The document discusses current approaches for producing secondary plant metabolites through plant tissue culture. It outlines that secondary metabolites are not essential for plant growth but aid in defense against pathogens. Approaches discussed include using endophytes, precursor feeding, immobilization techniques, hairy root cultures, elicitation, and metabolic engineering to optimize cultural conditions and increase metabolite yields. Hairy root cultures offer genetic stability and fast growth for metabolite production. Overall, the document reviews strategies for improving production of valuable secondary metabolites through in vitro plant cell culture systems.
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
1.What is plant tissue culture?
2.Production of virus free plants.
3.History.
4.Virus elimination by heat treatment.
5.Virus elimination by Meristem Tip culture.
6.Factor affecting virus eradication by Meristem Tip culture.
7.Chemotherapy.
8.Virus elimination through in vitro shoot-tip Grafting.
9.Virus Indexing.
10.Conclusion .
11.References .
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Somatic embryogenesis is expected to be the only clonal propagation system economically viable for crops currently propagated by seeds However, it would require mechanical planting of somatic embryogenesis. Although suggestions have been made to use naked embryos for large scale planting, it would be desirable to convert them into 'synthetic seeds' or 'synseeds' by encapsulating in a protective covering.
Kitto and Janick (1982, 1985a,b) selected polyoxyethylene (Polyox r) which is readily soluble in water and dries to form a thin film, does not support growth of microorganism and is non-toxic to the embryos.
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
Protoplast is a naked cell (without cell wall) surrounded by a plasma membrane. It can regenerate cell wall, grow and divide.
Spheroplast cells have their cell wall only partially removed.
Is fragile but can be cultured and grow into a whole plant.
Cells can originate from any type of tissue (Mesophyll tissue - most suitable source ).
Can be applied in somatic hybridization.
Can be applied in biotechnology and microbiology.
Somatic hybridization is the development of hybrid plants through the fusion of somatic protoplasts of two different plant species/ varieties.
Somatic Hybridization was firstly introduced by Carlson in Nicotiana
glauca.
In 1960, E.C Cocking contributed to the enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplast.
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Current approaches toward production ofsecondary plant metabolitesshahnam azizi
In this presentation you can familiar with:
Primary metabolite vs secondary metabolite
Importance and function of secondary metabolite
Approaches for increasing secondary metabolite production in plant tissue culture
Artificial Seed - Definition, Types & Production ANUGYA JAISWAL
Somatic embryogenesis is expected to be the only clonal propagation system economically viable for crops currently propagated by seeds However, it would require mechanical planting of somatic embryogenesis. Although suggestions have been made to use naked embryos for large scale planting, it would be desirable to convert them into 'synthetic seeds' or 'synseeds' by encapsulating in a protective covering.
Kitto and Janick (1982, 1985a,b) selected polyoxyethylene (Polyox r) which is readily soluble in water and dries to form a thin film, does not support growth of microorganism and is non-toxic to the embryos.
INTRODUCTION
2. HISTORY
3. BASIC COMPONENT OF MEDIA
1. Inorganic nutrient
2. organic supplements
3. Carbon and energy source
4. Growth Regulators
5. Solidifying Agent
6. PH
4. TYPES OF MEDIA
5. MS MEDIA
6. IMPORTANCE
7. CONCLUSION
8. REFERANCE
Protoplast is a naked cell (without cell wall) surrounded by a plasma membrane. It can regenerate cell wall, grow and divide.
Spheroplast cells have their cell wall only partially removed.
Is fragile but can be cultured and grow into a whole plant.
Cells can originate from any type of tissue (Mesophyll tissue - most suitable source ).
Can be applied in somatic hybridization.
Can be applied in biotechnology and microbiology.
Somatic hybridization is the development of hybrid plants through the fusion of somatic protoplasts of two different plant species/ varieties.
Somatic Hybridization was firstly introduced by Carlson in Nicotiana
glauca.
In 1960, E.C Cocking contributed to the enzymatic isolation and culture of protoplast.
Invitro culture of unpollinated ovaries and ovules represents an alternative for the production of haploid plant
First successful report on the induction of gynogenic haploid was in barley by San Noeum in 1976
Haploid plants are obtained from ovary and ovule culture of rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, tobacco, poplar, mulberry etc
Whites or MS or N6 inorganic salt medium supplement with growth substances are used
Current approaches toward production ofsecondary plant metabolitesshahnam azizi
In this presentation you can familiar with:
Primary metabolite vs secondary metabolite
Importance and function of secondary metabolite
Approaches for increasing secondary metabolite production in plant tissue culture
this presentation cover the topics of cell biotechnology and plant tissue culture. the basic terms used in plant cell culture are used and then different types of culture media and methods are discussed including cell suspension and callus culture,
The chemical compounds produced by plants are collectively referred to as phytochemicals. Biotechnologists have special interest in plant tissue culture for the large scale production of commercially important compounds. These include pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, cosmetics, food additives, feed stocks and antimicrobials.
Most of these products are secondary metabolites— chemical compounds that do not participate in metabolism of plants. Thus, secondary metabolites are not directly needed by plants as they do not perform any physiological function (as is the case with primary metabolites such as amino acids, nucleic acids etc.). Although the native plants are capable of producing the secondary metabolites of commercial interest, tissue culture systems are preferred.
secondary metabolites of plant by K. K. SAHU SirKAUSHAL SAHU
METABOLITES : Introduction . . .
The chemical compounds produced by plants are collectively called as phytochemicals.
Primary metabolites – participating in nutrition and metabolic processes inside the plant.
Secondary metabolites – those chemical compounds that do not participate in metabolism of plants but influencing the
ecological interactions between the plant and its environment.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Current approaches toward production of secondary plant metabolites
1. CURRENT APPROACHES TOWARD
PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY PLANT
METABOLITES
By : Aswin M B
Biochemistry and molecular
biology,
Central university of Kerala
BBM052007
2. OUTLINE
❑Primary metabolite vs secondary metabolite.
❑Importance and functionof secondary metabolite.
❑Approaches for increasing secondary metabolite production in plant
tissue culture.
2
3. PRIMARY METABOLITE VS SECONDARY
METABOLITE
• Primary metabolites are compounds that are directly involved in the
growth and development of a plants they are includes
1) Carbohydrates 2) Proteins 3) Lipids 4) Nucleic acids 5) Hormones
• Secondary metabolites that are not essential for growth and
development of an organism.
3
5. FEATURE AND FUNCTION OF SECONDARY
METABOLITE
➢They are biosynthetically derived from primary metabolites.
➢This Produces product that aid in the plant to survive but not required for
the growth and development of plant.
➢ They are the major component of plant defense mechanism against
herbivores, pest and pathogen.
5
6. ROLE OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
For protect the plant from invading pathogens.
Helps to improve the shelf life of plant.
Helps to keep the plant healthy.
Decreases the infection from some diseases and pests also.
Useful in preparation of perfumes, or aromatic substances.
It has virtually important in attracting the animals for pollination.
Sometimes for else were for seed dispersal.
Decreases the use of insecticides, pesticides, and fungicides also.
It improves the immunity of plant.
6
7. CLASSIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE
The classification are on the basis of –
1) chemical structure
2) chemical composition
3) solubility in various solvents
4) pathways by which they are synthesized
7
8. ROLE OF ENDOPHYTES IN IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF
SECONDARY METABOLITES
❑ There are three schools of thought on the origins of secondary metabolism
in plants
I. Both plants and endophytic microbes coevolved with pathways to produce
these natural products.
II.An ancient horizontal gene transfer took place between plants and microbes.
III.Either plants or endophytic fungi produce these secondary metabolites and
transfer them to the other symbiont.
8
9. ROLE OF ENDOPHYTES IN IN VITRO
PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES
The symbiotic association and effects of plants and endophytes on each other during
the production of other important pharmacological bioactive natural products
➢Claviceps sp: producing ergot alkaloids was a potential source of useful secondary
metabolite (Clay, 1988).
➢Gibberella fujikouri an important endophytic fungus in rice (Oryza Sativa) was the
source of the phytohormone Gibberellin (Steierle et al.,1993)
9
11. THE ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF IN VITRO
CULTURE IN PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE
ARE LISTED
• Major Advantages
1.Compounds can be produced under controlled conditions
as per market demands.
2.Culture systems are Independent of environmental factors,
seasonal variations, pest and microbial diseases and geographical
constraints.
3.Cell growth can be controlled to facilitate improved product
formation.
4.The quality of the product will be consistent as it is produced
by a specific cell line.
5. Recovery of the product will be easy. 11
12. 6)Plant cultures are particularly useful in case of plants which are
difficult or expensive to be grown in the fields
7)Mutant cell lines can be developed for the production of novel
compounds of commercial importance, which are not normally found in
plants.
8)Biotransformation reactions (converting specific substrates to valuable
products) can be carried out with certain cultured cells.
9)The production control is not at the mercy of political interference.
10)The production time is less and labour costs are minimal
12
13. LIMITATIONS/DISADVANTAGES
1) In general, in vitro production of secondary metabolites is lower when
compared to intact plants.
2) Many a times, secondary metabolites are formed in differentiated
tissues/organs. In such a case, culture cells which are non-differentiated
can produce little.
3) Cultured cells are genetically unstable and may undergo mutation
4) The production of secondary metabolite may be drastically reduced,
as the culture ages
5) Vigorous stirring is necessary to prevent aggregation of cultured
cells. This may often damage the cells.
6) Strict aseptic conditions have to be maintained during culture technique:
Any infection to the culture adversely affects product formation 13
14. ➢optimizing the cultural conditions
➢selecting high-producing strains
➢employing precursor feeding
➢transformation methods
➢immobilization techniques
Strategies for increasing secondary
metabolites in vessel culture
14
15. IMMOBILIZATION OF PLANT CELLS
➢It is a technique, which confines the cells to a defined region in a space while retaining
their catalytic activity and prevents its entry into the mobile phase, which carries the
substrate and product.
➢Immobilization of plant cells would be one method of increasing productivity and
hence reducing the costs.
➢Immobilization of plant cells, protoplast or embryos is achieved by binding these
materials onto or within a solid support.
15
18. HAIRY ROOT CULTURES AS A SOURCE OF SECONDARY
METABOLITES
• hairy root phenotype is characterized by
➢Hairy roots grow rapidly.
➢show plagiotropic growth (highly branched ).
➢Propagate in phytohormone-free medium (HU AND DU,
2006).
➢Hairy root cultures produce secondary metabolites over
successive generations without losing genetic or biosynthetic
stability (GIRI VE NARASU, 2000).
18
19. IMPORTANT FACTORS IN ESTABLISHMENT OF A HAIRY ROOT
CULTURE SYSTEM
➢Bacterial strain of A. rhizogenes.
➢An appropriate explant.
➢A proper antibiotic to eliminate redundant bacteria after
cocultivation.
➢A suitable culture medium.
19
21. Advantages of hairy root culture
•Harvesting roots for extracting secondary metabolites can cause destruction to whole plants. Therefore,
interest in producing secondary metabolites by developing hairy root culture has been raised.
•Hairy root culture potentially grows faster without needing an external supply of auxins. In certain cases,
they do not need incubation under light.
•Due to their high genetic stability all hairy root cultures are stable in metabolite production.
•Yield in hairy root cultures can be altered by optimizing various factors such as carbon source and its
concentration, ionic concentration of the medium, pH of the medium, light, temperature, and inoculum.
•In addition utilization of techniques like precursor feeding, cell immobilization, elicitation, and
biotransformation of hairy root culture can improve secondary metabolite production.
21
23. INDUCTION OF HAIRY ROOTS BY VARIOUS STRAINS OF
AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES IN PHYSALIS ALKEKENGI FROM
HYPOCOTYLAND COTYLEDON EXPLANTS
Physalis alkekengi
Secondary metabolites
23
24. ELICITATION OF IN VITRO PRODUCTS
➢ Plants and/or plant cells in vessel culture show physiological and
morphological responses to microbial, physical, or chemical factors which
are known as “elicitors”.
➢Elicitation is a process of inducing or enhancing synthesis
of secondary metabolites by the plants to ensure their
survival, persistence, and competitiveness.
24
26. PRECURSOR FEEDING
➢ precursor feeding has been an obvious and popular approach to increase secondary
metabolites production in plant cell cultures.
➢ Precursor feeding: exogenous supply of a biosynthetic precursor to culture medium
may also increase the yield of the desired product.
➢ This approach is useful when the precursors are inexpensive.
➢ With the basis of the knowledge on biosynthetic pathways, several organic compounds have
been added to the culture medium in order to enhancing the synthesis of secondary
metabolites.
➢ Precursor feeding is based on the idea that any compound, which is an intermediate, in or
at the beginning of a secondary metabolite biosynthetic route, stands a good chance of
increasing the yield of the final product.
26
27. SOME EXAMPLES FOR PRECURSOR FEEDING
✓amino acids have been added to cell suspension culture media for production
of tropane alkaloids, indole alkaloids etc
✓Addition of phenylalanine to Salvia officinalis cell suspension cultures
stimulated the production of rosmarinic acid (Ellis and Towers 1970)
✓Feeding ferulic acid to cultures of Vanilla planifolia resulted in an increase
in vanillin accumulation (Romagnoli and Knorr 1998)
27
28. METABOLIC ENGINEERING AND PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY
METABOLITES
❑ In many cases production of secondary metabolite is too low for
commercialization, metabolic engineering can provide various strategies to
improve productivity.
Metabolic engineering
Metabolic engineering is the alteration of cellular activities by the
manipulation of enzymatic, transport, and regulatory functions of the cell by
using recombinant DNA technology.
28
29. VARIOUS STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE SECONDARY METABOLITE
BY METABOLIC ENGINEERING
a) Increasing the number of producing cells.
b) Increasing the carbon flux through a biosynthetic pathway by overexpression
of genes.
c) Codify for rate-limiting enzymes or blocking the mechanism of
feedback inhibition and competitive pathways.
d) Decrease catabolism.
various strategies to improve secondary metabolite by M.En
29
30. BIOREACTORS SCALING UP OF PRODUCTION OF SECONDARY
METABOLITES
➢ Better control of the culture conditions
➢ Optimal supply of nutrients and growth regulators
➢ Renewal of the culture atmosphere
➢ Changing the medium during the culture period according to the developmental stage
➢ Filtration of the medium for exudates
➢ Contamination control
30
31. REFERENCES
• Hussain MS, Fareed S, Ansari S, Rahman M, Ahmad IZ, M Saeed. Current approaches toward production of
secondary plant metabolites. J Pharm Bio all Sci 2012;4:10-20.
• HU, Z-B., DU, M. (2006): Hairy root and its application in plant genetic engineering. Journal of Integrative Plant
Biology, 48, (2): 121-127.
• U.Satyanarayana. Biotechnology. 2017;12:508-516.
31