spiral of silence & agenda setting
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Media ecology theory studies how communication processes and media technology affect human perception, emotion, and values. It assumes that media permeate every aspect of society and shape our experiences. For next week's group assignment, students must find a real-world case study to analyze using the key assumptions of media ecology theory, such as how media integrate society and form our perspectives, in under 300 words.
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Spiral of Silence
This document provides an overview of Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence theory. The theory posits that people are less likely to express minority views due to fear of isolation. It suggests the media plays a role in shaping public opinion and silencing minority views. However, committed activists or "hard cores" can shift public opinion over time by sustained advocacy. The document outlines the key concepts of the theory including the role of the media and assessments of public opinion.
Spiral of silence tip
The document summarizes the Spiral of Silence theory proposed by Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann. The theory suggests that individuals have a fear of isolation from society that causes them to remain silent about minority opinions on controversial issues. This silence can lead minority views to gradually diminish as media focuses on majority views. The theory is based on assumptions that individuals try to assess public opinion and conform their behavior accordingly. While heuristic, the theory has also received some criticisms around its logical consistency and ability to explain all behaviors.
Cultivation theory
Cultivation Theory proposes that heavy television viewing can influence viewers' perceptions of social reality. Developed by George Gerbner in the 1960s, it suggests effects occur gradually over time through repeated exposure. Gerbner's research found heavy viewers perceived the world as more dangerous and estimated criminal activity was higher than light viewers. His Cultural Indicators project also found heavy viewing resulted in viewers developing similar mainstream perspectives and past experiences with violence being amplified.
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This document discusses George Gerbner's cultivation theory, which proposes that heavy television viewing can influence viewers' perceptions of social reality. It presents Gerbner's three-pronged research strategy of institutional process analysis, message system analysis, and cultivation analysis. Cultivation analysis examines whether heavy viewers are more likely to perceive social reality as reflected in common television messages and portrayals. The document also discusses key concepts like mainstreaming and reviews international studies and recent findings on how television viewing can cultivate beliefs around topics like crime, health, politics, and gender roles.
Spiral of silence
The document discusses Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's spiral of silence theory of public opinion formation. The theory posits that individuals are less likely to express opinions they believe are in the minority due to a fear of isolation. Neumann developed the theory to explain how the German public came to support the wrong political positions that led to defeat in World War II. The document also covers criticisms of the theory, which include that it does not account for individuals who stand by their views regardless of the majority opinion. It also only cites fear of isolation as the reason for remaining silent, rather than considering other possible reasons.
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Spiral of Silence
This document provides an overview of Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence theory. The theory posits that people are less likely to express minority views due to fear of isolation. It suggests the media plays a role in shaping public opinion and silencing minority views. However, committed activists or "hard cores" can shift public opinion over time by sustained advocacy. The document outlines the key concepts of the theory including the role of the media and assessments of public opinion.
Spiral of silence tip
The document summarizes the Spiral of Silence theory proposed by Elizabeth Noelle-Neumann. The theory suggests that individuals have a fear of isolation from society that causes them to remain silent about minority opinions on controversial issues. This silence can lead minority views to gradually diminish as media focuses on majority views. The theory is based on assumptions that individuals try to assess public opinion and conform their behavior accordingly. While heuristic, the theory has also received some criticisms around its logical consistency and ability to explain all behaviors.
Cultivation theory
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7 uses and gratifications theory
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Spiral of silence
The document discusses Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's spiral of silence theory of public opinion formation. The theory posits that individuals are less likely to express opinions they believe are in the minority due to a fear of isolation. Neumann developed the theory to explain how the German public came to support the wrong political positions that led to defeat in World War II. The document also covers criticisms of the theory, which include that it does not account for individuals who stand by their views regardless of the majority opinion. It also only cites fear of isolation as the reason for remaining silent, rather than considering other possible reasons.
La espiral del silencio
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The document discusses uses and gratification theory (U&G theory), which states that audiences actively engage with media to fulfill certain needs rather than media having a passive influence. It provides the historical background of U&G theory from the 1920s onward and outlines key reasons for media use including information, personal identity, entertainment, integration and social interaction. It also discusses how U&G theory remains relevant today due to concepts like interactivity and asynchroneity and the development of new media.
The Two-Step Flow Of Communication
The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Report on an Hypothesis Elihu Katz (1957)
- The People's Choice
- The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Opinion Leaders and Opinion Followers
- Minimal/ Limited Paradigm vs. Mass Society Paradigm
- Strengths and Limitations of The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Elmira Study, Rovere Study, Decatur Study and Drug Study
- Diffusion of Innovation
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The document discusses three main theories of audience:
1. The Effects Model/Hypodermic Model which argues media has a direct influence on passive audiences.
2. The Uses and Gratifications Model which argues that active audiences use media to meet personal needs and gratifications.
3. Reception Theory which argues that audiences can decode media messages in dominant, negotiated, or oppositional ways based on their own views.
Effect theory the spiral of silence theory
The document discusses the Spiral of Silence Theory proposed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. The theory suggests that individuals have a fear of isolation and will remain quiet about their minority opinions on issues if they believe most people disagree with them. This causes the isolation of dissenting views in society as more people perceive they hold the minority opinion and choose to withhold their views. The theory helps explain why Jews remained silent under Nazi rule in Germany as Hitler dominated public opinion. Examples of how the theory can apply in workplaces and social settings are also provided, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the theory.
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This document summarizes the key aspects of social media and social networking. It begins by defining social networks and explaining how they allow individuals to connect online. It then discusses the major types of social media platforms and who uses them. The document outlines how social networking sites work by allowing users to create profiles, connect with others, and share content. Both the positive and negative effects of social media on society are analyzed. In conclusion, it acknowledges that while social media provides benefits, overuse can also have drawbacks, so moderation is important.
Hypodermic needle theory
It talks about the media and effects. it explains how the western scholars tested the media effects and theorized the concepts
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This document discusses several models and theories related to the flow of information and influence. It describes the two-step flow of communication model developed by Lazarsfeld, which found that personal influence from opinion leaders is more impactful than direct media influence. It also discusses Kurt Lewin's concept of gatekeeping, in which individuals control the flow of information by deciding what should pass through or be blocked. News editors are provided as an example of gatekeepers who determine what news items to publish based on their organization's policies.
Cultivation Theory
The cultivation theory proposes that television shapes viewers' perceptions of social reality. It suggests that heavy television viewers are more likely to see the real world as dangerous and violent due to the frequent depictions of crime and violence on television. However, critics argue that the theory has many flaws, as it fails to account for viewers' demographics and does not consider the influence of specific television shows versus television in general. There are also questions around whether surveys adequately assessed viewers' perceptions before television exposure. Overall, the document concludes the cultivation theory is not very promising due to its numerous weaknesses.
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Cultivation Theory proposes that heavy television viewers come to see the real world in ways that reflect the most common and recurrent messages of the television world. It suggests that the more time people spend watching television, the more likely they are to believe social realities portrayed on television reflect the actual world. The theory was developed by George Gerbner and focuses on how television shapes viewers' perceptions of violence and crime in society. Later refinements added the concepts of "mainstreaming" and "resonance" to better explain television's influence on viewers' beliefs. While influential, Cultivation Theory has also received criticisms for being an oversimplification and not accounting for other social and media influences.
Spiral of silence
The Spiral of Silence theory, proposed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, explains that people are less likely to express opinions that are in the minority for fear of isolation. They have a sense of the prevailing public opinion and remain silent if their views diverge from the majority to avoid social isolation and reprisal. Over time, as minority opinions are suppressed, the majority view dominates public discourse in a "spiral" effect.
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The document discusses the evolution of different media and how they can have both benefits and drawbacks. It analyzes television, movies, social networking sites, news papers, radio, mobile phones and applications. Each medium is described in terms of how it provides entertainment, information and connects people, but also how some content can be misleading, promote violence or disrespect laws. Daily soaps and reality shows are said to explore talent but can also be a waste of time or show improper behavior.
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Impact of social media on our society
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Hypodermic needle
The document discusses the hypodermic needle theory of mass communication, which suggests that media messages are directly injected into passive audiences, immediately influencing them. It notes that this theory from the 1930s is now considered outdated. The two-step flow model is presented as an alternative, in which opinion leaders influence the public rather than direct media effects. Lasswell's communication formula is also described as analyzing the basic questions of who communicates what through which channel to whom with what effect.
Communication theories
The document summarizes several communication theories:
- The Hypodermic Needle Theory suggests media has direct influence over passive audiences. It is no longer accepted but still influences views.
- The Agenda Setting Theory claims media can set what issues are discussed and how. Audiences often interpret messages as intended.
- Reinforcement Theory argues media reinforces existing views and other social factors are more influential, except for introducing new ideas.
- Two Step Flow Theory says opinion leaders influence public views after initial media exposure and interpretation.
- Uses and Gratifications Theory proposes audiences actively use media to fulfill needs and have power over media content and influence.
cultural studies
The document discusses several key concepts in cultural studies, including:
1) The media represents the ideologies of the dominant class in society and is controlled by corporations seeking profit.
2) Culture and ideology shape how people interpret and make sense of the world, and meanings are formed through media.
3) People exist within hierarchical power structures, and those in higher positions tend to dominate over weaker groups through hegemony, though audiences can sometimes challenge domination through counter-hegemony.
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La espiral del silencio
La teoría de la espiral del silencio explica cómo las personas son menos propensas a expresar opiniones minoritarias en público por temor al aislamiento. Según la teoría, los medios de comunicación influyen en la percepción de la opinión pública predominante y las personas con opiniones minoritarias tienden a permanecer en silencio. La teoría solo se aplica a temas morales controvertidos y ha sido utilizada para estudiar temas como el tabaquismo y los atentados del 11 de septiembre.
Uses and gratification theory-presentation
The document discusses uses and gratification theory (U&G theory), which states that audiences actively engage with media to fulfill certain needs rather than media having a passive influence. It provides the historical background of U&G theory from the 1920s onward and outlines key reasons for media use including information, personal identity, entertainment, integration and social interaction. It also discusses how U&G theory remains relevant today due to concepts like interactivity and asynchroneity and the development of new media.
The Two-Step Flow Of Communication
The Two-Step Flow of Communication: An Up-to-Date Report on an Hypothesis Elihu Katz (1957)
- The People's Choice
- The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Opinion Leaders and Opinion Followers
- Minimal/ Limited Paradigm vs. Mass Society Paradigm
- Strengths and Limitations of The Two-Step Flow Theory
- Elmira Study, Rovere Study, Decatur Study and Drug Study
- Diffusion of Innovation
- Personal Influence vs. Mass Influence
- Impact of Personal Influence
- Flow of Personal Influence
Audience theory
The document discusses three main theories of audience:
1. The Effects Model/Hypodermic Model which argues media has a direct influence on passive audiences.
2. The Uses and Gratifications Model which argues that active audiences use media to meet personal needs and gratifications.
3. Reception Theory which argues that audiences can decode media messages in dominant, negotiated, or oppositional ways based on their own views.
Effect theory the spiral of silence theory
The document discusses the Spiral of Silence Theory proposed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann. The theory suggests that individuals have a fear of isolation and will remain quiet about their minority opinions on issues if they believe most people disagree with them. This causes the isolation of dissenting views in society as more people perceive they hold the minority opinion and choose to withhold their views. The theory helps explain why Jews remained silent under Nazi rule in Germany as Hitler dominated public opinion. Examples of how the theory can apply in workplaces and social settings are also provided, as well as advantages and disadvantages of the theory.
Social Media
This document summarizes the key aspects of social media and social networking. It begins by defining social networks and explaining how they allow individuals to connect online. It then discusses the major types of social media platforms and who uses them. The document outlines how social networking sites work by allowing users to create profiles, connect with others, and share content. Both the positive and negative effects of social media on society are analyzed. In conclusion, it acknowledges that while social media provides benefits, overuse can also have drawbacks, so moderation is important.
Hypodermic needle theory
It talks about the media and effects. it explains how the western scholars tested the media effects and theorized the concepts
Two step flow of information
This document discusses several models and theories related to the flow of information and influence. It describes the two-step flow of communication model developed by Lazarsfeld, which found that personal influence from opinion leaders is more impactful than direct media influence. It also discusses Kurt Lewin's concept of gatekeeping, in which individuals control the flow of information by deciding what should pass through or be blocked. News editors are provided as an example of gatekeepers who determine what news items to publish based on their organization's policies.
Cultivation Theory
The cultivation theory proposes that television shapes viewers' perceptions of social reality. It suggests that heavy television viewers are more likely to see the real world as dangerous and violent due to the frequent depictions of crime and violence on television. However, critics argue that the theory has many flaws, as it fails to account for viewers' demographics and does not consider the influence of specific television shows versus television in general. There are also questions around whether surveys adequately assessed viewers' perceptions before television exposure. Overall, the document concludes the cultivation theory is not very promising due to its numerous weaknesses.
Uses And Gratification Theory
What is the uses and gratification theory and how does it apply to the music video Sacrilege by the Yeah Yeah Yeahs.
CULTIVATION THEORY OF MASS AND COMMUNICATION
Cultivation Theory proposes that heavy television viewers come to see the real world in ways that reflect the most common and recurrent messages of the television world. It suggests that the more time people spend watching television, the more likely they are to believe social realities portrayed on television reflect the actual world. The theory was developed by George Gerbner and focuses on how television shapes viewers' perceptions of violence and crime in society. Later refinements added the concepts of "mainstreaming" and "resonance" to better explain television's influence on viewers' beliefs. While influential, Cultivation Theory has also received criticisms for being an oversimplification and not accounting for other social and media influences.
Spiral of silence
The Spiral of Silence theory, proposed by Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, explains that people are less likely to express opinions that are in the minority for fear of isolation. They have a sense of the prevailing public opinion and remain silent if their views diverge from the majority to avoid social isolation and reprisal. Over time, as minority opinions are suppressed, the majority view dominates public discourse in a "spiral" effect.
Social Media Boon or curse?
The document discusses the evolution of different media and how they can have both benefits and drawbacks. It analyzes television, movies, social networking sites, news papers, radio, mobile phones and applications. Each medium is described in terms of how it provides entertainment, information and connects people, but also how some content can be misleading, promote violence or disrespect laws. Daily soaps and reality shows are said to explore talent but can also be a waste of time or show improper behavior.
The effects of Social Networking upon society
This document discusses the effects of social networking on society. It outlines some of the main positive effects, including the ability to communicate instantly with people, share photos and videos, share opinions and emotions, promote advertisements, and increase reputation. Some negative effects mentioned are political and religious corruption enabled by social media, the threat of unauthorized information tapping by hackers, addiction to social media, underage access without parental guidance, and emotional and heartbreaking situations caused by social media interactions. The document provides examples of popular social media platforms and how they contribute to these effects on individuals and society.
Cognitive dissonance
In the field of psychology, cognitive dissonance is the perception of contradictory information. Relevant items of information include a person's actions, feelings, ideas, beliefs, values, and things in the environment.
Social Media Addiction v1.0.pptx
The document discusses social media addiction, including statistics on worldwide social media usage which show that over half of the global population is active on social media. It describes how social media triggers dopamine release in the brain, creating a reward loop that can lead to addiction. The disadvantages of social media addiction are then outlined, including negative impacts on health, work/education, social life, and behaviors that develop after addiction such as isolation and low self-esteem. Future challenges with additional forms of online addiction are also mentioned.
Impact of social media on our society
The document discusses the negative impacts of social media on society according to a study conducted among 30 students at FC College. The study found that students use social media daily and believe it has mostly negative effects. Issues identified include exposing children to inappropriate content, lower grades due to time wasted on social media, negative impacts on health, and reduced real-world social interaction and learning. The conclusion is that for students, the negatives of social media outweigh the positives and excessive use can negatively impact mental and physical health.
Hypodermic needle
The document discusses the hypodermic needle theory of mass communication, which suggests that media messages are directly injected into passive audiences, immediately influencing them. It notes that this theory from the 1930s is now considered outdated. The two-step flow model is presented as an alternative, in which opinion leaders influence the public rather than direct media effects. Lasswell's communication formula is also described as analyzing the basic questions of who communicates what through which channel to whom with what effect.
Communication theories
The document summarizes several communication theories:
- The Hypodermic Needle Theory suggests media has direct influence over passive audiences. It is no longer accepted but still influences views.
- The Agenda Setting Theory claims media can set what issues are discussed and how. Audiences often interpret messages as intended.
- Reinforcement Theory argues media reinforces existing views and other social factors are more influential, except for introducing new ideas.
- Two Step Flow Theory says opinion leaders influence public views after initial media exposure and interpretation.
- Uses and Gratifications Theory proposes audiences actively use media to fulfill needs and have power over media content and influence.
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3) People exist within hierarchical power structures, and those in higher positions tend to dominate over weaker groups through hegemony, though audiences can sometimes challenge domination through counter-hegemony.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
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spiral of silence & agenda setting
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- 10. the study of how media & communication processes affect human perception, feeling, emotion, and value - Emphasizes on the influence of media technology on society
- 11. Assumptions: • Media infuse every act & action in society. • Media fix our perceptions & organize our experiences. • Media tie the world together.
- 13. Group Assignment for Next Week: Find a case study in a real life that suits with the assumptions of media ecology theory. Try to analyze the case with the assumptions of media ecology theory. - the assignment should not be more than 300 words
- 14. The Medium is the Message McLuhan believes that the medium (media/teknologi yg digunakan) is more powerful on influencing society, rather than the content.