what is culture
cultural diversity
features of culture
cultural relativism
components of culture
ethnocentrism and xeno-centrism
causes of cultural change
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Culture is way of life that includes Laws, believes, Norms, habits, Knowledge that human adopted or collected from their forefather to live in society. Every community have different culture their Laws their Traditions are also differ.
Culture is a way of life, every society needs culture to exist, every individual needs culture to survive. What about Culture similarities despite difference in races and societies? What about difference in culture despite similarities in culture and societies? This educative and concisely informative slide will give you an insight about culture, I hope it helps.
Please give comments.
Read and Share to your friends
Culture is way of life that includes Laws, believes, Norms, habits, Knowledge that human adopted or collected from their forefather to live in society. Every community have different culture their Laws their Traditions are also differ.
Culture is a way of life, every society needs culture to exist, every individual needs culture to survive. What about Culture similarities despite difference in races and societies? What about difference in culture despite similarities in culture and societies? This educative and concisely informative slide will give you an insight about culture, I hope it helps.
Please give comments.
Business Environment - SBAA3002 - UNIT 2 Final-1.pptxHarish940427
Business environment B.Com is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for a course or program in Commerce. The duration of the B.Com course is 3 years in India, divided into six distinct semesters. The B.Com courses list includes Marketing, accounting, entrepreneurship, various taxation and industrial laws etc.
Bachelor of Commerce is one of the more sought-after courses in the field of Commerce, as it teaches topics that are very relevant to financial organizations, banks, and businesses. Below are a few points that give us in-depth insight into why to choose BCom courses:
The course offers a wide range of subjects that cover various aspects of accounting, economics, finance, and business management.
With the growth of globalization and the rise of MNC companies in India, there has been an increasing demand for finance and commerce professionals who can manage the financial aspects of these businesses.
Moreover, the government's policies like the Make in India initiative, Digital India, and GST implementation have opened up various job opportunities for commerce graduates.
As per the AISHE report, the growth of BCom courses has been increasing at a steady pace over the years. The growth rate of B.Com courses between 2015-16 to 2019-23 has been around 9.75.
Culture
Types of Culture
Xenocentrism
Ethnocentrism
Culture shock
Cultural universals
Ideal and Real Culture
Elements of Culture
Kinds of Norms
folkways
mores
Taboos
Laws
World Order by Henry Kissinger_M.Mujeeb Riaz .pdfMujeeb Riaz
World Order by Henry Kissinger_M.Mujeeb Riaz
In World Order, Kissinger says "World Order refers to the concept held by a region or civilization about the nature of just arrangements and the distribution of power thought to be applicable to the entire world." In the book, he explains how Western ideas changed with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia treaty, unreliable source? and explains the four systems of historic world order: the Westphalian Peace born of 17th-century Europe, the central imperium philosophy of China, the religious supremacism of political Islam, and the democratic idealism of the United States. Kissinger aims to provide a window into today's struggling framework of international order.
Gestalat Theory of Visual Perception_Mujeeb Riaz .pdfMujeeb Riaz
Gestalt Theory of Visible Perception..
The classic principles of the gestalt theory of visual perception include similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, figure/ground, and symmetry & order (also known as prägnanz). Others, such as “common fate,” have been added in recent years.
What is the Gestalt theory of visual perception?
What are the theories of perception?
What are the applications of Gestalt theory?
Who proposed Gestalt Theory?
Book Review The Prince_ Niccolo Machiavelli.pdfMujeeb Riaz
Book Review The Prince_ Niccolò Machiavelli.
Machiavelli's central thesis revolves around the idea that the ends justify the means, and a ruler must be willing to employ cunning, manipulation, and even cruelty to maintain and strengthen their hold on power.
He dispenses advice to princes on various aspects of leadership, from handling military matters to managing internal affairs.
"Important Quotes"
It is better to be feared than loved if you cannot be both.
it's a double pleasure to deceive the deceiver.
A sign of intelligence is an awareness of one's own ignorance.
One who deceives will always find those who allow themselves to be deceived.
Everyone sees what you appear to be, few experience what you really are.
Threads Vs Twitter
what is Meta and how many products does Meta own?
What is Threads App?
How Thread App is different from Twitter?
How to create an account on Threads?
Reason to Create Threads App
How will Threads benefit their audience?
How do Threads compare with Rival Twitter?
How does Threads work?
Difference between Business Intelligence and Business Analytics_Mujeeb Riaz.pdfMujeeb Riaz
Business Intelligence is used to analyze historical data to predict future trends. It's typically used for things like sales forecasts and product recommendations. On the other hand, business analytics uses predictive modeling to predict how different variables affect each other.
Email marketing is a powerful marketing channel, a form of direct marketing as well as digital marketing, that uses email to promote your business’s products or services. It can help make your customers aware of your latest items or offers by integrating it into your marketing automation efforts. It can also play a pivotal role in your marketing strategy with lead generation, brand awareness, building relationships or keeping customers engaged between purchases through different types of marketing emails.
In this presentation, you will be able to know about the following areas :
what is email marketing?
Types of Email Marketing
Tools for email marketing
how to write an effective email?
How AI is going to change the world _M.Mujeeb Riaz.pdfMujeeb Riaz
How AI is going to change the world?
"AI: The Future of Our World“
"AI and its Transformative Impact on the World: Understanding the Potential of Chatbots and Conversational AI"
What is Artificial Intelligence and how it works?
What are Chatbots?
What Is ChatGPT?
Difference between chatGPT 3 and chatGPT 4?
Is Jasper artificial intelligence?
What is Character AI and how it works?
How chatGPT is going to change the world?
Why we are calling ChatGPT the future?
Photography tips for kids M.Mujeeb RiazMujeeb Riaz
This content is specially design for kids who are interested in photography.
Tips for kids photography
How to engaged kids for photography sessions?
How to engaged their interest ?
How to launch successful advertising campaign _mujeeb riazMujeeb Riaz
How to launch successful advertising campaign by using design thinking framework?
how to run successful marketing campaign?
components of advertising campaign
360 Advertising Campaign
360 advertising campaign and execution
Adobe Premiere Pro: An Introduction to the Basics_Mujeeb RiazMujeeb Riaz
"Keyword"
"adobe premiere pro tutorial pdf"
"adobe premiere pro cs6 ppt"
"convert powerpoint to video adobe premiere"
"export powerpoint to video"
"step by step premiere pro"
"powerpoint vs premiere pro"
"how to make presentation in adobe premiere"
Use of Adobe Premiere pro with Mujeeb Riaz
Learn Adobe Premiere Pro with Mujeeb Riaz
What is Lesson Plan?
what is lesson planning?
What is a lesson plan and why is it important?
What is the purpose of the lesson plan?
What are the steps of lesson plan?
How do you write a perfect lesson plan?
why lesson plan is important for teacher?
why lesson plan is important in every classes?
why lesson plan is essential in teaching?
why lesson plan is important especially to the teachers?
4 cs model for lesson plan
AMAZON AFFILIATE PROGRAMHow does the Amazon affiliate program work?How much money you can earn from Amazon affiliate program? How to Create Amazon affiliate account?
what is Payoneer?
*Types of logo design
*How to design a logo?
Why is a logo important?
What a logo should represent?
Which logo colors mean what?
Types of Logo
Lettermarks (or monogram logos)
Wordmarks (or logotypes)
Pictorial marks (or logo symbols)
Abstract logo marks
Mascots
Combination Mark
Emblem
Design thinking is a non-linear, iterative process that teams use to understand users, challenge assumptions, redefine problems and create innovative solutions to prototype and test. Involving five phases—Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype and Test—it is most useful to tackle problems that are ill-defined or unknown.
SEO Search Engine optimization M.Mujeeb RiazMujeeb Riaz
Here you can find complete idea about SEO.:
Forms of SEO
White Hat SEO
Black Hat SEO
Gray Hat SEO
Forms of White Hat SEO
On Page SEO and Off Page SEO
Internal Linking & External Linking
SEO Plugins (Yoast SEO)
Importance of On Page SEO
Advantages of SEO
search engine optimization
Lighting Techniques in Photography
Natural Lights Vs Artificial Lights
Lighting Concepts
Three Point Lighting Techniques
Use of Three Points Lighting
Essentials rules of Lights in Photography
Importance of Light in Photography
Square Inverse Law
Website design by using CMS _M.Mujeeb Riaz Mujeeb Riaz
how to create a website
How to create website on word press
How to create website by using CMS
What is CMS
Content Management System
What is Domian
What is Hosting
Difference between wordpress.com and wordpress.org
Camera Shots,Angles and Movements_M.Mujeeb RiazMujeeb Riaz
Camera Shots,Angles and Movements
Camera Shots
Camera Angles
Camera Movements
camera shots and angles and movements of photography
why are camera shots important
photography movements
Camera techniques
Importance of camera shots and angles
forms of camera shots
forms of camera angles
Types of camera movements
Types of Photography Genres _ M.Mujeeb RiazMujeeb Riaz
Types of Photography Genres
Forms of Photography
Scope of Photography
Types of photography techniques
Types of commercial photography
Types of photography genres you can pursue as a professional photographer
What is Emotional Intelligence?
Technicalities of emotional intelligence _The biological approach
Elements of Emotional intelligence
Emotional Intelligence and Psychology
Emotional Intelligence and its Relationship to Individual and Team Effectiveness
Emotional intelligence and stress
Emotional intelligence and decision making
Emotional intelligence and leadership
Emotional intelligence and empathy
Emotional intelligence and romantic relationships
Emotional intelligence and communication
Care Instructions for Activewear & Swim Suits.pdfsundazesurf80
SunDaze Surf offers top swimwear tips: choose high-quality, UV-protective fabrics to shield your skin. Opt for secure fits that withstand waves and active movement. Bright colors enhance visibility, while adjustable straps ensure comfort. Prioritize styles with good support, like racerbacks or underwire tops, for active beach days. Always rinse swimwear after use to maintain fabric integrity.
MRS PUNE 2024 - WINNER AMRUTHAA UTTAM JAGDHANEDK PAGEANT
Amruthaa Uttam Jagdhane, a stunning woman from Pune, has won the esteemed title of Mrs. India 2024, which is given out by the Dk Exhibition. Her journey to this prestigious accomplishment is a confirmation of her faithful assurance, extraordinary gifts, and profound commitment to enabling women.
La transidentité, un sujet qui fractionne les FrançaisIpsos France
Ipsos, l’une des principales sociétés mondiales d’études de marché dévoile les résultats de son étude Ipsos Global Advisor “Pride 2024”. De ses débuts aux Etats-Unis et désormais dans de très nombreux pays, le mois de juin est traditionnellement consacré aux « Marches des Fiertés » et à des événements festifs autour du concept de Pride. A cette occasion, Ipsos a réalisé une enquête dans vingt-six pays dressant plusieurs constats. Les clivages des opinions entre générations s’accentuent tandis que le soutien à des mesures sociétales et d’inclusion en faveur des LGBT+ notamment transgenres continue de s’effriter.
At Affordable Garage Door Repair, we specialize in both residential and commercial garage door services, ensuring your property is secure and your doors are running smoothly.
Johnny Depp Long Hair: A Signature Look Through the Yearsgreendigital
Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Nightthomasard1122
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Night
Bats, the mysterious creatures of the night, have long been a source of fascination and fear for humans. With their eerie squeaks and fluttering wings, they have captured our imagination and sparked our curiosity. Yet, beyond the myths and legends, bats are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in our ecosystem.
There are over 1,300 species of bats, ranging from the tiny Kitti's hog-nosed bat to the majestic flying foxes. These winged mammals are found in almost every corner of the globe, from the scorching deserts to the lush rainforests. Their diversity is a testament to their adaptability and resilience.
Bats are insectivores, feeding on a vast array of insects, from mosquitoes to beetles. A single bat can consume up to 1,200 insects in an hour, making them a crucial part of our pest control system. By preying on insects that damage crops, bats save the agricultural industry billions of dollars each year.
But bats are not just useful; they are also fascinating creatures. Their ability to fly in complete darkness, using echolocation to navigate and hunt, is a remarkable feat of evolution. They are also social animals, living in colonies and communicating with each other through a complex system of calls and body language.
Despite their importance, bats face numerous threats, from habitat destruction to climate change. Many species are endangered, and conservation efforts are necessary to protect these magnificent creatures.
In conclusion, bats are more than just creatures of the night; they are a vital part of our ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. By learning more about these fascinating animals, we can appreciate their importance and work to protect them for generations to come. So, let us embrace the beauty and mystery of bats, and celebrate their unique place in our world.
Understanding the Mahadasha of Shukra (Venus): Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
The Mahadasha of Shukra (Venus) is one of the most significant periods in Vedic astrology. Shukra is known as the planet of love, beauty, wealth, and luxury. Its Mahadasha can bring about profound changes in an individual's life, both positive and negative, depending on its placement and condition in the natal chart.
What is Shukra Mahadasha?
Mahadasha is a planetary period in Vedic astrology that affects various aspects of an individual's life for a specific number of years. The Mahadasha of Shukra lasts for 20 years and is known to bring a period of significant transformation. Shukra is associated with pleasures, creativity, relationships, and material comforts. During its Mahadasha, these areas of life tend to get highlighted.
2. CULTURE
• Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social
behavior and norms found in human societies, as well as the
knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and
habits of the individuals in these groups.
• Culture is the total way of life of particular groups of people.
It includes everything that a group of people thinks, says,
does and makes — its systems, attitudes and feelings.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
3. CULTURE
• Culture is people’s way of life.
• It is their pattern of behavior, which has been created by human
beings.
• Culture includes:
– Intangible (non-material) items like values, beliefs, norms, language,
and ideas (ideologies: perception of reality) that govern the way of life.
The way we play our roles.
– Tangible things – material objects. Human beings have created this way
of life, which includes both material and non-material objects. Hence
some Anthropologists call it as man- made part of the environment.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
4. Do non-humans have a culture?
• Non-humans guided by instincts. They have a biological
programming.
• Humans guided by culture, which may be called as social
programming.
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5. • Culture is learned, shared, transmitted, and it is changing.
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6. Features of culture
• Universality
• Variability
• Learned
• Shared
• Transmitted
• Changing
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7. UNIVERSALITY
• Culture is universal.
• There is no society without culture.
• As part of the cultures there are many aspects that are found in
almost all the societies.
– For example the institutions like marriage and family, religion, education,
economy, and sports are found all over the world.
• Societies have developed values, norms, beliefs, and other
patterns of behavior that govern the system of marriage and
family. One could find such a pattern all over the world, and the
same is applicable to religion, education, political behavior,
economic behavior, and so on.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
8. VARABILITY
• There is variability in the universals of culture.
• By looking at the institution of marriage one could see so
much of variation in it within Pakistan, notwithstanding the
differences in other societies.
• The arranged marriages, love marriages, exchange marriages,
marriages by purchase, marriages within as well as outside
the kin network, are all variations that are found in Pakistan.
Then one could see the differences in wedding ceremonies all
over the country.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
9. LEARNED
• Culture is learned through the process of interaction with others.
• It is not inherited through the biological process.
• We learn to talk, to walk, and to act as our elders train us.
• Nature has given us the potential to talk but we speak variety of
languages, which are all created by human beings and there is so
much of variation within as well as outside Pakistan. Also human
being have the capacity to learn a variety of languages. Similarly
other ways of life, which is culture, are learned.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
10. SHARED
• Culture is not the property of one individual or of a group.
• It is shared with other members of society.
• You are sharing TV transmission with others, sharing a
classroom with others, sharing the road with others, and
sharing the knowledge with others.
• You are sharing culture with others because you are a social
being.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
11. TRANSMITTED
• Culture does not end with the death of a person or a group.
• During its lifetime that individual or group tries to pass on its
culture to the future generation.
• This is how every new crop of babies does not start from a
scratch rather they build on what they have already received.
• That is how culture grows and that is how our culture
becomes richer ad richer.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
12. CHANGING
• Culture is continuously changing.
• The patterns of behavior transmitted by one generation to
another are continuously in the process of modification for
catering to the changing needs of time and demands of people.
• New technologies are developed and are borrowed from other
groups and societies.
• With the increase in the contact between different societies the
cultures are changing very fast and may be moving toward some
kind of global culture
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
13. Three similar terms: Culture, Nation, and Society
Culture:
Shared way of life.
Nation:
A political entity within designated borders.
Society:
The organized interaction of people in a nation or within some
other boundary.
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14. • Pakistan: nation and society, but may have many cultures.
Multicultural: Includes various ways of life that blend
together.
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15. Components of Culture
• Symbols
• Language
• Values
• Beliefs
• Norms
• Mores and Folkways
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16. SYMBOLS
• Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people
who share culture.
– Whistle, flashing light, thumbs up are all symbols.
• Human beings have the capacity to create symbols with different
meanings associated with each. These symbols are used as means
of communication and thereby become part of our language.
– Even the buildings, dress, the flag, and a type of color may be taken as
symbols indicating some aspect of human behavior as well as society’s
outlook.
– Red, green, white, blue, pink, each of the colors stands for something in
the society. Blue jeans are quite commonly used in Pakistan. Can you
find out that these are symbol of what?
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
17. LANGUAGE
• System of symbols that allows members of a society to
communicate with one another.
• Symbols may be oral and these could be written words. We
have oral cultural traditions.
– Human beings have developed different alphabet as part of written
language. Language is the major means of cultural transmission
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
18. VALUES
• Culturally defined standards of desirability, goodness, and
beauty that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
– Examples of values: Equal opportunity, Achievement or success,
Material comfort, Activity and work. Science, Freedom, Physical
fitness, Health, Punctuality. Wealth, Education, Competition and
Merit. Honesty, Dignity of labor, Patriotism. Justice and Democracy.
Environmental protection, Charity and Development.
• Sometimes there could be inconsistency in the values which
can lead to conflict.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
19. BELIEF
• Specific statements that people hold to be true.
• Values are broad principles that underlie beliefs.
• Values are abstract standard of goodness, while beliefs are
particular matters that individuals consider to be true or
false.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
20. NORMS
• Rules and expectations by which a society guides the
behavior of its members. These are the shared expectations
of the people that govern their behavior.
– Proscriptive norms: Mandating what we should not do. Forbidding
from certain actions.
– Prescriptive norms: What we should do.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
21. MORES & FOLKWAYS
• Mores: Society’s standards of proper moral conduct. Such
standards have been considered as essential to maintaining a
way of life. These are the notions of right or wrong developed
by society. Violation of mores brings a strong reaction from
others.
• Folkways: Society’s customs for routine, casual interaction.
These are of less moral significance. Examples can be: proper
dress, appropriate greetings, and common courtesy. People
usually ignore the violation of folkways.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
22. “Ideal” culture and “Real” Culture
• Ideal culture: Social patterns that are mandated by cultural
values and norms. The ideal values and norms, which are
prevalent in the society.
• Real culture: Actual social patterns those only approximate
cultural expectations. The norms and value that people actually
follow. It can also be how many people follow these cultural
patterns. Or how much a person observes a cultural pattern.
Since this can be explained in numbers therefore it may also be
called a statistical norm.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
24. Cultural Diversity
• There are many ways of life; hence there are differences in
culture. In one society there could be differences in patterns
of marriage and family, patterns of education, patterns of
worship, and patterns of earning a living. One finds cultural
difference within the province and across the provinces in
Pakistan.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
25. Culture by social class
• Cultural diversity can involve social class. In everyday life, we
usually use the term “culture” to mean art forms such as
classical literature, music, dance, and painting. We describe
people who regularly go to the theater as “cultured,” because
we think they appreciate the “finer things in life.” We speak
less generously of ordinary people, assuming that everyday
culture is somehow less worthy. Such judgments imply that
many cultural patterns are readily accessible to only some
members of society. This is how particular cultural patterns
are associated with certain classes.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
26. • People often divide society in different social classes and find that each class represents differences in their
norms, values, beliefs, attitudes, and thinking. These norms, values, and attitudes may relate to the
institutions of marriage and family, religion, education, earning a living, or their political behavior, one could
find the differences. In this perspective culture is often divided into as:
• High culture: Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s
elite. Popular culture: Cultural patterns those are widespread
among a society’s population. Culture of poverty: Cultural
patterns shared by the poor.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
27. • Sub-Culture Cultural patterns that set apart some segments
of a society’s population. Cluster of patterns which both are
related to the general culture of the society yet
distinguishable from it. The example could be: student
subculture, business sub-culture.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
28. • Multiculturalis
• Multiculturalism is a word that describes a society where
many different cultures live together. ... Instead, all cultures
are respected as much as each other. A multicultural society
can result when people from many different countries
migrate to one place, or an empire conquers many countries.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
29. • Counter-Culture
• It is a subculture, which is in active opposition to the
dominant culture. Cultural patterns that strongly oppose
widely accepted patterns within a society. Example could be
of hippies, and drug users.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
30. Cultural change
• Cultural change is the process of alteration of culture over
time. Any difference in a particular pattern between two
points in time may be called cultural change. This may be a
change in the family pattern, which is changing from ‘joint
family system’ to a ‘nuclear family system’ in Pakistani
society.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
31. Cultural Lag
• All parts (elements) of culture do not change at the same
rate; some of them change faster than the other. For example
material culture may change faster than the non-material
culture.
• For example we see so many automobiles on the road. There is an increase in their speed as well. There is a sharp increase
in mobility. Let us look at another related aspect; these automobiles need a similar change in the quality of roads, which
has not changed accordingly or you can say that it has lagged behind.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
33. • Inventions: The process of creating new cultural elements
out of the existing elements. Since the modern man has a
comparatively richer reservoir of cultural elements at his
disposal, therefore he creates more inventions than the man
in the olden times. The modern man does not have to
reinvent the wheel; he has to use this wheel, improve upon it
and bring something new.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
34. • Discovery: It is the process of finding that already exists.
• Diffusion: It means the spread of cultural traits from one
society to another. It is the borrowing of culture by one group
from another.
• With the help of electronic media people get exposure to other cultures and may like to borrow
their cultural traits. With the facilitation of diffusion process cultural change is quite rapid now
days.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
35. Ethnocentrism
• The practice of judging other’s culture by the standards of
one’s own culture. People consider their own culture as
superior to others and apply their standards for evaluating
the patterns of behavior of others. The whole judgment is
centered on one’s own culture.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
37. Cultural relativism
• Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values,
and practices should be understood based on that person's
own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria of
another.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
38. A global culture
• Today, more than ever before, we can observe many of the
same cultural practices being followed the world over. We
find people wearing jeans, hear the familiar music, and see
advertising for many of the same products in different
countries. People learn some international language for
purposes of communication. Are we moving toward the
single global culture?
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
39. • Societies now have more contact with one another than ever before, involving the flow of goods,
information, and people. We are globally connected through:
• The global economy: the flow of goods.
• Global communication: the flow of information.
• Global migration: the flow of people.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com
40. Culture and Human Freedom
• Culture may put all kinds of constraints on the behavior of
people and at the same time there is the freedom, which
may be provided by the same culture.
• Culture as constraint: Cannot live without culture therefore
we have to accept it. We are the prisoners of culture.
• Culture as freedom: Culture provides the opportunity to
make and remake our world.
Mujeeb Riaz_mujeebriaz@yahoo.com