Cultivation analysis & uses and gratification theory
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Cultivation analysis and uses and gratifications theory are discussed. Cultivation analysis posits that television shapes viewers' sense of reality through repeated exposure to messages. It can lead to mainstreaming, where heavy viewers perceive reality similarly to media portrayals. Uses and gratifications theory assumes that audiences actively select media to fulfill needs and exercise control over media effects. Both theories analyze how media content is interpreted and influences audiences.
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Cultivation Theory
Cultivation theory posits that heavy television viewing shapes viewers' perceptions of the world by presenting an exaggerated view of violence. Specifically, it suggests that heavy viewers come to see the world as a scary place, overestimate crime rates, and feel less safe. The theory also argues that television has become society's dominant storyteller and influences viewers through constant exposure to the same portrayals, especially of marginalized groups as more likely to be victims of violence.
Cultivation Theory
The document summarizes Cultivation Theory, which was developed by Professor George Gerbner to analyze the long-term effects of television viewing. Some key points:
- Cultivation Theory predicts that heavy television viewing shapes peoples' perceptions of the real world by cultivating exaggerated beliefs, such as that the world is a more violent place.
- Studies found heavy viewers overestimated statistics like crime rates compared to light viewers. This supported the theory's key concept of a "Mean World Syndrome" from extensive television exposure.
- The theory was later modified to include the concepts of "Mainstreaming," where heavy viewing converges viewpoints across groups, and "Resonance," where effects are stronger for vulnerable populations.
-
Cultivation theory
According to cultivation theory, heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as portrayed on television. The theory proposes that extensive television exposure can influence viewers' beliefs about the world, such as exaggerating the prevalence of violence and danger. Cultivation analysis examines the long-term effects of repetitive television content on viewers' conceptions of social reality.
7. mass communication theory
The document provides an overview of several mass communication theories, beginning with the hypodermic needle theory. This theory proposed that media had a direct and powerful effect on passive audiences. However, the two-step flow theory later emerged from election studies, finding that opinion leaders and interpersonal communication were more influential than direct media effects. This led to the two-step flow model, where information spreads from media to opinion leaders and then to less active individuals.
Media Two Step Flow Theory
The Two-Step Flow Theory proposes that the influence of mass media on public opinion occurs in two stages. First, media messages are received by opinion leaders in social groups who influence and filter information for their networks. These opinion leaders interpret and discuss the media's content with other group members, acting as the primary influencers. This second stage of interpersonal communication among ordinary group members ultimately shapes public opinion more so than direct exposure to the media. The theory helped explain how mass media influences audiences indirectly through social relationships and informal discussions within people's networks.
Hypodermic needle theory
It talks about the media and effects. it explains how the western scholars tested the media effects and theorized the concepts
Cultivation theory
This document discusses cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewing can influence viewers' perceptions of reality. It presents the theory's key arguments, including that extensive TV watching over time can gradually shape viewers' beliefs through first and second-order effects. Heavy viewers may see the world as more violent and fear-inducing than it really is. However, attitudes can also be shaped by other media, personal experiences, and social influences. The document examines applications and critiques of cultivation theory.
Cultivation theory
Cultivation Theory proposes that heavy television viewing can influence viewers' perceptions of social reality. Developed by George Gerbner in the 1960s, it suggests effects occur gradually over time through repeated exposure. Gerbner's research found heavy viewers perceived the world as more dangerous and estimated criminal activity was higher than light viewers. His Cultural Indicators project also found heavy viewing resulted in viewers developing similar mainstream perspectives and past experiences with violence being amplified.
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Cultivation Theory
Cultivation theory posits that heavy television viewing shapes viewers' perceptions of the world by presenting an exaggerated view of violence. Specifically, it suggests that heavy viewers come to see the world as a scary place, overestimate crime rates, and feel less safe. The theory also argues that television has become society's dominant storyteller and influences viewers through constant exposure to the same portrayals, especially of marginalized groups as more likely to be victims of violence.
Cultivation Theory
The document summarizes Cultivation Theory, which was developed by Professor George Gerbner to analyze the long-term effects of television viewing. Some key points:
- Cultivation Theory predicts that heavy television viewing shapes peoples' perceptions of the real world by cultivating exaggerated beliefs, such as that the world is a more violent place.
- Studies found heavy viewers overestimated statistics like crime rates compared to light viewers. This supported the theory's key concept of a "Mean World Syndrome" from extensive television exposure.
- The theory was later modified to include the concepts of "Mainstreaming," where heavy viewing converges viewpoints across groups, and "Resonance," where effects are stronger for vulnerable populations.
-
Cultivation theory
According to cultivation theory, heavy television viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as portrayed on television. The theory proposes that extensive television exposure can influence viewers' beliefs about the world, such as exaggerating the prevalence of violence and danger. Cultivation analysis examines the long-term effects of repetitive television content on viewers' conceptions of social reality.
7. mass communication theory
The document provides an overview of several mass communication theories, beginning with the hypodermic needle theory. This theory proposed that media had a direct and powerful effect on passive audiences. However, the two-step flow theory later emerged from election studies, finding that opinion leaders and interpersonal communication were more influential than direct media effects. This led to the two-step flow model, where information spreads from media to opinion leaders and then to less active individuals.
Media Two Step Flow Theory
The Two-Step Flow Theory proposes that the influence of mass media on public opinion occurs in two stages. First, media messages are received by opinion leaders in social groups who influence and filter information for their networks. These opinion leaders interpret and discuss the media's content with other group members, acting as the primary influencers. This second stage of interpersonal communication among ordinary group members ultimately shapes public opinion more so than direct exposure to the media. The theory helped explain how mass media influences audiences indirectly through social relationships and informal discussions within people's networks.
Hypodermic needle theory
It talks about the media and effects. it explains how the western scholars tested the media effects and theorized the concepts
Cultivation theory
This document discusses cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewing can influence viewers' perceptions of reality. It presents the theory's key arguments, including that extensive TV watching over time can gradually shape viewers' beliefs through first and second-order effects. Heavy viewers may see the world as more violent and fear-inducing than it really is. However, attitudes can also be shaped by other media, personal experiences, and social influences. The document examines applications and critiques of cultivation theory.
Cultivation theory
Cultivation Theory proposes that heavy television viewing can influence viewers' perceptions of social reality. Developed by George Gerbner in the 1960s, it suggests effects occur gradually over time through repeated exposure. Gerbner's research found heavy viewers perceived the world as more dangerous and estimated criminal activity was higher than light viewers. His Cultural Indicators project also found heavy viewing resulted in viewers developing similar mainstream perspectives and past experiences with violence being amplified.
Uses & gratification theory
The Uses and Gratification Theory focuses on why and how people use media to satisfy needs and wants. It was introduced in 1974 and has three historical stages. The theory suggests that media users actively select media to fulfill needs like diversion, social interaction, identity, and surveillance. Critics argue it does not consider media influence and assumes free will, though its strength is emphasizing individuals' roles in media use.
1. Mass communication
The document discusses the key components and process of mass communication. It defines mass as a large, heterogeneous, and anonymous audience. Mass communication involves senders transmitting messages through mass media channels like newspapers, TV, and radio to a large audience of receivers. The linear model of mass communication includes senders, messages, channels, receivers, and potential for feedback. Mass media plays an important role in society by influencing public opinion and individuals.
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The Magic Bullet Theory proposes that media has a direct, powerful, and immediate influence on audiences similar to being shot with a bullet. It was developed in the 1930s-40s based on the role of media in World War propaganda campaigns. The theory suggests that audiences passively accept messages without rejection and can be manipulated en masse by media. However, the theory has been criticized for ignoring audience agency and failing to acknowledge more complex interpersonal influences on opinion formation. Later research also found the theory was not empirically supported.
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This document provides an overview of political economy and its application to media studies. It defines political economy as examining how ownership of economic resources affects society. It discusses three key aspects of political economy as they relate to media: centralized economic ownership has political consequences; media ownership is more important than content; and the working class is exploited. The document also outlines three assumptions of applying critical political economic theory to media and what this perspective reveals about media systems and audience commodification.
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This document summarizes Elisabeth Noelle-Nuemann's theory of the spiral of silence. The theory posits that individuals are less likely to express opinions they perceive to be in the minority due to a fear of isolation. When a minority opinion is not expressed publicly, it contributes to a perceived strengthening of the majority view over time, causing the minority opinion to spiral downward into fewer expressions of support. The fear of isolation and being negatively evaluated by others plays a key role in causing individuals to self-censor minority views.
Cultivation theory
The cultivation theory developed by Gerbner posits that heavy television viewing shapes peoples' perceptions of social reality. Gerbner's research found that heavy viewers perceived the world as a more dangerous place and overestimated risks like crime rates. Later research criticized some of Gerbner's conclusions. Gerbner then added the concepts of mainstreaming, where heavy viewing leads different groups to share outlooks, and resonance, where effects are stronger for groups relating to television content. The theory now claims television effects vary between subgroups rather than having uniform effects on all heavy viewers.
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2) The concept of media hegemony refers to the dominance or control of one group over another through media. Western countries have historically used mass media to disseminate information that promotes their ideological dominance over other parts of the world.
3) After 9/11, American media heavily promoted the narrative that Muslims were responsible for the attacks and used films, cartoons, and news coverage to portray Muslims negatively and justify military actions in Iraq and Afghanistan.
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Cultivation theory
This document discusses George Gerbner's cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewing can influence viewers' perceptions of social reality. It presents Gerbner's three-pronged research strategy of institutional process analysis, message system analysis, and cultivation analysis. Cultivation analysis examines whether heavy viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as reflected in common television messages and portrayals. The document also discusses key concepts like mainstreaming and reviews international studies and recent findings on how television viewing can cultivate beliefs around topics like crime, health, politics, and gender roles.
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The document discusses several theories related to audience and media consumption:
1) Uses and gratifications theory focuses on why and how people actively seek out media to satisfy needs, rather than what media does to people. It assumes audiences are active in interpreting media.
2) Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model examines how producers encode meanings in texts and how audiences can correctly decode, misdecode, or oppose the meanings.
3) The effects theory examines how media can influence behavior but was critiqued for viewing audiences as too passive, unlike uses and gratifications theory which sees audiences as active.
Normative theories (1)
The document discusses four normative theories of the press: the authoritarian theory, libertarian theory, social responsibility theory, and Soviet communist theory. Under the authoritarian theory, all forms of communication are controlled by governing elites or authorities to protect national interests. The libertarian theory advocates for complete press freedom with no government control. The social responsibility theory balances press freedom with reasonable controls and social obligations. Finally, the Soviet communist theory views media as an instrument of the state to promote communist ideology and governance.
Spiral of silence
The document discusses Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's spiral of silence theory of communication. The theory proposes that individuals are less likely to express opinions they believe are in the minority due to fear of isolation. It also suggests that the media can influence which opinions are perceived as majority or minority views. The document outlines the key assumptions, factors, and examples of the theory, as well as its strengths in explaining how public opinion may change over time, especially on controversial issues.
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The document discusses several mass communication theories:
1) Spiral of silence theory explains how people remain silent when they feel their views are in the minority due to fear of isolation.
2) Two-step flow theory describes how information from media moves in two stages from opinion leaders to the general public.
3) Cultivation theory suggests that heavy television viewers' perceptions of social reality are influenced by what they see on television.
Uses and gratification theory-presentation
The document discusses uses and gratification theory (U&G theory), which states that audiences actively engage with media to fulfill certain needs rather than media having a passive influence. It provides the historical background of U&G theory from the 1920s onward and outlines key reasons for media use including information, personal identity, entertainment, integration and social interaction. It also discusses how U&G theory remains relevant today due to concepts like interactivity and asynchroneity and the development of new media.
The uses and gratification theory
The Uses and Gratification Theory proposes that people actively seek out specific media to satisfy certain needs. It focuses on understanding why and how audiences use media rather than how media affects people. The theory suggests people choose media to fulfill needs like information, personal identity, social interaction, and entertainment. It presents an audience-centered perspective on mass communication.
Uses&Gratification Approach and analysis
Uses and Gratification is one of the important theory of mass communication. This presentation examines it as a theory and explains its strengths and weaknesses.
Uses & Gratifications Theory, Leading Discussion, Fardin Ayar.pdf
The belief that the use of media depends on the satisfaction, need, desire or motivation of each audience is almost as old as media research. Audiences are often formed based on the similarity of individual needs, interests and tastes, which have a social or psychological origin.
This way of thinking is belonging to the school of research called (use and gratification or interest and satisfaction) (McQuoid).
This approach was first described in an article by Katz (1959), which Katz began with the question, "What do people do with the media?"
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The Uses and Gratification Theory focuses on why and how people use media to satisfy needs and wants. It was introduced in 1974 and has three historical stages. The theory suggests that media users actively select media to fulfill needs like diversion, social interaction, identity, and surveillance. Critics argue it does not consider media influence and assumes free will, though its strength is emphasizing individuals' roles in media use.
1. Mass communication
The document discusses the key components and process of mass communication. It defines mass as a large, heterogeneous, and anonymous audience. Mass communication involves senders transmitting messages through mass media channels like newspapers, TV, and radio to a large audience of receivers. The linear model of mass communication includes senders, messages, channels, receivers, and potential for feedback. Mass media plays an important role in society by influencing public opinion and individuals.
Hypodermic needle theory.pptx
The Magic Bullet Theory proposes that media has a direct, powerful, and immediate influence on audiences similar to being shot with a bullet. It was developed in the 1930s-40s based on the role of media in World War propaganda campaigns. The theory suggests that audiences passively accept messages without rejection and can be manipulated en masse by media. However, the theory has been criticized for ignoring audience agency and failing to acknowledge more complex interpersonal influences on opinion formation. Later research also found the theory was not empirically supported.
Theory of Mass Communication Overview 2017
Mass media plays a significant role in shaping society and culture by influencing our identities, notions of gender and ethnicity, and sense of self. Media images and stories provide the symbols and resources through which we understand ourselves and our shared culture. Communication theory examines the relationships between media and politics, the influence of media on social issues like crime and violence, and the economic and normative aspects of media such as freedom of expression and commercialization. Theories take either a media-centric view that emphasizes the autonomy of media, or a society-centric view that sees media as reflecting broader social and political forces.
Political economy in Media studies
This document provides an overview of political economy and its application to media studies. It defines political economy as examining how ownership of economic resources affects society. It discusses three key aspects of political economy as they relate to media: centralized economic ownership has political consequences; media ownership is more important than content; and the working class is exploited. The document also outlines three assumptions of applying critical political economic theory to media and what this perspective reveals about media systems and audience commodification.
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This document outlines several mass communication theories: the Magic Bullet Theory which suggests media has a direct influence on audiences; the Two-Step Theory where opinion leaders influence the public; the Agenda-Setting Theory where media tells the public what issues are important; Diffusion Theory where opinion leaders spread messages to influence the masses; and Framing Theory where how an issue is presented influences choices. It provides diagrams and brief explanations of each theory and links to additional mass communication theory resources.
Spiral of silence Theory
This document summarizes Elisabeth Noelle-Nuemann's theory of the spiral of silence. The theory posits that individuals are less likely to express opinions they perceive to be in the minority due to a fear of isolation. When a minority opinion is not expressed publicly, it contributes to a perceived strengthening of the majority view over time, causing the minority opinion to spiral downward into fewer expressions of support. The fear of isolation and being negatively evaluated by others plays a key role in causing individuals to self-censor minority views.
Cultivation theory
The cultivation theory developed by Gerbner posits that heavy television viewing shapes peoples' perceptions of social reality. Gerbner's research found that heavy viewers perceived the world as a more dangerous place and overestimated risks like crime rates. Later research criticized some of Gerbner's conclusions. Gerbner then added the concepts of mainstreaming, where heavy viewing leads different groups to share outlooks, and resonance, where effects are stronger for groups relating to television content. The theory now claims television effects vary between subgroups rather than having uniform effects on all heavy viewers.
Knowledge gap theory
This theory explain the gap, in gaining of knowledge, between high social status and low social status.
Media hegemony power point
1) Media plays an important role in shaping public opinion and the dominant elite class uses media institutions to exert control over society.
2) The concept of media hegemony refers to the dominance or control of one group over another through media. Western countries have historically used mass media to disseminate information that promotes their ideological dominance over other parts of the world.
3) After 9/11, American media heavily promoted the narrative that Muslims were responsible for the attacks and used films, cartoons, and news coverage to portray Muslims negatively and justify military actions in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Media dependency theory presentation
The Media Dependency Theory proposes that the more dependent an individual is on media to have their needs met, the more important media will be to that person. The theory was developed by Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur and is widely applicable today given society's overwhelming use of media. There is debate around what exactly causes media dependency, with some pointing to factors like age, occupation, or geographic location.
Cultivation theory
This document discusses George Gerbner's cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewing can influence viewers' perceptions of social reality. It presents Gerbner's three-pronged research strategy of institutional process analysis, message system analysis, and cultivation analysis. Cultivation analysis examines whether heavy viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as reflected in common television messages and portrayals. The document also discusses key concepts like mainstreaming and reviews international studies and recent findings on how television viewing can cultivate beliefs around topics like crime, health, politics, and gender roles.
Political Economy of Mass Communication
This document discusses the political economy of mass communication and its various definitions and approaches. It begins by defining political economy narrowly as the study of power relations influencing production, distribution, and consumption of resources. It then outlines classical, American, European, and Marxist traditions of political economy. The classical tradition focused on social change and the totality of social relations. The American tradition views political economy in terms of institutional and technological constraints benefiting corporations and governments. The European tradition emphasizes class power and struggle. Marxism places labor at the center and sees the media as determined by the economic base and disseminating the dominant ideology.
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Presentation by Gulnura Toralieva at Debate and Citizen Journalism Camp in Kyrgyzstan organized by International Debate Education Association.
Audience theory
The document discusses several theories related to audience and media consumption:
1) Uses and gratifications theory focuses on why and how people actively seek out media to satisfy needs, rather than what media does to people. It assumes audiences are active in interpreting media.
2) Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model examines how producers encode meanings in texts and how audiences can correctly decode, misdecode, or oppose the meanings.
3) The effects theory examines how media can influence behavior but was critiqued for viewing audiences as too passive, unlike uses and gratifications theory which sees audiences as active.
Normative theories (1)
The document discusses four normative theories of the press: the authoritarian theory, libertarian theory, social responsibility theory, and Soviet communist theory. Under the authoritarian theory, all forms of communication are controlled by governing elites or authorities to protect national interests. The libertarian theory advocates for complete press freedom with no government control. The social responsibility theory balances press freedom with reasonable controls and social obligations. Finally, the Soviet communist theory views media as an instrument of the state to promote communist ideology and governance.
Spiral of silence
The document discusses Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's spiral of silence theory of communication. The theory proposes that individuals are less likely to express opinions they believe are in the minority due to fear of isolation. It also suggests that the media can influence which opinions are perceived as majority or minority views. The document outlines the key assumptions, factors, and examples of the theory, as well as its strengths in explaining how public opinion may change over time, especially on controversial issues.
Mass communication theories
The document discusses several mass communication theories:
1) Spiral of silence theory explains how people remain silent when they feel their views are in the minority due to fear of isolation.
2) Two-step flow theory describes how information from media moves in two stages from opinion leaders to the general public.
3) Cultivation theory suggests that heavy television viewers' perceptions of social reality are influenced by what they see on television.
Uses and gratification theory-presentation
The document discusses uses and gratification theory (U&G theory), which states that audiences actively engage with media to fulfill certain needs rather than media having a passive influence. It provides the historical background of U&G theory from the 1920s onward and outlines key reasons for media use including information, personal identity, entertainment, integration and social interaction. It also discusses how U&G theory remains relevant today due to concepts like interactivity and asynchroneity and the development of new media.
The uses and gratification theory
The Uses and Gratification Theory proposes that people actively seek out specific media to satisfy certain needs. It focuses on understanding why and how audiences use media rather than how media affects people. The theory suggests people choose media to fulfill needs like information, personal identity, social interaction, and entertainment. It presents an audience-centered perspective on mass communication.
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The belief that the use of media depends on the satisfaction, need, desire or motivation of each audience is almost as old as media research. Audiences are often formed based on the similarity of individual needs, interests and tastes, which have a social or psychological origin.
This way of thinking is belonging to the school of research called (use and gratification or interest and satisfaction) (McQuoid).
This approach was first described in an article by Katz (1959), which Katz began with the question, "What do people do with the media?"
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1. The Media Effects Model views audiences as passive and easily influenced by media messages. It suggests media has direct negative effects on audiences.
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3. Cultivation Theory argues that over time, heavy media consumption shapes audiences' views of social reality to reflect what they see in media more than objective conditions.
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Study guide; more than meets the eye an introduction to media studies
Study guide; more than meets the eye an introduction to media studies
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cultural studies
The document discusses several key concepts in cultural studies, including:
1) The media represents the ideologies of the dominant class in society and is controlled by corporations seeking profit.
2) Culture and ideology shape how people interpret and make sense of the world, and meanings are formed through media.
3) People exist within hierarchical power structures, and those in higher positions tend to dominate over weaker groups through hegemony, though audiences can sometimes challenge domination through counter-hegemony.
spiral of silence & agenda setting
Media ecology theory studies how communication processes and media technology affect human perception, emotion, and values. It assumes that media permeate every aspect of society and shape our experiences. For next week's group assignment, students must find a real-world case study to analyze using the key assumptions of media ecology theory, such as how media integrate society and form our perspectives, in under 300 words.
face negotiation theory
Face Negotiation Theory explains how individuals in individualistic and collectivistic cultures negotiate face (self-image) during conflicts. It assumes that identity is negotiated differently across cultures, conflict management is mediated by face and culture, and certain actions can threaten one's presented face. Facework refers to verbal and nonverbal strategies used to maintain, defend, or improve one's own and others' face. Case studies demonstrate how individuals use politeness strategies like tact, solidarity and approbation facework.
cultural studies
The document discusses several key concepts in cultural studies, including:
1) The media represents the ideologies of the dominant class in society and is controlled by corporations seeking profit.
2) Culture and ideology shape how people interpret and make sense of the world, and meanings are formed through media.
3) People exist within hierarchical power structures, and those in higher positions tend to dominate over weaker groups through hegemony, though audiences can sometimes challenge domination through counter-hegemony.
the rhetoric & dramatism
The document discusses the principles of rhetoric and dramatism in public speaking. It explains that effective speakers must consider their audience as the central focus of their message. Speakers should utilize logical, emotional, and ethical proofs to persuade their audience. Specifically, speakers can employ syllogisms or enthymemes in their arguments and should follow the five canons of rhetoric: invention, arrangement, style, delivery, and memory. Dramatism theory compares life to a play and emphasizes the importance of symbols and identification between actors/individuals beyond just persuasion techniques. Identification allows for unity while a lack of identification causes division between people.
Uud 1945 dan dinamika pelaksanaannya (7 )
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang kedudukan Pembukaan UUD 1945 dan hubungannya dengan Batang Tubuh UUD 1945. Pembukaan UUD 1945 memiliki kedudukan yang lebih tinggi daripada Batang Tubuh dan mengandung pokok-pokok pikiran yang dijabarkan lebih lanjut dalam Batang Tubuh. Pembukaan dan Batang Tubuh merupakan kesatuan yang tidak terpisahkan.
Message appeals and endorser - traditional advertising and internet advertising
This document summarizes sessions 6 and 7 which discuss message appeals and endorsers in traditional and internet advertising. Session 6 covers the elements of effective message appeals including motivation, informational and hedonic needs, novel stimuli, and prominent cues. It provides examples of ads appealing to fear, freshness, and endorsers. Session 7 compares traditional media like newspaper, magazine, radio and TV with internet advertising formats including websites, banners, pop-ups, blogs, email and their strengths and limitations.
pengantar pendidikan pancasila
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang pengertian Pancasila secara etimologis dan terminologis, landasan-landasan Pendidikan Pancasila secara historis, kultural, yuridis, dan filosofis, serta tujuan Pendidikan Pancasila dan Pendidikan Nasional untuk mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa dan membentuk manusia Indonesia yang beriman, bertakwa, memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan, serta memiliki kepribadian yang mantap.
Pancasila sebagai ideologi nasional (5)
Pancasila merupakan ideologi nasional Indonesia yang terbuka. Ideologi ini menetapkan nilai-nilai dasar seperti Ketuhanan, Kemanusiaan, Persatuan, Kerakyatan, dan Keadilan sebagai cita-cita penyelenggaraan negara. Pancasila berfungsi mempersatukan masyarakat Indonesia yang beragam.
Pancasila dalam konteks ketatanegaraan i (6)
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang Pancasila sebagai sumber hukum dasar negara Indonesia dan sistem pemerintahan Indonesia dalam UUD 1945. Sistem pemerintahan Indonesia dijelaskan dalam tujuh kunci pokok, yaitu sebagai negara berdasarkan hukum, sistem konstitusional, kekuasaan tertinggi di tangan rakyat, presiden sebagai penyelenggara tertinggi, presiden tidak bertanggungjawab kepada DPR, menteri sebagai pembantu
hubungan kerja
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang perjanjian kerja, peraturan perusahaan, pemutusan hubungan kerja, perselisihan hubungan industrial, dan pengadilan hubungan industrial.
tanggung jawab perusahaan
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang tanggung jawab perusahaan terhadap berbagai pihak seperti masyarakat umum, pelanggan, karyawan, investor dan komunitas keuangan. Dibahas pula mengenai penerapan etika bisnis, kode etik perusahaan, good corporate governance, tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan, serta peran iklan dan regulasi pemerintah dalam menjaga kepentingan pelanggan.
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Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang konsep keadilan dalam bisnis menurut pandangan Aristoteles, Adam Smith, dan John Rawls. Aristoteles membedakan tiga jenis keadilan yaitu legal, komutatif, dan distributif, sedangkan Adam Smith hanya menerima konsep keadilan komutatif dengan tiga prinsipnya. John Rawls memperkenalkan prinsip keadilan distributif namun dikritik karena dianggap dapat menimbulkan ketidakadilan baru.
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Cultivation analysis & uses and gratification theory
- 1. Cultivation Analysis & Uses & Gratifications Theory Session 11
- 2. Cultivation Analysis • TV & other mediaplay an extremely important role in how people view their world. • Mediated sources (messages that is transmitted through the media) can shape a person’s sense of reality.
- 3. Cultivation Analysis: Assumptions 1 Tv is essentially & fundamentally different from other forms of mass media.
- 4. Cultivation Analysis: Assumptions 2 TV shapes our society’s way of thingking & relating
- 5. Cultivation Analysis: Assumptions 3 The influence of TV is limited
- 6. Cultivation Analysis: Processes & Products 1 The 4-Step Process: Some researchers explain how to analyze situation with cultivation analysis in 4-step process: 1. Message system analysis: observe the content of the media. 2. Formulation of questions about viewers social realities: develop questions to be answer by the audience 3. Surveying the audience: interview the audience with the questions already develop 4. Comparing the social realities of light & heavy viewers: finds out the cultivation differential: light vs heavy viewers
- 7. Cultivation Analysis: Processes & Products 2 Mainstreaming & Resonance: how tv contribute to viewers’ conceptions of social reality can be explain through 2 ways; 1. Mainstreaming – the tendency of heavy viewers to perceive a similar culturally dominant reality to that pictured on the media although this differs from actual reality. 2. Resonance – occurs when a viewers lived reality allign with the reality pictured in the media.
- 8. Cultivation Analysis: Processes & Products 3 The Mean World Index: • Most people are just looking out for themselves. • You cannot be too careful in dealing with people • Most people would take advantage of you if they got the chance Heavy viewers seeing the world as a meaner place than the light viewers.
- 9. Uses & Gratifications Theory • People are active in choosing & using particular media to satisfyspecific needs. • Media consider as having limited effect on people because the audience are able to exercise control & choice.
- 10. Uses & Gratifications Theory: Assumption 1 • The audience is active & its media use is goal oriented
- 11. Uses & Gratifications Theory: Assumption 2 • The initiative in linking need gratification to a specific medium choice rests with the audience member
- 12. Uses & Gratifications Theory: Assumption 3 • The media compete with other sources for need satisfaction
- 13. Uses & Gratifications Theory: Assumption 4 • People have enough self-awareness of their media use, interests, & motives to be able to provide researchers with an accurate picture of that use
- 14. Uses & Gratifications Theory: Assumption 5 • Value judgements of media content can only be assesed by the audience
- 15. Uses & Gratifications Theory: The Active Audience. Audience mengkonsumsi media secara aktif dg cara sbb: 1. Utility: media memiliki kegunaan u/ individu & individu dpt memanfaatkannya. Cth: mendengarkan radio u/ memperoleh informasi, menonton tv u/ mendptkan hibura. 2. Intentionality: kegunaan media bg individu tergantung dr motif seseorg mengkonsumsinya. Cth: dlm situasi lelah, seseorg menonton program komedi. Dlm situasi khawatir seseorg menonton program berita
- 16. Uses & Gratifications Theory: The Active Audience (lanjutan) 3. Selectivity: penggunaan media o/ khalayak menunjukan minat mrk. 4. Imperviousness to influence: saat mengkonsumsi isi media, audience akan membentuk maknanya secara personal & sulit diubah
- 17. Uses & Gratifications Theory: Uses & Gratification and the New Media • Sebagian peneliti menganggap bahwa teori uses & gratification harus diadaptasi jika digunakan u/ menganalisa media baru (new media)