This document provides an introduction to crystal physics, including definitions of key terms like crystalline and non-crystalline solids, space lattices, crystal structures, lattice parameters, crystal systems, and Bravais lattices. Crystal physics involves studying the physical properties of crystalline solids using techniques like X-rays to determine their atomic structure and arrangement. Solids can be crystalline, with regular periodic atomic arrangements, or non-crystalline/amorphous with random atomic positions. Crystals form lattice structures that repeat unit cell patterns of atomic bases.
The crystal structure notes gives the basic understanding about the different structures crystalline materials and their properties and physics of crystals. It also throw light on the basics of crystal diffraction
undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
Chapter 1: Material Structure and Binary Alloy Systemsyar 2604
This is an introduction to material structure and periodic table system. This topic also describes microstructure of the metals and alloys solidification.
The crystal structure notes gives the basic understanding about the different structures crystalline materials and their properties and physics of crystals. It also throw light on the basics of crystal diffraction
undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
Chapter 1: Material Structure and Binary Alloy Systemsyar 2604
This is an introduction to material structure and periodic table system. This topic also describes microstructure of the metals and alloys solidification.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 1
PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL PHYSICS
CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
SPACE LATTICE
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
LATTICE PARAMETERS
CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
BRAVAIS LATTICES
2. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 2
INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL PHYSICS
Matter exists in three states viz. solids, liquids and
gases.
All these states are composed of atoms and
molecules.
When we focus the solids, they are classified into
many types based on several properties like
electrical, mechanical, magnetic, optical, thermal
etc.,.
The main reason for these different properties of
solids is their crystal structure.
3. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 3
INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL PHYSICS
What is Crystal Physics?
‘Crystal Physics’ or ‘Crystallography’ is a branch of physics
that deals with the study of all possible types of crystals
and the physical properties of crystalline solids by the
determination of their actual structure by using X-rays,
neutron beams and electron beams.
4. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 4
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS
Solids can broadly be classified into two types based on the
arrangement of units of matter.
The units of matter may be atoms, molecules or ions.
They are,
Crystalline solids and
Non-crystalline (or) Amorphous solids
5. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 5
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
A substance is said to be crystalline when the
arrangement of units of matter is regular and
periodic.
A crystalline material has directional properties and
therefore called as anisotropic substance.
A crystal has a sharp melting point.
It possesses a regular shape and if it is broken, all
broken pieces have the same regular shape.
6. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 6
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
A crystalline material can either be a single
(mono) crystal or a polycrystal.
A single crystal consists of only one crystal,
whereas the polycrystalline material consists of
many crystals separated by well-defined
boundaries.
Examples
Metallic crystals – Cu, Ag, Al, Mg etc,
Non-metallic crystals – Carbon,Silicon,Germanium,
7. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 7
NON CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
In amorphous solids, the constituent particles
are not arranged in an orderly manner. They
are randomly distributed.
They do not have directional properties and so
they are called as `isotropic’ substances.
They have wide range of melting point and do
not possess a regular shape.
Examples:
Glass, Plastics, Rubber etc.,
8. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 8
EXAMPLES OF CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS
9. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 9
ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT IN CRYSTALS
(a) mono (or) single crystals
(b) polycrystalline solids
(c) amorphous solids
10. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 10
CRYSTALS
It is a substance in which the constituent particles are
arranged in a systematic geometrical pattern.
11. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 11
SPACE LATTICE
A lattice is a regular and periodic
arrangement of points in three dimension.
It is defined as an infinite array of points in
three dimension in which every point has
surroundings identical to that of every other
point in the array.
The Space lattice is otherwise called the
Crystal lattice
12. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 12
TWO DIMENSIONAL SPACE LATTICE
13. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 13
BASIS
A crystal structure is formed by associating every
lattice point with a unit assembly of atoms or
molecules identical in composition, arrangement and
orientation.
This unit assembly is called the `basis’.
When the basis is repeated with correct periodicity in
all directions, it gives the actual crystal structure.
The crystal structure is real, while the lattice is
imaginary.
15. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 15
UNIT CELL
A unit cell is defined as a fundamental building block
of a crystal structure, which can generate the
complete crystal by repeating its own dimensions in
various directions.
17. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 17
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AXES
Consider a unit cell consisting of three mutually
perpendicular edges OA, OB and OC as shown in
figure.
Draw parallel lines along the three edges.
These lines are taken as crystallographic axes and they
are denoted as X, Y and Z axes.
18. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 18
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AXES
XA
Y
B
Z
C
O
19. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 19
LATTICE PARAMETERS
Consider the unit cell as shown in figure.
Let OA, OB and OC are the intercepts made by the
unit cell along X, Y and Z axes respectively.
These intercepts are known as primitives. In
crystallography the intercepts OA, OB and OC are
represented as a , b and c .
20. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 20
LATTICE PARAMETERS
The angle between X and Y axes is represented as .
Similarly the angles between Y and Z and Z and X axes
are denoted by and respectively as shown in the
above figure. These angles , and are called as
interaxial angles or interfacial angles.
To represent a lattice, the three interfacial angles and
their corresponding intercepts are essential. These six
parameters are said to be lattice parameters.
21. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 21
PRIMITIVE CELL
It is the smallest unit cell in volume constructed
by primitives. It consists of only one full atom
22. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 22
PRIMITIVE CELL
A primitive cell is one, which has got the points or
atoms only at the corners of the unit cell.
If a unit cell consists of more than one atom, then it is
not a primitive cell.
Example for primitive cell :Simple Cubic unit cell.
Examples for non-primitive cell:BCC and FCC unit cell.
23. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 23
CRYSTALS SYSTEMS
A three dimensional space lattice is generated
by repeated translation of three translational
vectors a, b and c.
Crystals are grouped under seven systems on
the basis of the shape of the unit cell.
The seven crystal systems are distinguished
from one another by their lattice parameters .
24. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 24
CRYSTALS SYSTEMS
The seven systems are,
Cubic (isometric)
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
Trigonal (rhombohedral)
Hexagonal
Monoclinic and
Triclinic
25. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 25
CRYSTALS SYSTEMS
The space lattices formed by unit cells are marked by the
following symbols.
Primitive lattice:P having lattice points only at the
corners of the unit cell.
Body centred lattice:I having lattice points at
the corners as well as at the body centre of the unit
cell.
26. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 26
CRYSTALS SYSTEMS
Face centred lattice:F having lattice points at the
corners as well as at the face centres of the unit cell.
Base centred lattice:C having lattice points at the
corners as well as at the top and bottom base
centres of the unit cell.
27. PH 0101 UNIT 4 LECTURE 1 27
BRAVAIS LATTICES
Bravais in 1948 showed that 14 types of unit cells
under seven crystal systems are possible. They
are commonly called as `Bravais lattices’.