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This document discusses different types of crystal defects including point defects, line defects, and planar defects. Point defects are zero-dimensional and include vacancies and impurity atoms that occupy either interstitial or substitutional positions in the lattice. Line defects are one-dimensional and include edge and screw dislocations which allow crystals to plastically deform. Planar defects are two-dimensional and include grain boundaries and twin boundaries which form at the interface between crystalline regions. Crystal defects influence important material properties like mechanical, electrical, and magnetic behavior.
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Crystal defects
Crystal defects refer to any deviations from the regular geometric arrangement of atoms in a crystal structure. No crystal is truly perfect, as defects are always present due to imperfect packing during crystal formation and thermal vibrations. Common types of defects include vacancies where atomic sites are missing, interstitial defects where extra atoms occupy interstitial spaces, Schottky defects where an anion-cation pair is missing, and Frenkel defects where a cation shifts from its regular site to an interstitial site. Line defects called dislocations are also common, where the crystal structure is distorted along a line, and include edge dislocations from extra atomic planes and screw dislocations from spiral displacements of atoms. Defects significantly
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Crystal imperfections
This document summarizes different types of defects in crystals. It describes point defects such as vacancies, impurities, and Frenkel and Schottky defects. It also discusses line defects like dislocations and planar defects such as grain boundaries. The key types of point defects are vacancies where an atom is missing, impurities which are foreign atoms, and Frenkel and Schottky defects which involve displaced ions in ionic crystals.
Imperfections in solids con
Imperfections in solids can occur in the form of point defects, line defects, and plane defects. Point defects are irregularities around a single lattice point and include vacancies, interstitial atoms, and displaced atoms. There are different types of point defects based on whether they change the stoichiometry of the solid (stoichiometric defects) or introduce impurities (impurity defects). Stoichiometric defects preserve the overall composition of the solid and include vacancy defects, interstitial defects, Frenkel defects, and Schottky defects in ionic solids. Non-stoichiometric defects change the composition of the solid and lead to metal excess or metal deficiency.
Crystal Defects
This document discusses various types of defects that can occur in crystal structures, categorizing them based on dimensionality. Point defects are irregularities around a single atom and include vacancies, interstitials, Frenkel defects, and Schottky defects. Line defects distort atomic bonds around a dislocation line and include edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects occur at grain boundaries where crystal orientations change. Bulk defects in the volume of the material include precipitates, dispersants, inclusions, and voids. Defects can impact material properties and are sometimes deliberately introduced to improve characteristics.
Lattice imperfection
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Lattice Imperfections:
Definition, classification and significance of Imperfections Point defects: vacancy, interstitial and impurity atom defects, Their formation and effects, Dislocation - Edge and screw dislocations Burger’s vector, Motion of dislocations and their significance, Surface defects - Grain boundary, sub-angle grain boundary and stacking faults, their significance, Generation of dislocation, Frank Reed source, conditions of multiplication and significance
Defects
There are three main types of point defects in crystals: vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects include dislocations, which can be edge or screw dislocations. Planar defects involve discontinuities across a plane, such as grain boundaries between differently oriented crystal grains or twin boundaries between mirrored crystal structures. Volume defects create internal surfaces through the absence of atoms in voids.
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The document discusses crystal defects and their significance. It begins with an introduction to crystals and crystal defects. There are four main types of crystal defects discussed: point defects, line defects, surface defects, and volume defects. Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects are dislocations like edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects include grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. Volume defects occur on a larger scale and include voids, porosity, and precipitates. In conclusion, the presence discusses how crystal defects can impact properties and significance like improving semiconductor performance or lowering melting points.
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Crystal defects
Crystal defects refer to any deviations from the regular geometric arrangement of atoms in a crystal structure. No crystal is truly perfect, as defects are always present due to imperfect packing during crystal formation and thermal vibrations. Common types of defects include vacancies where atomic sites are missing, interstitial defects where extra atoms occupy interstitial spaces, Schottky defects where an anion-cation pair is missing, and Frenkel defects where a cation shifts from its regular site to an interstitial site. Line defects called dislocations are also common, where the crystal structure is distorted along a line, and include edge dislocations from extra atomic planes and screw dislocations from spiral displacements of atoms. Defects significantly
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This document summarizes different types of defects in crystals. It describes point defects such as vacancies, impurities, and Frenkel and Schottky defects. It also discusses line defects like dislocations and planar defects such as grain boundaries. The key types of point defects are vacancies where an atom is missing, impurities which are foreign atoms, and Frenkel and Schottky defects which involve displaced ions in ionic crystals.
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Imperfections in solids can occur in the form of point defects, line defects, and plane defects. Point defects are irregularities around a single lattice point and include vacancies, interstitial atoms, and displaced atoms. There are different types of point defects based on whether they change the stoichiometry of the solid (stoichiometric defects) or introduce impurities (impurity defects). Stoichiometric defects preserve the overall composition of the solid and include vacancy defects, interstitial defects, Frenkel defects, and Schottky defects in ionic solids. Non-stoichiometric defects change the composition of the solid and lead to metal excess or metal deficiency.
Crystal Defects
This document discusses various types of defects that can occur in crystal structures, categorizing them based on dimensionality. Point defects are irregularities around a single atom and include vacancies, interstitials, Frenkel defects, and Schottky defects. Line defects distort atomic bonds around a dislocation line and include edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects occur at grain boundaries where crystal orientations change. Bulk defects in the volume of the material include precipitates, dispersants, inclusions, and voids. Defects can impact material properties and are sometimes deliberately introduced to improve characteristics.
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Defects
There are three main types of point defects in crystals: vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects include dislocations, which can be edge or screw dislocations. Planar defects involve discontinuities across a plane, such as grain boundaries between differently oriented crystal grains or twin boundaries between mirrored crystal structures. Volume defects create internal surfaces through the absence of atoms in voids.
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The document discusses crystal defects and their significance. It begins with an introduction to crystals and crystal defects. There are four main types of crystal defects discussed: point defects, line defects, surface defects, and volume defects. Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects are dislocations like edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects include grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. Volume defects occur on a larger scale and include voids, porosity, and precipitates. In conclusion, the presence discusses how crystal defects can impact properties and significance like improving semiconductor performance or lowering melting points.
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This document discusses different types of defects that can occur in crystalline materials. There are two main types of defects - point defects and line defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, where lattice sites are vacant, and interstitial defects, where atoms occupy interstitial positions between lattice sites. Vacancy and interstitial defects can both occur as Schottky or Frenkel defects in stoichiometric compounds. Non-stoichiometric compounds can exhibit metal excess or metal deficient defects due to anionic/cationic vacancies or interstitial atoms. Impurity defects also arise from the presence of impurity ions in the crystal lattice or interstitial sites. These various defects impact the macroscopic properties of materials and some
Defects in crystalline materials
There are several types of defects that can occur in crystalline materials, including point defects, line defects, and grain boundaries. Point defects include vacancies, interstitial atoms, and substitutional/interstitial impurities. Line defects include stacking faults which occur when the regular stacking sequence of atomic planes is disturbed. Grain boundaries separate crystalline grains of different orientations in polycrystalline materials. These defects influence many properties of materials.
Defects
The document discusses different types of crystalline defects including point defects, line defects, planar defects, and volume defects. Point defects involve a single atom change and include vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects are discontinuities in the crystal structure and include edge and screw dislocations. Planar defects are discontinuities across a plane, such as grain boundaries between differently oriented crystal grains, tilt boundaries of misaligned grains, and twin boundaries where crystals are mirror images. Volume defects are voids that form internal surfaces in the crystal.
Surface defects in crystals
The document discusses various types of surface defects that can occur in crystals, including external surfaces, grain boundaries, tilt boundaries, twist boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. External surfaces have unsatisfied atomic bonds and higher surface energy than bulk atoms. Grain boundaries are regions between two adjacent grains that are slightly disordered with low density and high mobility. Tilt boundaries appear as arrays of edge dislocations when grains are misaligned with a parallel rotation axis. Twist boundaries have a perpendicular rotation axis and form as arrays of screw dislocations for low angle grain boundaries. Twin boundaries are mirror images of atomic arrangements across the boundary formed by shear deformation. Stacking faults are imperfections in the stacking sequence of atomic planes in crystals.
Crystal defect and significance
This document discusses crystal defects and their significance. It begins with an introduction to crystals and crystal defects. There are four main types of crystal defects: point defects, line defects, surface defects, and order-disorder defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, interstitial defects, impurity defects, and non-stoichiometric defects. Line defects cause dislocations like edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects occur at grain boundaries. Order-disorder defects involve random atomic arrangements. Crystal defects are significant as they can influence material properties and enable applications in areas like semiconductors, lowering melting points, and nanotube growth. In conclusion, no crystal is perfect and defects are usually present and often useful.
Defects in crystal
[1] Crystal defects are irregularities in the structure of a crystal that arise from imperfect packing of atoms. There are several types of crystal defects including point defects, line defects, surface defects, and volume defects.
[2] Point defects are zero-dimensional and include vacancies, interstitial defects, Schottky defects, and Frenkel defects. Line defects are one-dimensional and include edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects are two-dimensional and include grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. Volume defects are three-dimensional voids or non-crystalline regions within the crystal structure.
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Crystal imperfections
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- Point defects occur when atoms or ions are misplaced or replaced at a single point in the crystal structure. Non-stoichiometric defects occur when the crystal does not have the proper ratio of elements.
- Common point defects include vacancies, when an atom is missing from its normal site, and interstitials, when an atom occupies a space between normal lattice sites.
Crystal defects
The document presents information on crystal defects, specifically line defects. It discusses two types of line defects: edge defects and screw defects. Edge defects occur when an extra half-plane of atoms is introduced into the crystal structure. Screw defects occur when the planes of atoms trace a helical path around the dislocation line. The document was presented by Mehak Tariq, a student at Ghazi University DG Khan, as part of a class project on crystal defects.
Crystal defects
what is crystal defect and types of crystal defect. Crystal imperfections, line defects, point defects.
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This document discusses various types of defects that can occur in crystalline solids, including point defects, line defects (dislocations), two-dimensional defects (surfaces and interfaces), and volume defects. It focuses on point defects such as vacancies, interstitials, and solute/impurity atoms. Intrinsic point defects include vacancies and interstitials, while extrinsic defects are caused by solute/impurity atoms. These defects can have significant effects on properties like electrical conductivity in semiconductors and mechanical strength in structural alloys.
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This document summarizes different types of defects in solids, including intrinsic and extrinsic defects. It discusses point defects like vacancies and impurities, as well as line defects. Intrinsic defects such as Schottky and Frenkel defects are thermally created and do not depend on impurity concentrations. Extrinsic defects can be introduced intentionally through doping with aliovalent ions, which preserves electroneutrality but creates vacancies. Examples given include adding CaCl2 to KCl to replace two K+ ions with one Ca2+ ion, creating a cation vacancy. Overall, the document provides an overview of different defect types in solids and how intrinsic defects differ from extrinsic defects introduced through doping.
Crystaldefect 150719104034-lva1-app6891-converted
Crystal defects impact the properties of crystalline materials. Point defects are irregularities around a single atom, such as vacancies where an atom is missing or interstitials where an extra atom is present. Line defects include dislocations where the ordered atomic planes are disturbed along a line. Surface defects occur at boundaries between regions with different crystal structures. Bulk defects are larger precipitates, inclusions, or voids within the material volume. Defects are classified based on their dimensionality and can be intentionally introduced to modify material properties.
Crystal defect
This document discusses different types of crystal defects. It begins by defining an ideal crystal and explaining that real crystals contain defects due to deviations from a completely ordered atomic arrangement. Crystal defects are classified as point defects, line defects, planar defects, or bulk defects depending on their geometry. Point defects, which occur around a single atom, are further divided into vacancy defects, interstitial defects, Schottky defects, and Frenkel defects. Line defects include edge dislocations and screw dislocations. Planar defects involve grain boundaries and stacking faults, while bulk defects are voids, cracks, or impurity inclusions. The document provides examples and descriptions of each type of defect.
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Point defects are defects that occur at a single lattice point and are not extended in space. The main types are vacancies, interstitials, and substitutions. Line defects include edge, screw, and mixed dislocations. Grain boundaries are interfaces between crystalline grains. Volume defects are 3D aggregates of atoms or vacancies that manifest as pores and cracks.
Crystal imperfections
(1) Crystal imperfections refer to defects in the regular geometric arrangement of atoms in a crystal structure. They influence properties like mechanical strength.
(2) Imperfections include point defects like vacancies and interstitial atoms, line defects like edge and screw dislocations, surface defects like grain boundaries, and volume defects like cracks and voids.
(3) Dislocations are one-dimensional defects where some atoms are misaligned. They are responsible for ductility in materials. Edge dislocations occur when a slip plane is incomplete, while screw dislocations involve a shear distortion.
Imperfections in solids
This document discusses different types of defects in solids. There are two main types of defects - point defects and line defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, where lattice sites are vacant, and interstitial defects, where particles occupy interstitial positions. Point defects in stoichiometric crystals include Schottky defects and Frenkel defects. Non-stoichiometric crystals can have metal excess defects with anionic vacancies or excess cations at interstitial sites, or metal deficient defects with cation vacancies or extra anions at interstitial sites. Impurity defects occur when impurity ions are present at lattice sites or interstitial sites.
Crystal Defects
This document summarizes different types of defects in crystals. It classifies defects as zero-dimensional point defects, one-dimensional line defects, two-dimensional surface defects, or three-dimensional bulk defects. Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, Frenkel defects, and Schottky defects. Line defects include edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects include grain boundaries and twin boundaries. Bulk defects include precipitates, dispersants, inclusions, and voids. Defects can impact material properties and are sometimes deliberately introduced to improve properties.
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There are several types of imperfections or defects that can occur in crystal structures including point defects, line defects, interfacial defects, and bulk defects. Point defects include vacancies and interstitials which occur naturally in all crystals. Line defects are imperfections where rows of atoms have a differing structure, such as dislocations. Interfacial defects include grain boundaries and twin boundaries. The number and type of defects can be controlled and affect material properties, both positively and negatively.
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This document discusses different types of defects that can occur in crystalline materials. There are two main types of defects - point defects and line defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, where lattice sites are vacant, and interstitial defects, where atoms occupy interstitial positions between lattice sites. Vacancy and interstitial defects can both occur as Schottky or Frenkel defects in stoichiometric compounds. Non-stoichiometric compounds can exhibit metal excess or metal deficient defects due to anionic/cationic vacancies or interstitial atoms. Impurity defects also arise from the presence of impurity ions in the crystal lattice or interstitial sites. These various defects impact the macroscopic properties of materials and some
Defects in crystalline materials
There are several types of defects that can occur in crystalline materials, including point defects, line defects, and grain boundaries. Point defects include vacancies, interstitial atoms, and substitutional/interstitial impurities. Line defects include stacking faults which occur when the regular stacking sequence of atomic planes is disturbed. Grain boundaries separate crystalline grains of different orientations in polycrystalline materials. These defects influence many properties of materials.
Defects
The document discusses different types of crystalline defects including point defects, line defects, planar defects, and volume defects. Point defects involve a single atom change and include vacancies, interstitials, and impurities. Line defects are discontinuities in the crystal structure and include edge and screw dislocations. Planar defects are discontinuities across a plane, such as grain boundaries between differently oriented crystal grains, tilt boundaries of misaligned grains, and twin boundaries where crystals are mirror images. Volume defects are voids that form internal surfaces in the crystal.
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The document discusses various types of surface defects that can occur in crystals, including external surfaces, grain boundaries, tilt boundaries, twist boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. External surfaces have unsatisfied atomic bonds and higher surface energy than bulk atoms. Grain boundaries are regions between two adjacent grains that are slightly disordered with low density and high mobility. Tilt boundaries appear as arrays of edge dislocations when grains are misaligned with a parallel rotation axis. Twist boundaries have a perpendicular rotation axis and form as arrays of screw dislocations for low angle grain boundaries. Twin boundaries are mirror images of atomic arrangements across the boundary formed by shear deformation. Stacking faults are imperfections in the stacking sequence of atomic planes in crystals.
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This document discusses crystal defects and their significance. It begins with an introduction to crystals and crystal defects. There are four main types of crystal defects: point defects, line defects, surface defects, and order-disorder defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, interstitial defects, impurity defects, and non-stoichiometric defects. Line defects cause dislocations like edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects occur at grain boundaries. Order-disorder defects involve random atomic arrangements. Crystal defects are significant as they can influence material properties and enable applications in areas like semiconductors, lowering melting points, and nanotube growth. In conclusion, no crystal is perfect and defects are usually present and often useful.
Defects in crystal
[1] Crystal defects are irregularities in the structure of a crystal that arise from imperfect packing of atoms. There are several types of crystal defects including point defects, line defects, surface defects, and volume defects.
[2] Point defects are zero-dimensional and include vacancies, interstitial defects, Schottky defects, and Frenkel defects. Line defects are one-dimensional and include edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects are two-dimensional and include grain boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. Volume defects are three-dimensional voids or non-crystalline regions within the crystal structure.
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This document discusses different types of crystal defects including point defects, line defects, planar defects, and volumetric defects. Point defects include vacancies, self-interstitial atoms, substitutional impurities, and interstitial impurities. Line defects are caused by misalignments of atoms and include edge and screw dislocations. Planar defects form boundaries that separate crystal regions of differing orientations, such as stacking faults, grain boundaries, and twin boundaries. Volumetric defects occur on a larger scale and include voids, porosity, and precipitates.
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The document discusses various types of defects that can occur in crystalline materials, including point defects like vacancies and self-interstitials, and linear defects like dislocations. It explains that all crystals contain vacancies which increase with temperature according to an exponential relationship. Dislocations are line defects characterized by their Burgers vector, and can be either edge, screw, or mixed configurations. Interfacial defects like grain boundaries separate regions with different crystal orientations. These defects influence many material properties.
Crystal imperfections
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The document discusses crystal structures and defects. The key points are:
- A crystal is a solid with a regularly repeating pattern of atoms or molecules extending in three dimensions, known as the unit cell.
- Point defects occur when atoms or ions are misplaced or replaced at a single point in the crystal structure. Non-stoichiometric defects occur when the crystal does not have the proper ratio of elements.
- Common point defects include vacancies, when an atom is missing from its normal site, and interstitials, when an atom occupies a space between normal lattice sites.
Crystal defects
The document presents information on crystal defects, specifically line defects. It discusses two types of line defects: edge defects and screw defects. Edge defects occur when an extra half-plane of atoms is introduced into the crystal structure. Screw defects occur when the planes of atoms trace a helical path around the dislocation line. The document was presented by Mehak Tariq, a student at Ghazi University DG Khan, as part of a class project on crystal defects.
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This document discusses various types of defects that can occur in crystalline solids, including point defects, line defects (dislocations), two-dimensional defects (surfaces and interfaces), and volume defects. It focuses on point defects such as vacancies, interstitials, and solute/impurity atoms. Intrinsic point defects include vacancies and interstitials, while extrinsic defects are caused by solute/impurity atoms. These defects can have significant effects on properties like electrical conductivity in semiconductors and mechanical strength in structural alloys.
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This document summarizes different types of defects in solids, including intrinsic and extrinsic defects. It discusses point defects like vacancies and impurities, as well as line defects. Intrinsic defects such as Schottky and Frenkel defects are thermally created and do not depend on impurity concentrations. Extrinsic defects can be introduced intentionally through doping with aliovalent ions, which preserves electroneutrality but creates vacancies. Examples given include adding CaCl2 to KCl to replace two K+ ions with one Ca2+ ion, creating a cation vacancy. Overall, the document provides an overview of different defect types in solids and how intrinsic defects differ from extrinsic defects introduced through doping.
Crystaldefect 150719104034-lva1-app6891-converted
Crystal defects impact the properties of crystalline materials. Point defects are irregularities around a single atom, such as vacancies where an atom is missing or interstitials where an extra atom is present. Line defects include dislocations where the ordered atomic planes are disturbed along a line. Surface defects occur at boundaries between regions with different crystal structures. Bulk defects are larger precipitates, inclusions, or voids within the material volume. Defects are classified based on their dimensionality and can be intentionally introduced to modify material properties.
Crystal defect
This document discusses different types of crystal defects. It begins by defining an ideal crystal and explaining that real crystals contain defects due to deviations from a completely ordered atomic arrangement. Crystal defects are classified as point defects, line defects, planar defects, or bulk defects depending on their geometry. Point defects, which occur around a single atom, are further divided into vacancy defects, interstitial defects, Schottky defects, and Frenkel defects. Line defects include edge dislocations and screw dislocations. Planar defects involve grain boundaries and stacking faults, while bulk defects are voids, cracks, or impurity inclusions. The document provides examples and descriptions of each type of defect.
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Point defects are defects that occur at a single lattice point and are not extended in space. The main types are vacancies, interstitials, and substitutions. Line defects include edge, screw, and mixed dislocations. Grain boundaries are interfaces between crystalline grains. Volume defects are 3D aggregates of atoms or vacancies that manifest as pores and cracks.
Crystal imperfections
(1) Crystal imperfections refer to defects in the regular geometric arrangement of atoms in a crystal structure. They influence properties like mechanical strength.
(2) Imperfections include point defects like vacancies and interstitial atoms, line defects like edge and screw dislocations, surface defects like grain boundaries, and volume defects like cracks and voids.
(3) Dislocations are one-dimensional defects where some atoms are misaligned. They are responsible for ductility in materials. Edge dislocations occur when a slip plane is incomplete, while screw dislocations involve a shear distortion.
Imperfections in solids
This document discusses different types of defects in solids. There are two main types of defects - point defects and line defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, where lattice sites are vacant, and interstitial defects, where particles occupy interstitial positions. Point defects in stoichiometric crystals include Schottky defects and Frenkel defects. Non-stoichiometric crystals can have metal excess defects with anionic vacancies or excess cations at interstitial sites, or metal deficient defects with cation vacancies or extra anions at interstitial sites. Impurity defects occur when impurity ions are present at lattice sites or interstitial sites.
Crystal Defects
This document summarizes different types of defects in crystals. It classifies defects as zero-dimensional point defects, one-dimensional line defects, two-dimensional surface defects, or three-dimensional bulk defects. Point defects include vacancies, interstitials, Frenkel defects, and Schottky defects. Line defects include edge and screw dislocations. Surface defects include grain boundaries and twin boundaries. Bulk defects include precipitates, dispersants, inclusions, and voids. Defects can impact material properties and are sometimes deliberately introduced to improve properties.
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Atomic structures of metals are described, including the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Metals form different crystal structures when solidifying from a molten state in order to minimize energy, and crystal structures influence mechanical properties. Common crystal structures include body-centered cubic, face-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed, and imperfections in crystal structures help explain the difference between theoretical and actual metal strengths.
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The document discusses various topics related to materials science and metallurgy including:
1. Crystal structures such as body centered cubic (BCC), face centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close packed (HCP) structures. It defines unit cell, calculates rank and packing density for each structure.
2. Miller indices - a system to designate crystal planes and directions using integer indices. Examples are provided to illustrate how Miller indices are determined.
3. Imperfections in crystal structures including point defects, line defects, surface defects, and bulk defects caused by processing and fabrication. Mechanisms of plastic deformation through slip and differences between single crystal and polycrystalline materials are described.
Ch 27.1 basic concepts on structure of solids
Crystal structures determine material properties. Common structures are FCC, BCC, and HCP. FCC materials like copper are soft while BCC like tungsten are hard. HCP materials include magnesium and zinc. Cobalt and chromium can transform between structures with temperature changes. Grain boundaries in materials are weak points that chemicals can attack. Plastic deformation occurs through slip and twinning along crystal planes. Ductile fracture follows plastic deformation while brittle fracture precedes it.
IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS.pptx
This document discusses various types of imperfections or defects that can occur in solid materials, including point defects and line defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, interstitial defects, and defects related to stoichiometry or impurities. Line defects specifically refer to dislocations, which can be edge dislocations or screw dislocations. Edge dislocations involve a slip or shift of one plane of atoms relative to the next. Screw dislocations involve a spiral or twisting pattern of atomic bonds. Understanding different types of defects is important for determining properties of solids like mechanical strength.
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This document discusses various types of imperfections that can occur in solid materials, including point defects and line defects. Point defects are irregularities around a single point, and include vacancy defects, interstitial defects, and impurity defects. Line defects known as dislocations are irregularities along an entire row of lattice points. The main types of line defects are edge dislocations and screw dislocations. The document provides detailed descriptions and examples of each type of imperfection.
Ch-27.1 Basic concepts on structure of solids.pptx
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3. Atomic structure consists of electrons surrounding the nucleus in shells and the number of valence electrons influence material properties and bonding.
4. Primary bonding types are ionic, covalent, and metallic which influence properties like strength, conductivity, and deformation behavior.
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crystaldefects
- 1. CRYSATL DEFECTS INTRODUCTION .TYPES OF DEFECTS POINT DEFECT LINE DEFECT.AREA OR PLANAR DEFECT CONCLUSIONS
- 2. NAME : SIVAKANALI.S ROLL NO : 117011305043 DEPT : M.TECH(INT) II-yr. SUB :XGS407(TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION) ) .
- 3. INTRODUCTION An imperfection in a crystal’s lattice structure either a missing atom or ion creating vacancy in lattice or an extra atom or ion between two normal lattice points creating an interstitial.
- 4. CRYSATL DEFECTS 1.PERFECT ORDER doesn’t exist throughout a crystalline material on a atomic scale. 2.It influence properties such as MECHANICAL,ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC 3.All crystalline materials contain large number of various defects or imperfection.
- 5. ONE DIMENSIONAL DEFECT Zero- Dimensional defect Two-Dimensional defects It is generally according to geometry or dimensionality of the defect. TYPES OF DEFECTS:
- 6. POINT DEFECT (0-D DEFECT) VACCANCY IMPURITY ATOMS *Substitutional. *Interstitial. EDGE DISLOCATION SCREW DISLOCATION LINE DEFECT (1-D DEFECT) GRAIN BOUNDARIES AREA DEFECT (2-D DEFECT) TWIN BOUNDARIES DEFECTS CONT…
- 7. VACCANCY Missing atom from an atomic site 1 2 • Atoms around vacancy displaced 3 • Tensile stress field produced in the vicitnity 4 • When temperature increases vacancy will be created
- 8. IMPURITY OF ATOMS INTERSTITIAL Foreign atom positioned between atomic site.(e.g) C in BCC iron. SUBSTITUTIONAL Foreign atom that substitutes for or replaces a parent atom in the crystal. Pentavalent or trivalent impurity atoms doped in Si or Ge are also substitutional impurities in a crystal.
- 9. LINE DEFECT_ DISLOCATION In early 1900’s scientist observed that metals undergo plastic deformation at forces much smaller than the forces that are holding the metal atoms together. they postulated that there are some defects(dislocations),which is bringing down the stress required for the plastic deformation.
- 10. DISLOCATIONS Many mettallurgists remained skeptical of the dislocation theory until the development of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) in the late 1950’s. TEM allowed experimental evidence to be collected that showed that the strength and ductility of the metals are con trolled by the dislocations.
- 11. Edge dislocations : E D G Extra half-plane of atoms is introduced midway through crystal Dislocation motions requires movement in baby steps. When force applied from one side of the crystal ,the extra plane passes through planes of atoms breaking and joining bonds with them until it reaches the grain boundary. Bond across the slipping planes are broken and remade in succession.
- 12. SCREW DISLOCATIONS: 1.A dislocation in the lattice structure of a crystal in which the atoms are arranged in a HELICAL PATTERNS that is normal to the direction of the stress . 2.It has no extra planes 3.The defects appears through part of the crystal has been cut in two, then shifted down on one side of the cut.
- 14. TWIN BOUNDARY The region between the pair Of boundaries is called “Twinned region” one boundary is restored by the 1 It is a special type of grain boundary across which there is MIRROR LATTICE. Twins do not extend beyond a grain boundary.
- 15. TWIN BOUNDARY cont….. ANNEALINGTWINS Twins which forms during the process of RECRYSTALLIZATION are called “Annealing twins” It is typically found in metals that have FCC crystal structure DEFORMATIONTWINS Twins which forms during the process of PLASTIC DEFORMATION are called “deformation twins” It is typically found in metals that have BCC and HCP crystal
- 16. CONCLUSION Crystals are like people, it is the defects in them which tend to make them interesting!!!!!