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face negotiation theory
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- 2. • Face: Citra diriyg ditunjukan seseorang dalam percakapannya dg orang lain. • Face Negotiation Theory menjelaskan bagaimana individu dlm budaya individualistik & kolektivistik menegosiasikan face (citra diri) dlm konflik
- 3. Individualistic vs CollectiveCulture Masyarakat di dunia dapat dibedakan atas 2 budaya: • Budaya individualistic: nilai budaya yg menekankan pd individu dibanding kelompok. • Budaya kolektivisme: nilai budaya yg menekankan pd kelompok dibanding individu.
- 4. Assumption 1 Identitas diri(self identity) penting dlm interaksi interpersonal & tiap individu menegosiasi identitas mrk secara berbeda dlm budaya yg berbeda. • identitas yg diharapkan individu agar diterima org lain. • identitas diri individu tdk stagnan, akan dinegosiasikan/disesuaikan dlm interaksi dg org lain.
- 5. Assumption 2 Manajemen konflikdiperantarai o/ face (citra diri) & budaya. • tiap budaya punya cara beda dlm mengelola konflik. • Cth: budaya Amerika Serikat menganggap menunjukan perbedaan sbg hal wajar. Budaya lain belum tentu demikian.
- 6. Assumption 3 Tindakan2 tertentudpt mengancam citra diri seseorang yg ditampilkan (face threatening acts-FTA). u/ menghindari FTA dpt dilakukan • Face saving: mencegah/menghentikan rasa malu/ situasi yg sulit dg melakukan suatu tindakan nyata. Cth: krn khawatir dianggap tdk gaul, maka Si A memilih u/ main dg teman yg terlihat gaul. Krn tdk nyaman jalan melewati kakak senior, seorg mahasiswa baru mengambil jln lain yg lebih jauh menuju kls. • Face restoration: memberikan alasan bg rasa malu/situasi sulit. Cth: "ini bukan salah dia, kok." "Sehrsnya jln ini rata jd saya tdk jatuh".
- 7. Face Politeness &Facework 2 kebutuhan universal individu: • Positive face: keinginan disukai & dikagumi o/ org2 yg penting dlm hidup kita. • Negative face: keinginan memiliki kebebasan
- 8. Case Study: • Toplease her teacher, Asya tries to speak with a low pitch voive & using a formal sentences. She knows most older people does not like people younger than them to raise their voive & using informal language (positive face). At the same time, Asya also already stated a boundary on the politeness she applies to her teacher. Because she knows also that herself is a unique individual that has liberty on deciding what she want to do/say.
- 9. • Face politeness:demi mempertahankan citra dirinya, individu menggunakan face politeness strategy (strategi kesantunan) dg memanfaatkan Facework: strategi verbal & non verbal yg digunakan seseorang u/ memelihara, mempertahankan, atau meningkatkan citra diri sekaligus u/ menyerang/mempertahankan citra diri lawan bicaranya.
- 10. Jenis Facework: • TactFacework: batas di mana seseorang menghargai otonomi/kebebasan lawan bicaranya. • Solidarity Facework: menerima lawan bicara sbg anggota kelompok. • Approbation Facework: meminimalkan berpikir negatif & mengutamakan pd aspek positif dr lawan bicara.
- 11. Standpoint Theory - Peopleare situated in specific social locations; they occupy different places in the social hierarchy based on their membership in social groups (poor, wealthy, men, women, European American, African American, Latino, uneducated, well educated, etc). - Because of these social locations, individuals view the social situation from particular vantage points.
- 12. Assumptions • Material life(or class position) structures and limits understandings of social relations. • When material life is structured in two opposing ways for two different groups, the understanding of each will be an inversion of the other. • The vision of the ruling group structures the material relations in which all groups are forced to participate. • The vision available to an oppressed group represents struggle and an achievement. • The standpoint of the oppressed makes visible the inhumanity of the existing relations among groups and moves us toward a better and more just world.