculture is an important industry both economically and aesthetically. It generates income, employment opportunities, and adds beauty to our surroundings. Globally, the ornamental crop industry is worth over $70 billion annually, with over three lakh hectares of land under flower production worldwide. India has suitable agroclimatic conditions for growing many commercial flowers.
PROSPECT OF FLORICULTURE IN LUCKNOW DISTRICTIRJET Journal
The document discusses the prospects of floriculture in Lucknow district, India. It begins by defining floriculture as the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for direct sale, raw materials, or aesthetic purposes. It notes that floriculture can generate employment and foreign exchange. The study area is Lucknow district in Uttar Pradesh. Currently, floriculture has grown in India as an export-oriented industry, though it faces challenges around logistics, costs, and competition. The document concludes that floriculture presents opportunities to boost rural economies and offers a promising future for Indian farmers.
Present status of Floriculture industry in Tamilnadu, India & World. All other aspects of floriculture industry including merits, demerits, oppurtunities, strategies to develop, potentials, scope etc..
The document discusses the floriculture industry in India. It states that floriculture has become an important agricultural activity and export industry post globalization. India's floriculture industry is growing at 30% annually and is estimated to exceed $8 billion by 2015. Tamil Nadu leads India in area and production of flowers, accounting for 25% of the country's total production. The key flowers cultivated for domestic and export markets include roses, orchids, and traditional flowers. While the industry faces challenges like high input costs, it also provides opportunities for farmers, employment, and foreign exchange.
prospect of Value addition and its senerioJindalManisha
1. Value addition in flowers involves processing flowers to increase their economic value through methods like drying, essential oil extraction, packaging etc. This helps generate higher profits.
2. India has a large dried flower and essential oil industry. It is one of the top exporters of dried flowers, foliage and essential oils like jasmine oil globally. The key markets are USA, Europe and Asia.
3. For flowers to remain competitive globally, Indian industry needs to focus on quality enhancement, product diversification, and value-added processing to tap into growing international demand. This will help reduce losses and increase farmer income.
Floriculture has many benefits such as beautifying homes, gardens, and public spaces. It provides employment opportunities through nurseries, propagation, and plant rentals. The global floriculture industry is valued at $20-40 billion annually, with over 145 countries cultivating ornamental crops. Non-traditional countries are emerging quickly in floriculture, with the industry growing 10-15% each year. Ornamental plants offer aesthetic pleasure, employment, beautification, export income, uses in industries like cosmetics, medicine, and contributions to national economies. They are important in perfumes, cut flowers, utilizing wastelands, addressing unemployment, and developing new processing industries.
Flower Business Flourish Floriculture: A Study on Bangladesh.inventionjournals
Flower being introduced as a business item to international market by Colombia in the early eighteenth century has attracted many other countries as a means of earning foreign currencies. Flowers as business item came being into the market of Bangladesh before 1983. Over the years, this business has taken a good shape in domestic market. The study reveals that because of natural advantages. Such as fertile soil, good climate conditions and other facilities, a bright prospect of flower business and floriculture are ahead of Bangladesh. But we are being deprived of producing and marketing flowers efficiently in domestic as well as in foreign markets because of inadequate infrastructural facility, poor packaging, lack of technical knowhow in production and marketing, inefficient management system and so on. Had these problems been removed or at least minimized, Bangladesh could have earned a lot of foreign currencies as India and some other countries have been doing. This article starts with a clear focus on flower business and floriculture, objectives of the study, scope, methodology, limitations. And the later sections cover with data analyses, findings. Finally, the study has come with some suggestions to make people aware of the flower business and conclusion
This document provides information on the present status and prospects of floriculture in India. It notes that floriculture has become a profitable industry due to rising demand from increased incomes and lifestyle changes. The major flower producing states are Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Haryana. Prospects for the floriculture industry in India are strong due to factors like urbanization, international exports, and diverse climate allowing year-round production. The document also provides a classification of ornamental plants based on criteria like lifespan, season of growth, market value, plant type, and mode of propagation.
Floriculture interventions for enhancing farm incomeDrAjaiTiwari
1) Floriculture and horticulture can help enhance farmer incomes in India by providing crops that fetch higher prices than traditional food crops. Floriculture in particular has the potential to generate more income through exports, employment, and economic development in local communities.
2) New crops, production of planting materials, protected cultivation techniques, and developing the dry flower industry can further help boost farmer incomes from floriculture. Developing human resources and extending research to farmers are also important for commercializing floriculture.
3) While India's climate and soils are suitable for flower production, infrastructure like transportation and cooling need improvement, as well as extension services and platforms for farmers, to fully realize floriculture's potential for enhancing incomes
Floriculture is the cultivation and management of flowering and ornamental plants for garden display, cut flowers, potted plants, and for personal enjoyment. It involves understanding how to maximize flower bud and bloom production through optimizing plant nutrition, irrigation, lighting, and pest management. Floriculture is an important industry in Pakistan, though it currently only makes up 0.5% of the agricultural sector. It provides economic benefits through employment, exports, and industries that use cut flowers. Floriculture also has social and aesthetic importance by beautifying environments and being incorporated into cultural traditions and events. Common challenges faced by floriculturists include a lack of quality planting materials, poor post-harvest handling, and inadequate infrastructure and market support.
Use of Improved Postharvest Practices by the Flower Farmers: A Study on some ...Premier Publishers
Flower is very sensitive and highly perishable so that to enhance the vase life and quality of flower some improved postharvest technique should be practiced. The intention of this study was to determine the extent of use of postharvest practices by the flower farmers and to explore the relationships between the selected characteristics and their use of postharvest practices. Data were collected from 101 flower farmers from Jessore district by using a pretested interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, range and percentage were used to describe the variables. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was chosen as a data analysis method. The findings indicate that the highest proportion 52.48% of the farmers were the medium users while 35.64% and 11.88% were high and low users of postharvest practices respectively. Among the farmers’ eleven selected characteristics farm size, land under flower cultivation, income from flower cultivation, annual family income, loan received, Flower cultivation knowledge, training exposure and communication media contact and land under flower cultivation of the respondents had positive significant relationship with their use of postharvest practices by the flower farmers and others had non-significant relationship. So, it can be acclaimed that most of the farmers in the study area have not yet taken the improved postharvest practices.
The horticulture industry consists of the production of fruits, vegetables and flowers. In today’s world,
people are very conscious about their diet and eating habits. A busy lifestyle and stressful work culture has
pushed up the consumption of fruits and vegetables. Consequently, the sector is flourishing and opening
up new prospects of employment and research, thereby introducing a new dimension into the agriculture
sector across the world.
The document provides information on value addition in the floriculture industry in India over multiple years:
- It discusses the concept of value addition, why it is important for floriculture, and examples of value addition like essential oils, dried flowers, floral arrangements etc.
- Tables show the area under flower cultivation and production in India from 2001-2018, demonstrating growth.
- Prerequisites, global scenarios, and the Indian scenario of value addition in floriculture are outlined. Various avenues and technologies for value addition are described.
- Indigenous plants used in value addition like dried flowers, essential oils, dyes, pharmaceuticals etc. are listed with examples.
Similar to current status of cut flower business in kathmandu (20)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
current status of cut flower business in kathmandu
1. PRESENT STATUS OF CUT FLOWER
BUSINESS IN KATHMANDU: A CASE STUDY
Submitted to:
Prof. D. D. Dhakal, PhD.
Department of Horticulture
IAAS, PG Campus, Kirtipur, Nepal.
Submitted by:
Shankar Paudel
R-2013-HRT-5M
Department of Horticulture
IAAS, PG Campus, Kirtipur, Nepal.
April, 2014
Table of contents
2. 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Objectives............................................................................................................................................2
2. Literature review.......................................................................................................................................3
2.1 World scenario of cut flower production............................................................................................3
2.2 National scenario ................................................................................................................................3
3. Material and Method................................................................................................................................4
4. RESULT AND DISCUSION ...........................................................................................................................5
4.1 Result ..................................................................................................................................................5
4.1.1 Production of cut flower..............................................................................................................5
4.1.2 Post harvest practices..................................................................................................................7
4.1.3 Marketing of cut flowers:.............................................................................................................8
4.1.4 Problems faced by Growers, Wholesaler and Retailer ..............................................................11
4.2 Discussion..........................................................................................................................................11
4.2.1 Prospects of cut flower in Nepal................................................................................................12
4.2.2 Export of cut flowers..................................................................................................................13
4.2.3 Requirement for the promotion of cut flower business............................................................14
5. Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................15
References
Annex
3. PRESENT STATUS OF CUT FLOWER BUSINESS IN KATHMANDU: A
CASE STUDY
Abstract
The study was carried out to give the figure of cut flower in Kathmandu.
This study was conducted by surveying of cut flower growers, wholesalers
and retailers with face to face interview method. Floriculture business is
expanding within the country and have important role in transferring
income from rich people and institute to low income people. About 635
Nursery/flora farms are existed in 36 districts. There are 5 wholesalers
and 60 regular retailers exist in present conditions. About 16 crores
annual turnoverof cut flower is recorded in 2069/70 which quite high than
previous years. It began with annual turnover of 0.22 crores in 1993/94.
Annual turnover in 2005/06 and 2008/09 was 2 crores and 3.5 crores
respectively. Cut flower business in Nepal is concentrated in Kathmandu
valley. Main cut flowers are; gladiolus, carnation, rose, gerbera which
are all round the year in Nepalese market while other are tulip, calendula,
statice, Lisianthus, orchid, tuberose, alstromeria etc. These are used in
many propose like in festivals, occasion and ceremony. The demand of cut
flower is increases year by year due to many causes like change in
culture, official habit, urbanization and awareness. Prospects of cut
flower business is high in country due to many causes like high demand,
high agro-ecological biodiversity, cheap labor and increasing tourist
destination along with increasing support of government floriculture
sectors through floriculture promotion policy 2069. Though, the cut flower
business is increasing in country, export of cut flower in foreign market is
negligible. For the export of cut flower Nepalese entrepreneur should care
on high quality, high quantity, continuity of supply and in competitive
price. For the promotion floriculture government should be there to help
entrepreneurs and they should go together.
Key words: cut flowers, growers, wholesaler, retailer, consumer,
Kathmandu
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
4. 2
Flowers are important part of human’s life from aesthetic to ornamental and environmental
point of view included in branch of horticulture called floriculture. Floriculture business
includes the production and trade of cut flowers, cut flowers, cut foliage, potted plants and
bedding plant. Floriculture business is the emerging business in Nepal and it is found to be
one of the major sectors to transfer income from high income group to low income group
(FAN, 2013a). Cut flower business is the emerging business and played significant role in
floriculture development. With the abundant biodiversity and various ecological zones Nepal
has very much potentiality of growing flower across the country.
Cut flower is part of plant characteristically including the bloom or inflorescence and some
attach part but not including root and soil which is cut from the plant bearing it. It has most
aesthetic value and religious value with other important aspect. Fresh cut flowers are used for
decorative purposes such as vase arrangement, wreaths and garland. In Nepal, fresh flower
mainly used in occasion like wedding ceremony, festivals, worship and other religious and
ritual activities. Fresh flowers are arranged in different form like bouquet, bunch, and basket
arrangement. These are used for gift purpose on occasion such as Valentine’s Day, Mother
Day, New Year, Christmas, Birthday ceremony, wedding ceremony etc. In Nepal, main cut
flowers grown are Gladiolus, Roses, Carnations, Gerbera, Tuberose, Statice, Lisianthus,
Calendula, Cymbidium Orchid, Chrysanthemum, Aster, Lily, Anthurium, Bird of Paradise,
tulips, etc.
There is tremendous growth of cut flower along with some seasonal flower and seed,
ornamental plant landscaping gardening. The export of flower increasing steadily where as
the import has been slow down. Floriculture business in Nepal is centralized in Kathmandu
Valley. The elevation and topographical condition of Kathmandu valley has been considered
suitable and as representative for carnation production in Nepal. Kathmandu Valley is located
in between 27° 28’ to 27°42' N latitude and 85°22' to 85°30' E longitude. Soil is also
favorable for the production of cut flower in Kathmandu. The production sites are located in
between the altitude of 1500-1550 meter above mean sea level (FAN).
Cut flower business is an important sector which can contribute to development of country by
many ways. Mainly people involved in this sector are low-income group of people like labor,
small growers and small entrepreneurs. So, this sector can directly help in transferring
income from a group of rich classes and institutions to low income groups and thereby play a
crucial part in poverty reduction and directly contributes to better living and environment. On
the other hand, it is an export potential industry and helps to earn foreign currency. Nepal as a
tourist destination has good market opportunity for cut flower. Floriculture business can
utilize the agro- biodiversity and helps in continuous employment and income generation.
1.2 Objectives
• To find out the general trend of cut flower business in Kathmandu
• To assess the production of cut flowers in Kathmandu
• To identify the problems of related sectors of cut flowers
5. 3
• To assess the prospects of cut flower business and export potentiality
2. Literature review
2.1 World scenario of cut flower production
The international trade of cut flower is a blooming industry with an average annual growth of
6% and an estimated global trade volume more than $ 100 billion. Europe is the major market
for cut flower and foliage. The main importers in world are Germany, the UK, the USA, the
Netherlands, France, Japan and Italy. The top five exporters are the Netherlands, Colombia,
Ecuador, Kenya and Israel. In export value the Dutch have a significant lead (Wijnanda,
2005). The main varieties of cut flowers grown are roses, gladiolus, carnation, and
chrysanthemum. Roses strongly dominate the floriculture sector in most countries. The
Netherlands is the biggest European producers of cut flowers and foliage and plays key role
in the distribution of flowers around the continent. Major consumer markets are Germany
(22%), the United States (15%), France (10%), the United Kingdom (10%), the Netherland
(9%), Japan (6%), Italy (5%) and Switzerland (5%) (Wikipedia, 2014).
Total exports of fresh cut flowers and foliage by all EU countries amounted to around
€.8billionin 2012 (intra- and extra-EU trade). Europe imports most of its flower from Africa,
with Kenya in the lead followed by Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Uganda. The
Netherlands is the biggest exporter of cut flowers, with a total value of €3.1billion exported
mainly to the European market (2012). Ecuador has becomes in recent years the leading
south American rose producer and it is known through the world for its high quality large
headed roses due to altitude.
2.2 National scenario
Cut flower business is mainly centralized in Kathmandu than other city. But trend of cut
flower is expanding in other city like Pokhara, Narayangadh, Hetauda, Biratnagar, Dharan,
Dhangadi etc. (FAN Souvnier, 2014). The localization of business in Kathmandu is due to
access to consumer orientation and favorable natural condition. Another opportunity is there
are many consumers with sufficient purchasing power. The existence of large star hotel,
corporate office and national and international business house encourage the establishment of
cut flower business in Kathmandu rather than other city (Gauchan et al., 2009).
Floriculture industry is expanding in country. About 635 Nursery/flora farms are existed in
36 districts. In this sector about 40,000 people are engaged. Among these 5,000 people are
directly employed, 20,000 dependent in those employed and 15,000 are indirectly employed.
In cut flower Nepal is becoming self reliant in cut flower. Total annual turnover from the
flower in 2069/70 is 105.32. Total export of 10.96 and total import of 4 crores recorded.
About 16 crores annual turnover is recorded in 2069/70 which quite high than previous years.
It began with annual turnover of 0.22 crores in 1993/94. Annual turnover in 2005/06 and
2008/09 was 2 crores and 3.5 crores respectively. This shows that cut flower business is in
progressive way.
6. 4
Floriculture in Nepal began some seven decades ago but formal business began only in the
early nineties. Formation of FAN resulted in more organized business (Pun, 2014). For the
promotion of cut flower business the FAN(Floriculture Association Nepal) was established in
collaboration with AEC(Agroenterprise center) in 15th
November 1992 with 10 founder
member. FAN focused on organizing and participating the traders of related business.
Promotional activities are organizing and participating in trade fairs and exhibitions, study
tours and observational visits, conducting market research and analysis. Basic aim of this
organization is to promote floriculture business in Nepal (FAN Souvenirs, 2014).
Floriculture business in Nepal is relatively new one which has shown its remarkable
development in last twelve years of organized efforts (Oli, 2004). From the study of buying
behavior of Nepalese consumer of cut flower, it is found that there is great rise in the
consumption of cut flower in Kathmandu (Shrestha et al., 2009).
3. Material and Method
This section includes the different tools and techniques of research process such as selection
of study area, methods and techniques of data collection and data management in the report.
These outlines are briefly discussed below
Site selection
There were many nurseries in Kathmandu but these were scatter over the Kathmandu valley
so site was selected within a valley.
Primary data collection
During the study different nursery, whole seller and retailer of cut flower were visited. Three
different nurseries namely Kumari Flora Pvt. Ltd, Paknajol; Rakshya Nursery, Maharajgunj
and Abloom Flora Farm, Chitwan were studied. Similarly, two wholesaler of Kathmandu
valley namely United Flora Pvt. Ltd. and Global Flora Pvt. Ltd. were studied. To study the
value of cut flower survey conducted in retailers of different places viz Desigen’s Flower
and Gift Shop, Kamaladi; Lucky Fresh Flower, Maharajgunj; Rakshya flora, Maharajgunj
etc.
Secondary data collection
For this study different data available in FAN (Floriculture Association Nepal) were
consulted. Similarly, needed information was consulted on different literature like journal,
articles, booklets, magazine and available material in internet.
Technique of data collection and analysis
Questionnaire with face-face interview method to study the nursery of cut flower grower and
check list was used to collect information from retailer, whole seller and FAN. Secondary
data were collected through study of different articles, journal, books, booklets, records. Data
7. 5
which are collected through these techniques are presented in table, graph etc and discussion
was done based on the information and experience of related persons.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSION
4.1 Result
4.1.1 Production of cut flower
4.1.1.1 Main cut flowers
In Kathmandu mostly grown cut flower are Gladiolus, Carnation, Rose, Gerbera, Lisianthus,
Calendula, tuberose, Alstromeria, statice, Orchid,etc. Among these Gladiolus comes to first
in production and demand followed by carnation and rose. Production of gladiolus is high in
other districts like Chitwan, Makwanpur, Dhading, Kabhre etc. Production of orchid is very
few and cannot fulfill the demand. This is imported from Thailand. In Kathmandu production
of carnation is high as compared to other. Gladiolus, Carnation, Rose and Gerbera are the
main cut flower available year round in Kathmandu. Gladiolus, Tuberose and local rose are
grown in open field while Dutch rose, carnation and gerbera are grown under covered area.
4.1.1.2 Planting material
Planting material of different cut flower should import from different country. For carnation
tissue culture plantlets are used first and then for next season cutting is used. Tissue cultured
plants are imported from Spain and India. Similarly, Gerbera is propagated through tissue
culture and imported from other country. Gladiolus is propagated through bulbs which
produced within a country and some important varieties imported from Japan, Holannd.
Calendula, Statice, Lisianthus etc. are propagated by seed. Alstromeria recently used in trail
by Kumari Flora is propagated by tissue culture plant. Floriculture Co-Operative imports
planting material like seed, cutting, budding/grafting from other country and distribute to
many growers. Kumari Nursery also do the same work from private sectors. This nursery also
produces different types of seed for flowers and ornamental plant. Price of planting materials
different with different plant. Planting material for different plant is different and in Nepal
growers used following material.
Table: planting material and cost of planting material
S.N. Name of cut flowers Planting material Cost
1. Gladiolus Bulbs 5-6 per bulbs
2. Dutch rose Grafted plant 150 per plant
3. Carnation Tissue cultured plant 30 per plant
4. Gerbera Cutting
5. Tuberose Bulbs 4 per bulb
6. Calendula Seed 1 per seed
7. Statice Seed 3 per seed
8. Lasianthus Seed 3 per seed
8. 6
Varieties: main varieties of cut flower grown in Nepal are given in table below,
Table: varieties of different cut flower grown in Nepal
S.N. Name of Cut
flower
Varieties
1. Gladiolus American Beauty, Cendiman, Interpret, Wedding bucket
2. Rose Dutch rose and Tata local rose (types of rose)
3. Carnation Standard (1 stick contain 1 flower), Spray (1 stick contain many)
4. Gerbera Mini (high no. small size), standard (less no. large size)
5. Tuberose Double variety
6. Calendula Crown orange and yellow gold
4.1.1.3 Fertilizer and manure used in the field:
Use of fertilizer is differs with different growers. Compost manure and poultry manure are
used by some grower as a main sources while NPK use from urea, DAP and potash by others
farmers. According to farmer practices generally 40:20:20 in first stage, 20:30:20 in second
stage and 10:10:20 NPK in third stage/flowering stage is done in carnation. Fertilizers are
applied split dose according to stage of growth and requirement in other types of cut flowers.
Along with these fertilizers liquid fertilizer/ multiplex is used. Bone meal also used but
grower experienced mite’s problem in carnation. As liquid fertilizer contains all type of
essential material it helps to maintain quality.
4.1.1.4 Irrigation
Drip irrigation is used by most of farmers and in some cases flooded method is used where
excess water is available. Though the initial cost of construction or arrangement of drip
irrigation is high, it is benefited in lateral stage. It saves the labor cost and water cost by using
less most efficiently. Approximately Rs. 150000 is required to set drip irrigation channel for
6 ropani land. Operation cost of irrigation for 15 Bigha is estimated about Rs. 2,00,000 for
gladiolus in Chitwan.
4.1.1.5 Yield
Yield of cut flower depends on various factors like varieties, season, and cultivation
practices. Some fluctuation found among the growers in yield like no. of stick per plant, time
productive life etc. Based on information provided by grower, yield of different cut flower
are given below in table,
S.N. Name of cut flower No. of
plant
No. of stick per
plant per year
Total yield
1. Gladiolus 6250 0.8 5,000
2. Carnation 1700 25 42,500
3. Gerbera 5000 20 1,00,000
5. Calendula 5000 10 50,000
6. Statice 1000 10 10,000
7. Rose 22500
9. 7
8. Tuberose 7500
4.1.2 Post harvest practices
Currently, except for few organized, many small farmers do not practice any scientific post
harvest operations. Harvested products are immediately taken to local markets. In both
wholesale outlets and retail shops, the spikes are placed in buckets with normal water. There
is no specific post harvest facility in the wholesale market. Only one wholesale (Global Flora
Pvt. Ltd.) of cut flower has cold store in Kathmandu.
Grading: Grading isn’t generally practiced by farmers. Most of growers think grading is not
necessary in local market. But there are some standards to grade the high quality. For e.g.
Standard variety of carnation requires 1 m length and spray variety require 45 cm
inflorescence length. Similarly in case of rose, rose should be bud stage. Generally grading is
done on the basis size and no. of spike in gladiolus. Categories of gladiolus on the basis of
length as given, 60-70 cm, 70-90 cm, 90-100 cm, 90-100 cm and 100-110 cm. Size of bundle
is different for domestic market and Delhi market as information given by Abloom flora
Farm. For domestic market one bunch contains 50 spikes while for Delhi market it is 24 per
bundle.
Packing/packaging: It is differs with different plant. No advances type of packaging
practices found in Nepal as all are produces for domestic market. Mostly carnation,
gladiolus, rose, astromeria, calendula, Lisianthus are packed in similar way. These are
wrapped with newspaper. One bundle content generally 20 stick. This bundle is wrapped by
newspaper. Putting 5 bundles together in one whole bundle formed. Gerbera packaging is
slightly different. The inflorescence part is put in a plastic cup to avoid the loss of petal and
packed same as above given flowers.
Storage: Cut flowers are highly perishable goods and cannot be stored for longer period of
time. If proper care is not taken post harvest loss will be high. So, cooling system is required
to preserve flower for longer period of time and fetch high price in main season of demand.
Mostly wholesalers and retailers keep cut flower in bucket containing fresh water. Sucrose
solution is only when cut flowers have to keep for longer period of time. In Nepal, only one
cold storage is conducted in Global Flora Pvt. Ltd. in Kathmandu Plaza. FAN (Floriculture
Association Nepal) assist Global Flora whole sell shop to keep cold storage as a trial one year
ago. In this cold store, temperature (4-6˚C) as well as humidity (80-90%) is maintained.
Mainly flower are preserved in off season of demand. For instance cut or fresh flower are
preserved in Chaitra 15-20 for on-season Baishakh which is wedding season. This cooling
system/cold store preserved flower up to 15-20 days according to nature of flower. Orchid
and Carnation can be preserved up to 20-25 days. One lakh flower can be stored in a time.
Load shading is biggest problem to conduct cold store. In retailer, some important fresh
flower and bead, bouquet, bunches are keep in refrigerator for short period of time.
10. 8
4.1.3 Marketing of cut flowers:
Kathmandu is the main market for cut flower in Nepal. There are number of wholesaler,
retailer, and consumer in Kathmandu. The following pie-chart shows the situation of cut
flowers market in different districts of Nepal as data provided by FAN.
Fig. members of FAN for cut flowers in different districts
4.1.3.1 Marketing Channel
Marketing channel is a set of practices or activities necessary to transfer the ownership of
goods and to move good from grower to consumers. In Nepal generally growers make
available their produce in wholesale and retailers buys from wholesale and sell to consumers.
Wholesale is also responsible to import cut flower in peak demand period when domestic
product cannot fulfill demand. Similarly, export to India and other country is done by
wholesale market. Consumes buy cut flower from retailers and also order retailer if they
required high amount of fresh flower in occasion like wedding ceremony. Some institutions
which are regular consumer like hotel order cut flower in wholesale also.
Export Institutions
Grower Wholesaler Retailer Individuals (consumers)
Import
Fig: Marketing channel of cut flower in Kathmandu
28
23
10
5
3
8
Kathmandu
Lalitpur
Bhaktapur
Chitwan
Kavre
other
11. 9
4.1.3.2 Wholesale market
Wholesalers are those who involved in transaction of large volume of cut flower. Wholesale
markets are only exists in Kathmandu and 6 in number. These wholesale markets are
operated by private sectors. United Flora Pvt. Ltd., Global Flora Pvt. Ltd., Flora Nepal Pvt.
Ltd., Bagmati Flora Pvt. Ltd are major markets. Among the wholesale market United Flora
Pvt. Ltd. is the largest wholesale market located in Tripureswar, Kathmandu followed by
Global Flora Pvt. Ltd. located in Tripureswor and Kathmandu Plaza. Wholesale markets are
responsible for the marketing of cut flower in Nepal. They involve in collection of flowers
from growers and supply to retailer. Wholesale market of cut flowers in Nepal acts as a
commission agent which sells cut flower and keeps some commission generally 10%.
Wholesale shops are not responsible for the transportation of cut flower. Wholesale markets
are the link between grower and retailer. All the cost required to bring cut flower from field
to wholesale should bear by growers. Wholesale stored cut flower until sell. Price will be
fixed on wholesale shop based on the demand and supply. Wholesale market play significant
role in marketing of cut flower. So, marketing is not much problem for grower. They have
secure wholesale market. There is account pay system in united flora and Global flora. United
pays to grower in every week and Global pays in every 15 days through bank account.
4.1.3.3 Retailers
Retailers are those people who sell small quantity of cut flowers to consumers. There are
many retailers in Kathmandu valley participate in the market and collect items of their
interest for further value addition. Value addition is done by making different items like
bouquet, bunch, basket decoration, bead etc. Retailers are ordered for car decoration, house
decoration by consumer in occasion like wedding ceremony. About 60 regular retailers of cut
flowers are existing in Kathmandu valley. Mainly available cut flowers in retailers are
gladiolus, carnation, rose, gerbera, tuberose, statice, lisianthus, orchid, marigold,
chrysanthemum (seasonal), lily(imported from India), sweetwillium etc.
4.1.3.4 Price of cut flower
Prices of cut flowers and other floriculture products in Nepalese market are determined based
on the seasons, demand and supply. Lack of proper post-harvesting knowledge and facilities
and unscientific storage system have constrained in ensuring stability in prices and proper
returns to the growers. Often seasonal demand cannot be fulfilled by the domestic supplies
and entrepreneurs import from India. On many occasions growers have to lose and for the
lack of demand flowers are thrown to garbage. One of the grower said that he could not sell
his gladiolus even in Rs. 5 in the month Jestha. Proper farm management and production
scheduling to match the market requirements have also become a crucial factor to the
growers. . For the lack of information price of a product is determined only after it arrives at
wholesale or retail counter in the market. In Nepal, price of cut flower is determined in
wholesale based on demand and supply. Wholesaler forecast the price according to demand
of regular and constant retailer and occasional demand by hotel, restaurant etc. Price also
forecast according to the supply of cut flower from grower. Grower finds his price only after
sell of his product by wholesale. Wholesalers have their grower member and regular retailer,
accordingly price is fixed in market. But none of organization has taken steps to devise
12. 10
information system for floriculture products. Price of cut flower in retailer was found slightly
variation in different shop during the study.
Table: wholesale price of different cut flowers in 2005 and 2014
S.N. Name of flowers Price per stick
2005 2014
1. Gladiolus 4.45 8
2. Carnation 5.37 12
3. Rose 7 9
4. Gerbera 3 12
Source: Field survey and FAN
Table: retail price of different flowers in 2005 and 2014
S.N. Name of flowers Price
2005 2014
1. Gladiolus 8.5 15
2. Carnation 15.5 17
3. Rose 14 20
4. Gerbera 15.5 17
5. Tuberose 9.75 20
Source: Field survey and FAN
Price of other cut flowers in retail market are, sunflower- Rs. 20/ stick, lily- Rs. 150/stick,
orchid- Rs. 45, Sweetwillium- Rs. 60 etc.
4.1.3.5 Consumers
Cut flowers are mainly used by office, bank, hotel, travels, home use, diplomatic mission,
individuals in festivals and occasion. Consumption trend of cut flowers in Kathmandu
according to the demand in recent years is given below,
Table: Consumption trend of cut flowers
Market Segments Trends for the last 2 years
Officials Increasing
Foreign diplomats and mission Constant
Hotels Increasing
Restaurants Constants
Wedding Receptions Increasing (Blooming)
Special occasions (Traditional, religions) Increasing
Welcome, Farewell and similar other Increasing
13. 11
events
Birth, Death and other personal programs Increasing
Source: Interviews with the Flower Retailers
4.1.4 Problems faced by Growers, Wholesaler and Retailer
There are many problem faced by growers, wholesaler and retailers in cut flower business.
Some of the problems are lack of loan and subsidy, lack of technical manpower, problem in
transportation, lack of cold storage, load shading, low production technology etc. the
problem indicated by different stake holder of cut flower business during the study are
mentioned below,
Problems experienced by grower:-
Disease and pest problem is the main problem.
Manpower related to floriculture and cut flowers are very few and problem related to this
like disease pest are some time unsolved.
Due to the lack of advance training on cut flower production, harvesting, packaging and
handling, grower are getting loss.
Lack of loan and subsidy from government.
Weak shade house and use of low technology.
Fluctuation in demand and supply is main problem in case of marketing.
Post harvest loss of cut flower.
Problems experienced by wholesaler:-
Lack of space is main problem in Kathmandu. As fresh flower are bulky and required
large space, it became a problem.
High rent value
Poor infrastructure
Barrier in operating and expanding the business as they have no own building.
Problems of retailer:-
Loss during packaging and handling. About 20-30 sticks among 100 are seen break or
bend when taken from the wholesale. It is due to lack of knowledge about the post harvest
handling.
Post harvest loss occurs due to improper handling during transportation. Tight tide of cut
flowers in cycle and motor cycle, cause breaking of cut flowers in retail market.
Retailers have to sell their product within a weak otherwise they accrued loss as they lack
cold store.
Fluctuation in price is also problem realize by some retailer etc.
4.2 Discussion
This section deals with some aspects related with cut flower business in Nepal based on the
information provided by persons related with cut flower and from the review of literature.
14. 12
4.2.1 Prospects of cut flower in Nepal
Dictionary meaning of prospects means the potential things that may come to pass, often
favorable or hope. Cut flower business in Nepal increases year by year as explain above,
this increasing business also show the higher prospects of cut flower business. There are
some reasons which show the prospects of cut flower in Nepal which are given below,
a. Increasing demand of cut flower
Demand of cut flower is increasing in the country. There may be many reasons to explain
this sentence. Some reason like change in culture, change in official habits, urbanization,
tourism sectors development etc might be major reasons. With the modernization,
awareness and globalization there is change in culture. Now a day for formality and fashion
people mostly used cut flowers as a gift. In addition to worship of god, people used flower
for different ceremonies like birthday, wedding ceremonies, in death, to meet patient,
reception to guest or for welcome, farewell, and other party. For the decoration of house,
room, car in wedding ceremony most of cut flower demanded. Similarly with globalization,
Nepalese are interested in western culture. Nepalese now days celebrate western festival
like Christmas, valentine day, new year etc. In this festival, demand of cut flower is very
high. Rose is consider as the symbol of love and its demand is much high in valentine day.
In Christmas day along with the Christmas plant fresh cut flower are demanded for garland
purpose. Along with these festival use of cut flower is increasing in national big festival
like Daishain, Tihar, Chhath etc.
Urbanization is one of the causes which increases the demand of cut flower. With the
urbanization there is less space for natural pleasure. So, people are attracted toward fresh
flower and natural things. Awareness in people is upgrading in recent year and this has
positive impacts on demand of cut flower. Official habits in different office in country are
going to change and people use fresh flower gift for welcome, farewell. Also fresh flower
are used to decorate their office. Another reason for increasing demand may be due to
expanding tourism sectors including hotels etc. Hotels are the constant and regular
consumer of cut flower.
This increasing demand of cut flower shows the ample scope for cut flower business in
country. Still the demand of domestic market is not fulfill by the domestic product. Many
hotels and traders import cut flower from India and other country. If domestic production is
high import will be substituted.
b. High Agro-climatic diversity and biodiversity
Nepal can utilize the higher agro-ecological diversity for the production of cut flower.
Nepal’s climate and abundant sunlight, appropriate soil and adequate quantities of water are
some benefits for cut flower production. All types of flower can be produce in the country.
Production is possible all round the year. For instance gladiolus can be produced in summer
season in Kathmandu while in Terai it is produced in winter. So gladiolus can be produced all
round the year in country. This shows the higher prospects of cut flower business.
15. 13
c. Government supports for floriculture
Floriculture Promotion Policy 2069, which was approved by Government of Nepal in 2069-
8-29. The main goal of this policy is to increase production of flower and ornamental
produce and expanding floriculture business for creating employment opportunities,
imports substitution and export promotion by utilizing agro-biodiversity. This policy
accepts floriculture business as other business. So, governmental support in floriculture
business is increasing. This policy encourages foreign investment in Nepal in floriculture
business.
d. Utilization of cheap labor
Comparatively labor cost is low in Nepal as compared to other developed country. This can
be one opportunity for foreigner to invest in Nepal as well for Nepalese investor. Now
expert believe that the production focus has moved from traditional growers to countries
where the climate are better and labor cost is lower. For instance, the Netherland has
already sifted attention from flower production to trade and new center of flower
production are Kenya, Colombia, Ethiopia, India etc. We can attract them in Nepal, for
investment.
e. Export potentialities
Nepal is a 147th
member of WTO since 2004. As a member of WTO it has much
opportunity in world market for export. By the utilization of abundant diversity and modern
technology Nepal can compete in world market.
4.2.2 Export of cut flowers
Though, floriculture business expanding in the country it could not export cut flower in
foreign markets. The demand of cut flower in golf country like Dubai, UAE, Malaysia and
Bangladesh is high. Nepal could not fulfill their demand. Even the country could not fulfill
the domestic demand in high demand period; it show further challenging for export. For
better export of cut flower four factors are realized by entrepreneur of cut flower business.
They are,
Quality
Quantity
Continuity or regularity
price
They are high quality, large quantity, regularity or continuity and competitive price. Quality
is a first pre-requisite for export. Cut flowers should meet the international standards in
grading, packing and packaging, sanitary and phytosanitary measures etc. These four
requirements should meet at once for sustainable export. Foreigner demand high quality
product which meet the international standards, high volume which fulfill the demand, with
16. 14
regularity in competitive price. In present context it is very difficult to meet these entire
requirements in Nepal. Nepalese floriculture industry is running in low technology with low
investment. Even if we meet one criterion, another criteria becomes unfavorable. Quality
can meet but quantity will less and costs will high which could not compete in international
market. If producer only focused on quantity; quality and continuity will be unfavorable. It
is most challenging to meet these entire four requirements at a time. So, Nepal is failed to
export in international market.
For the international market, ornamental plants require facility to grow up on specific
media (out of soil). Nepalese growers have not so far practiced growing up in such media.
Moreover, entering to international market, need adequate knowledge on technicalities and
rules, regulations, standards and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) requirements. Nepalese
entrepreneurs have to be conscious in adopting scientific post-harvest practices that are
crucial to retain flowers and other products fresh for a longer time. In particular,
international market requires cut flowers harvesting at specific stages and have to be fed by
10 percent sucrose in bacteria free water for 12 hours. After this flowers should be kept in
cooling storage for minimum of 20 hours in a temperature of 2 to 4o
C and 75 to 80 percent
RH. Even the grading and packaging should be done in cooling area. Delivery van, waiting
lounge in airport and storage area and the air cargo boxes also need the specified cooling
system. Without these proper procedures, products are not accepted in the international
market and this could be one of the most challenging issues for Nepal, in its attempt to
target overseas markets.
4.2.3 Requirement for the promotion of cut flower business
Cut flower business is emerging business in Nepal but still it required some condition for
success. Some requirements for production to marketing are realized by entrepreneur.
According to Liemt (2000), successfully growing flowers requires:
1. Good physical conditions: high light intensity, abundant water, clean soil (or the use of
hydroponics), good climate.
2. Appropriate seeds and planting material.
3. Capital for investments and working capital.
4. Productive and skilled labour.
5. Expertise in growing techniques.
6. Good management and organizations.
7. Pesticides and other chemicals.
8. Energy for heating.
9. Infrastructure.
17. 15
10. Quality consciousness all along the production and post-harvest chain. Cut flowers have
a highly perishable nature and the deterioration starts at the moment of harvesting.
These are some requirement related to the production but for the market potentiality further
items are required. Liemt listed some items as given below,
11. Adequate logistic structure for exporting.
12. Adequate supply chain infrastructure, including post-harvest treatments and a network
of supplying industry.
13. Knowledge of the destination markets, especially the consumers’ preferences and their
dynamics. Emotion is one of the main attributes of flowers. Fashion trends or crazes are of
importance for, for instance, the type and colour of flowers.
14. Knowledge of strengths and weaknesses compared to the competitors.
15. Knowledge infrastructure has to be innovative and responsive to the requirements of the
destination markets.
16. Meeting the international trade standards. For propagation inputs (nursery stocks or
seeds) acceptance of the Union International pour la Protection des obtentions Vegetables
(UPOV) regulations is highly desirable. An adequate phytosanitary control system in the
production country is necessary for exporting.
For the promotion of cut flower business in Nepal, entrepreneurs demanded following
items,
Loan and subsidy
Research on breeding, greenhouse technique, post harvest handling, growing
technique and economics and marketing
Effective extension, education and training
Effective implementation of floriculture promotion policy
Cold storage in TIA(Tribhuvan International Airport)
Infrastructure like road, electricity, irrigation facility
For the fulfillment of these requirements government and private sectors should work
together.
5. Conclusion
For the development of floriculture industry and cut flower promotion government should be
there. The role of research and extension can work closely with private sector as so as to
improve the product and make it more competitive. Nepal has a tremendous potentiality and
18. 16
possibility for cut flower business. Floriculture business is expanding but still failed to export
in foreign market. Main cause for failure may be Cut flower industry is running on low
production technology and should go for high tech. From government site effective research
and extension are needed. Government and private sectors should work closely for the
promotion of floriculture.
References:
FAN. 2013. Floriculture 2nd
International Flora Expo 2014, Souvenir. Floriculture
Association Nepal, Kathmandu.
Floriculture Association Nepal (FAN). 2013. Short Study Packaging and Handling Method of
Cut Flowers Using Different Techniques, Final Report. Floriculture Association Nepal/
Project for Agriculture Commercialization and Trade(PACT), Kathmandu, Nepal.
Gauchan, D. P.; A. R. Pokherel; M. Pratap & P. Lama. 2009. Current status of cut flower
business in Nepal. Kathmandu university journal of science, engineering and
Technology.5:87-98
OZY Magazine. 2014. Global flower trade. OZY Magazine. Available In:
www.ozy.com/acumen/global-flower-trade/6438.article. Retrieved on: 2014/4/11
Pun, U. 2013. Two Decades of Floriculture Journey in Nepal. In: Souvenir on Floriculture
2nd
International Flora Expo 2014. Floriculture Association Nepal (FAN), Kathmandu,
Nepal. Pp.32-35
Wijanands, J. 2005. Sustainable International Network in the Floriculture Industry, Bridging
Emperical finding and theoretical approach. Scriptia Horticulturae, Number 2.
International Society for Horticultural Science
Wikipedia. 2014. Cut flower. Retrived April 23, 2014, from www.wikepedia.org/wiki/cut-
flowers
Shrestha, E., J.B. Tamang, L.N. Gaire, and U. K. Pun. 2009. What is the Buying behavior of
Nepalese consumers on cut flowers or its products? In: Souvenir on floriculture Trade
Fair-2009. Floriculture Association Nepal (FAN), Kathmandu, Nepal. Pp.1-3
Oli, P. 2004. Post harvest system for cut flower. In: Souvenir on floriculture Trade fair-2004.
Floriculture Association Nepal (FAN), Kathmandu, Nepal. Pp.1-3.
19. Annex
Cut flower growers (Member of FAN)
S.N. Name of nursery Owner Address
1. Parijat Nursery Rajendra Rai Barikhel Godawari, Lalitpur,
Nepal
2. Honkey Rai & Sons Honkey Rai Kathmandu, Nepal
3. The Standard Nursery Suresh Bhakta
Shrestha
Sai Marg Basbari, Kathmandu
4. Flora Nepal Pvt. Ltd Chandra Kumar
Golchha
Golchha House, Ganabal,
Kathmandu
5. Everest Floriculture Pvt.
Ltd.
Madhu Sudan
Achraya
Maitighar, Kathmandu
6. Pakhrin Nursery Deepak Pakhrin Meghauli, Chitwan
7. - Man Dhoj Thapa Chhalnakhel V.D.C.-6,
Kathmandu
8. Gai Goath Farm Minerwa Bista Kathmandu, Nepal
9. Rudyn Agri Flora Nepal
pvt. Ltd.
Naresh Pradhan Jamsikhel, Lalitpur
10. New B.S. Flower Nursery Mohan Bikram
Silwal
Bunagamati-9, Lalitpur, Nepal
11. - Narayan Sharma Ratnanagar-8, Chitwan, Nepal
12. Annapurna Agriculture and
Research Center
Lok Nath Gaire Bhuwanbast, Chitwan
13. Women in Floriculture Sabanam Shrestha Kamaladi, Kathmandu
14. Adrasha Nursery Ram Badal Shah Ramananda chowk, Janakpur
15. Flora Friends Raju Shahi Chabahil, Kathmandu
16. Green Plants Farm Tapas Thapa Lokanthali, Bhaktapur
17. Green Orchid Nursery Deepak Chandra
Rai
Godabari, Lalitpur
18. Micro Plants Nepal Pvt.
Ltd.
Yadav
karmacharya
Sanepa, Lalitpur
19. Kumari Flora Pvt. Ltd. Prabindra
Maharjan
Paknajol, Kathmandu
20. ---- Tanka Bahadur
Rai
Bhaisepati Saibu-1, Lalitpur
21. Binayak Flora Farm Nanda Lal
Shrestha
Balaju, Kathmandu
22. Chitwan Floriculture and
Research Center
Neelam Shrestha Bharatpur, Chitwan
23. Cut Flower Grower Kabiram Basnet Sipadol VDC-2, Bhaktapur
24. SIAM Floritech (Nepal) Mandir Shrestha Kathmandu, Nepal
25. Bagalamukhi Nursery Sagar Lal Mulmi Jawalakhel, Lalitpur
26. Bagmati Flora(p) Ltd. Sanjeeb Karki Kathmandu Plaza, Kamaladi,
Kathmandu
27. Suman Brothers and Sons Uma Shankar
Pokhrel
Jhamsikhel, Lalitpur
28. Scott Sunrise Orchids and Gayatri Thapa Maharangunj, Kathmandu