Molecular approaches study the structure and function of genes at a molecular level using methods of molecular biology and genetics. They can identify simple and complex effects of genes on growth regulation and study the interaction of genes and the environment related to crop growth regulation. Key techniques include PCR, recombinant DNA technology, genetic transformation, RNA interference, microarrays, and molecular markers.
New generation plant growth regulators in fruit cropsAsish Benny
The document summarizes new generation plant growth regulators and their effects in fruit crops. It discusses brassinosteroids, salicylic acid, jasmonates, peptides, and polyamines. Brassinosteroids promote growth, yield, quality and stress tolerance in many fruits. Salicylic acid increases yield and quality in strawberry, pomegranate, orange and mango. Jasmonates enhance growth and resistance to disease in banana. Peptides like acetyl thioproline increase papaya yield. Polyamines improve mycorrhizal colonization and growth in apple seedlings. These new generation regulators show potential to improve fruit cultivation.
Plant Architectural Engineering in fruit crops: Physiology and Prospects MANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes a presentation on plant architectural engineering in fruit crops. It discusses the components of fruit tree architecture including identifying shoot types and analyzing branching patterns. It also covers manipulating tree architecture through training, pruning, and other methods. Training methods like central leader, modified leader, and dwarf tree systems are described. Pruning impacts physiology by removing apical dominance and improving light penetration and fruit quality. Rootstocks also influence scion architecture and productivity. The optimal architecture allows for high light interception and photosynthesis efficiency while maintaining balanced growth and high yields.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar on the influence of high temperature and breeding for heat tolerance. It covers several key points:
1) High temperatures can cause damage at the cellular level through protein denaturation and increased membrane fluidity. It also affects morphological, physiological and biochemical traits like photosynthesis and membrane stability.
2) Screening techniques are used to identify heat tolerant traits in germplasm, including cell membrane thermostability, chlorophyll content/fluorescence, and carbon isotope discrimination. Associations between traits and yield are also studied.
3) Breeding approaches aim to introduce heat tolerant genes from wild relatives through conventional breeding and marker-assisted selection. Isogenic lines are developed to
Effect of climate change on abiotic stress management in fruit cropsSwati Shukla
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on abiotic stress management in important fruit crops. It provides an overview of climate change trends like rising global temperatures and outlines abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, flooding and temperature fluctuations. It then examines the effects of these stresses at different growth stages of various fruit crops like apple, cherry, citrus and mango. Stress combinations are also discussed along with implications like accelerated pest outbreaks. Adaptation and mitigation strategies for fruit crops under changing climate conditions are mentioned as topics to be covered.
Advances in use of plant bio-regulators for fruit production-includes new gen...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
1. The document discusses a seminar presentation on advances in the use of plant bio-regulators (PBRs) for fruit production. It begins with an introduction to PBRs, their classification, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects.
2. The document then presents case studies on the effects of a brassinosteroid analogue on passion fruit yield, and the effects of brassinosteroids, gibberellins, and kinetin on almond pollen germination, tube growth, and fruit set. Both studies showed PBRs increased yields by improving various fruit growth and development parameters.
3. In conclusion, the studies demonstrated that judicious application of PBRs can help overcome
This document discusses canopy management practices for guava trees, specifically pruning. It notes that canopy management is an important practice that forms the basis for fruit tree precociousness and longevity. Regular pruning is essential to induce new growth and provide maximum fruit-bearing area over the tree. Pruning helps control tree size, stimulate flowering and fruiting, improve fruit quality by increasing sunlight penetration, and make other horticultural practices more efficient. The ideal guava tree structure from pruning is dwarf, spreading, with an open canopy.
Next generation plant growth regulators in horticulture productionMohamed Farag
1. The document discusses various classes of plant growth regulators (PGRs) including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and newer regulators like brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid.
2. It provides examples of each class and their roles in physiological processes and response to stresses. For example, jasmonic acid induces defense genes in response to damage and salicylic acid confers tolerance to heat, cold, and drought stresses.
3. A case study shows that pre-treating tomato and bean plants with salicylic acid or acetyl salicylic acid improves their survival after exposure to heat,
New generation plant growth regulators in fruit cropsAsish Benny
The document summarizes new generation plant growth regulators and their effects in fruit crops. It discusses brassinosteroids, salicylic acid, jasmonates, peptides, and polyamines. Brassinosteroids promote growth, yield, quality and stress tolerance in many fruits. Salicylic acid increases yield and quality in strawberry, pomegranate, orange and mango. Jasmonates enhance growth and resistance to disease in banana. Peptides like acetyl thioproline increase papaya yield. Polyamines improve mycorrhizal colonization and growth in apple seedlings. These new generation regulators show potential to improve fruit cultivation.
Plant Architectural Engineering in fruit crops: Physiology and Prospects MANDEEP KAUR
This document summarizes a presentation on plant architectural engineering in fruit crops. It discusses the components of fruit tree architecture including identifying shoot types and analyzing branching patterns. It also covers manipulating tree architecture through training, pruning, and other methods. Training methods like central leader, modified leader, and dwarf tree systems are described. Pruning impacts physiology by removing apical dominance and improving light penetration and fruit quality. Rootstocks also influence scion architecture and productivity. The optimal architecture allows for high light interception and photosynthesis efficiency while maintaining balanced growth and high yields.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar on the influence of high temperature and breeding for heat tolerance. It covers several key points:
1) High temperatures can cause damage at the cellular level through protein denaturation and increased membrane fluidity. It also affects morphological, physiological and biochemical traits like photosynthesis and membrane stability.
2) Screening techniques are used to identify heat tolerant traits in germplasm, including cell membrane thermostability, chlorophyll content/fluorescence, and carbon isotope discrimination. Associations between traits and yield are also studied.
3) Breeding approaches aim to introduce heat tolerant genes from wild relatives through conventional breeding and marker-assisted selection. Isogenic lines are developed to
Effect of climate change on abiotic stress management in fruit cropsSwati Shukla
The document discusses the impacts of climate change on abiotic stress management in important fruit crops. It provides an overview of climate change trends like rising global temperatures and outlines abiotic stresses like drought, salinity, flooding and temperature fluctuations. It then examines the effects of these stresses at different growth stages of various fruit crops like apple, cherry, citrus and mango. Stress combinations are also discussed along with implications like accelerated pest outbreaks. Adaptation and mitigation strategies for fruit crops under changing climate conditions are mentioned as topics to be covered.
Advances in use of plant bio-regulators for fruit production-includes new gen...Panchaal Bhattacharjee
1. The document discusses a seminar presentation on advances in the use of plant bio-regulators (PBRs) for fruit production. It begins with an introduction to PBRs, their classification, mechanisms of action, and physiological effects.
2. The document then presents case studies on the effects of a brassinosteroid analogue on passion fruit yield, and the effects of brassinosteroids, gibberellins, and kinetin on almond pollen germination, tube growth, and fruit set. Both studies showed PBRs increased yields by improving various fruit growth and development parameters.
3. In conclusion, the studies demonstrated that judicious application of PBRs can help overcome
This document discusses canopy management practices for guava trees, specifically pruning. It notes that canopy management is an important practice that forms the basis for fruit tree precociousness and longevity. Regular pruning is essential to induce new growth and provide maximum fruit-bearing area over the tree. Pruning helps control tree size, stimulate flowering and fruiting, improve fruit quality by increasing sunlight penetration, and make other horticultural practices more efficient. The ideal guava tree structure from pruning is dwarf, spreading, with an open canopy.
Next generation plant growth regulators in horticulture productionMohamed Farag
1. The document discusses various classes of plant growth regulators (PGRs) including auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and newer regulators like brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid.
2. It provides examples of each class and their roles in physiological processes and response to stresses. For example, jasmonic acid induces defense genes in response to damage and salicylic acid confers tolerance to heat, cold, and drought stresses.
3. A case study shows that pre-treating tomato and bean plants with salicylic acid or acetyl salicylic acid improves their survival after exposure to heat,
abiotic stress and its management in fruit cropsrehana javid
This document discusses various types of stresses that affect fruit crops, including temperature, water, radiation, wind, and soil stresses. It defines stress, describes different stress classifications, and outlines the effects of specific stresses like high temperature, low temperature, water deficit, flooding, wind, salt, and radiation on fruit crop growth, development, and yield. It also discusses various cropping systems used in fruit crops and strategies for contingency planning and mitigation of different stress situations, including the use of tolerant varieties, cultural practices, protection methods, and rainwater harvesting.
IMPORTANCE OF ROOTSTOCK IN CANOPY MANAGEMENT AND FRUIT PRODUCTIONAbhimanyu Tomar
The document discusses canopy management in fruit crops through the use of dwarfing rootstocks. It explains that dwarf rootstocks allow for higher density planting and better light penetration to optimize fruit production and quality. Several factors influence a rootstock's dwarfing effects, including genetic differences, hormonal interactions, and bark thickness. Standard, semi-dwarf, and dwarf rootstocks are compared. The rootstocks' effects on tree size, nutrition, flowering, and disease resistance are examined. Regional soil and climate adaptations must also be considered when selecting rootstocks. New dwarfing rootstocks continue to be evaluated for different fruit species.
Drought and heat are major abiotic stresses that negatively impact plant growth and productivity. Drought stress reduces photosynthesis and induces stomatal closure and changes in gene expression and metabolism. Plants have developed various tolerance mechanisms including escape, avoidance, and tolerance. At the molecular level, plants respond to stresses through signaling pathways, changes in hormone levels like ABA, and expression of genes that encode protective proteins and osmoprotectants. Molecular responses are regulated by transcription factors that control stress-related gene expression. Engineering stress tolerance genes into crops holds promise to improve abiotic stress resistance.
Grafting is an ancient asexual propagation technique where the rootstock and scion from two plants are joined together to form a single plant. The production of grafted vegetable plants first began in Japan and Korea in the late 1920s with watermelons grafted onto pumpkin rootstocks. Now common in parts of Asia, Europe and the Middle East, grafting is used to improve traits like disease tolerance, abiotic stress resistance, and yield in important vegetable crops. Modern grafting methods include hole insertion grafting, tongue approach grafting and cleft grafting. Healing chambers are used to promote graft union formation and robotic grafting systems can produce hundreds of grafted plants per hour.
1) Salinity stress from high salt concentrations in soil can significantly reduce crop growth and yields. It is a major problem affecting over 6% of the world's total land and 20% of irrigated agricultural areas.
2) In India, about 6.73 million hectares of land are salt-affected, with states like Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra having the highest proportions. The key causes of soil salinity are accumulation of salts in arid areas, weathering of rocks, deposition of ocean salts, and poor irrigation water management.
3) Plants have different levels of tolerance to salt stress, from highly tolerant halophytes to very sensitive non-halophytes.
Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease-pest incidence, etc., and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world.
1. The document discusses various effects of heat stress on plants, including reduced growth, photosynthesis, reproductive development, and yield.
2. It explains how high temperatures can damage chloroplasts and thylakoid membranes, inhibiting photosynthesis. Reduction of proteins, enzymes, and pigments involved in carbon fixation and carbohydrate synthesis are also discussed.
3. The document covers different adaptation mechanisms plants use to tolerate heat stress, such as avoidance through transpirational cooling and stomatal closure, and tolerance through antioxidant activity, heat shock proteins, osmoprotectants, and regulation of stress response genes.
Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Vegetable CropsNeha Verma
The document discusses the role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in vegetable crops. It defines PGRs as organic compounds that can modify or control physiological processes in plants. The document covers the history and classification of PGRs such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. It describes their functions in promoting or inhibiting growth. The document also discusses commercial uses of PGRs like IAA, NAA, and GA3 to enhance seed germination, seedling growth, and tuberization in various vegetable crops such as tomato, muskmelon, and okra.
The document discusses salt stress in perennial fruit plants. It notes that salt stress affects 7% of the world's land area and is a problem for agricultural lands that are heavily irrigated. Salt stress can reduce plant germination, photosynthesis, vegetative growth, and reproductive growth/yield. Plants have developed various tolerance mechanisms including salt avoidance, exclusion, excretion, and osmotic adjustment using organic solutes and antioxidant defenses. Traditional approaches to managing salt stress include better irrigation practices and leaching excess salts from soils. Developing salt tolerant rootstocks and fruit varieties through conventional and biotechnological methods can also help cope with salt stress.
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
Source sink relationship and different growth modelsZuby Gohar Ansari
This document discusses concepts of source and sink in plants, including the translocation of photosynthates from source to sink. It defines source and sink, describing leaves as the primary source and seeds, fruits, and roots as typical sinks. Photosynthates are transported from source to sink in the form of sucrose. The relationship between source and sink can be manipulated experimentally by altering source size through defoliation or reducing light intensity, or by changing sink size through reducing reproductive structures. Understanding this source-sink relationship is important for optimizing crop yields.
Cold stress can damage plants through low temperatures that affect their tissues and physiological processes. Plants have developed tolerance and avoidance mechanisms to cope with cold stress, such as synthesizing cryoprotectant molecules like sugars and proteins. When plants undergo cold acclimation, it involves upregulating genes for proteins like dehydrins and cold-regulated proteins that help stabilize membranes and cells. Enzymatic and metabolic processes also adjust to cold stress through responses like inducing sugar biosynthesis, upregulating proline synthesis, and suppressing lipid metabolism. Sensors in plants can detect low temperatures to signal cold stress responses at the molecular level.
Mitigation strategies for abiotic stress situations in fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
Mitigation Strategies For Abiotic Stress In Horticultural Crops
The document discusses various abiotic stress conditions faced by horticultural crops and strategies to mitigate their effects. It describes drought, salinity, temperature and light stress conditions and lists fruit crops ranging from tolerant to sensitive for drought stress. It discusses drought tolerant rootstocks and cultivars for various fruit crops. Techniques like regulated deficit irrigation, partial root zone drying, anti-transpirants, hydrophilic polymers, mulching, reflective coatings and agronomic practices help conserve soil moisture and mitigate stress effects.
This document summarizes research on dwarfing fruit plants through the use of dwarfing rootstocks and other techniques. It discusses the principles and physiology of dwarfism, and various methods to achieve dwarfism including dwarfing rootstocks, bioregulators, incompatible scions, viral infection, pruning and training, and genetic engineering. It also presents findings from research studies on the effects of different rootstocks on tree growth and yield of various fruit crops such as apple, mango, and citrus. The document provides detailed information on dwarfing mechanisms and strategies to produce compact dwarf trees with desirable horticultural characteristics.
Molecular aspects of Reproductiv grwoth and developmentVaibhav Chavan
This document summarizes the roles of various plant hormones in reproductive growth and development. It discusses how auxin, gibberellins, cytokinin, ethylene, and vernalization influence processes such as flowering initiation, floral organ development, and seed production. Hormones integrate environmental and developmental signals and regulate gene expression and transcription factors that control transitions between phases of growth. For example, gibberellins and auxin promote flowering by activating floral integrator genes in leaves and meristems. Cytokinin influences meristem activity and organ size. Recent research has provided insight into hormonal regulation and communication between plant tissues as they coordinately control reproductive development.
Crop modeling involves using simplified quantitative representations to describe key variables that control crop growth systems. Fruit tree crop models now focus on carbon-based productivity and were facilitated by advances in computing. Models can predict phenology, climate effects, and stress responses. Developing accurate models requires understanding physiological processes, extensive data, and addressing gaps like root growth patterns. Models combine process-based approaches simulating organ development and biomass partitioning with empirical geometric models of plant architecture. Existing fruit crop models include Hi-SAFE for tree-crop interactions and Yield-SAFE for apples. Crop modeling provides knowledge on fruit tree responses to practices that help optimize yield for export.
Signal transducing machinery as targets for potential drugs.
Drugs:-
a). Diclofenac- for treating cholera toxin
b). Fasentin- for treating insulin signalling
The document discusses various types of signal transduction in cells. It describes how extracellular signals like hormones bind to cell surface receptors and trigger intracellular signaling pathways using second messengers. These pathways involve G proteins and the production of molecules like cyclic AMP and inositol triphosphates to activate enzymes like protein kinase A and C. This leads to changes in gene expression, metabolism and cell behavior in response to extracellular signals.
abiotic stress and its management in fruit cropsrehana javid
This document discusses various types of stresses that affect fruit crops, including temperature, water, radiation, wind, and soil stresses. It defines stress, describes different stress classifications, and outlines the effects of specific stresses like high temperature, low temperature, water deficit, flooding, wind, salt, and radiation on fruit crop growth, development, and yield. It also discusses various cropping systems used in fruit crops and strategies for contingency planning and mitigation of different stress situations, including the use of tolerant varieties, cultural practices, protection methods, and rainwater harvesting.
IMPORTANCE OF ROOTSTOCK IN CANOPY MANAGEMENT AND FRUIT PRODUCTIONAbhimanyu Tomar
The document discusses canopy management in fruit crops through the use of dwarfing rootstocks. It explains that dwarf rootstocks allow for higher density planting and better light penetration to optimize fruit production and quality. Several factors influence a rootstock's dwarfing effects, including genetic differences, hormonal interactions, and bark thickness. Standard, semi-dwarf, and dwarf rootstocks are compared. The rootstocks' effects on tree size, nutrition, flowering, and disease resistance are examined. Regional soil and climate adaptations must also be considered when selecting rootstocks. New dwarfing rootstocks continue to be evaluated for different fruit species.
Drought and heat are major abiotic stresses that negatively impact plant growth and productivity. Drought stress reduces photosynthesis and induces stomatal closure and changes in gene expression and metabolism. Plants have developed various tolerance mechanisms including escape, avoidance, and tolerance. At the molecular level, plants respond to stresses through signaling pathways, changes in hormone levels like ABA, and expression of genes that encode protective proteins and osmoprotectants. Molecular responses are regulated by transcription factors that control stress-related gene expression. Engineering stress tolerance genes into crops holds promise to improve abiotic stress resistance.
Grafting is an ancient asexual propagation technique where the rootstock and scion from two plants are joined together to form a single plant. The production of grafted vegetable plants first began in Japan and Korea in the late 1920s with watermelons grafted onto pumpkin rootstocks. Now common in parts of Asia, Europe and the Middle East, grafting is used to improve traits like disease tolerance, abiotic stress resistance, and yield in important vegetable crops. Modern grafting methods include hole insertion grafting, tongue approach grafting and cleft grafting. Healing chambers are used to promote graft union formation and robotic grafting systems can produce hundreds of grafted plants per hour.
1) Salinity stress from high salt concentrations in soil can significantly reduce crop growth and yields. It is a major problem affecting over 6% of the world's total land and 20% of irrigated agricultural areas.
2) In India, about 6.73 million hectares of land are salt-affected, with states like Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Maharashtra having the highest proportions. The key causes of soil salinity are accumulation of salts in arid areas, weathering of rocks, deposition of ocean salts, and poor irrigation water management.
3) Plants have different levels of tolerance to salt stress, from highly tolerant halophytes to very sensitive non-halophytes.
Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease-pest incidence, etc., and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world.
1. The document discusses various effects of heat stress on plants, including reduced growth, photosynthesis, reproductive development, and yield.
2. It explains how high temperatures can damage chloroplasts and thylakoid membranes, inhibiting photosynthesis. Reduction of proteins, enzymes, and pigments involved in carbon fixation and carbohydrate synthesis are also discussed.
3. The document covers different adaptation mechanisms plants use to tolerate heat stress, such as avoidance through transpirational cooling and stomatal closure, and tolerance through antioxidant activity, heat shock proteins, osmoprotectants, and regulation of stress response genes.
Role of Plant Growth Regulators in Vegetable CropsNeha Verma
The document discusses the role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in vegetable crops. It defines PGRs as organic compounds that can modify or control physiological processes in plants. The document covers the history and classification of PGRs such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. It describes their functions in promoting or inhibiting growth. The document also discusses commercial uses of PGRs like IAA, NAA, and GA3 to enhance seed germination, seedling growth, and tuberization in various vegetable crops such as tomato, muskmelon, and okra.
The document discusses salt stress in perennial fruit plants. It notes that salt stress affects 7% of the world's land area and is a problem for agricultural lands that are heavily irrigated. Salt stress can reduce plant germination, photosynthesis, vegetative growth, and reproductive growth/yield. Plants have developed various tolerance mechanisms including salt avoidance, exclusion, excretion, and osmotic adjustment using organic solutes and antioxidant defenses. Traditional approaches to managing salt stress include better irrigation practices and leaching excess salts from soils. Developing salt tolerant rootstocks and fruit varieties through conventional and biotechnological methods can also help cope with salt stress.
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
Source sink relationship and different growth modelsZuby Gohar Ansari
This document discusses concepts of source and sink in plants, including the translocation of photosynthates from source to sink. It defines source and sink, describing leaves as the primary source and seeds, fruits, and roots as typical sinks. Photosynthates are transported from source to sink in the form of sucrose. The relationship between source and sink can be manipulated experimentally by altering source size through defoliation or reducing light intensity, or by changing sink size through reducing reproductive structures. Understanding this source-sink relationship is important for optimizing crop yields.
Cold stress can damage plants through low temperatures that affect their tissues and physiological processes. Plants have developed tolerance and avoidance mechanisms to cope with cold stress, such as synthesizing cryoprotectant molecules like sugars and proteins. When plants undergo cold acclimation, it involves upregulating genes for proteins like dehydrins and cold-regulated proteins that help stabilize membranes and cells. Enzymatic and metabolic processes also adjust to cold stress through responses like inducing sugar biosynthesis, upregulating proline synthesis, and suppressing lipid metabolism. Sensors in plants can detect low temperatures to signal cold stress responses at the molecular level.
Mitigation strategies for abiotic stress situations in fruit cropsMANDEEP KAUR
Mitigation Strategies For Abiotic Stress In Horticultural Crops
The document discusses various abiotic stress conditions faced by horticultural crops and strategies to mitigate their effects. It describes drought, salinity, temperature and light stress conditions and lists fruit crops ranging from tolerant to sensitive for drought stress. It discusses drought tolerant rootstocks and cultivars for various fruit crops. Techniques like regulated deficit irrigation, partial root zone drying, anti-transpirants, hydrophilic polymers, mulching, reflective coatings and agronomic practices help conserve soil moisture and mitigate stress effects.
This document summarizes research on dwarfing fruit plants through the use of dwarfing rootstocks and other techniques. It discusses the principles and physiology of dwarfism, and various methods to achieve dwarfism including dwarfing rootstocks, bioregulators, incompatible scions, viral infection, pruning and training, and genetic engineering. It also presents findings from research studies on the effects of different rootstocks on tree growth and yield of various fruit crops such as apple, mango, and citrus. The document provides detailed information on dwarfing mechanisms and strategies to produce compact dwarf trees with desirable horticultural characteristics.
Molecular aspects of Reproductiv grwoth and developmentVaibhav Chavan
This document summarizes the roles of various plant hormones in reproductive growth and development. It discusses how auxin, gibberellins, cytokinin, ethylene, and vernalization influence processes such as flowering initiation, floral organ development, and seed production. Hormones integrate environmental and developmental signals and regulate gene expression and transcription factors that control transitions between phases of growth. For example, gibberellins and auxin promote flowering by activating floral integrator genes in leaves and meristems. Cytokinin influences meristem activity and organ size. Recent research has provided insight into hormonal regulation and communication between plant tissues as they coordinately control reproductive development.
Crop modeling involves using simplified quantitative representations to describe key variables that control crop growth systems. Fruit tree crop models now focus on carbon-based productivity and were facilitated by advances in computing. Models can predict phenology, climate effects, and stress responses. Developing accurate models requires understanding physiological processes, extensive data, and addressing gaps like root growth patterns. Models combine process-based approaches simulating organ development and biomass partitioning with empirical geometric models of plant architecture. Existing fruit crop models include Hi-SAFE for tree-crop interactions and Yield-SAFE for apples. Crop modeling provides knowledge on fruit tree responses to practices that help optimize yield for export.
Signal transducing machinery as targets for potential drugs.
Drugs:-
a). Diclofenac- for treating cholera toxin
b). Fasentin- for treating insulin signalling
The document discusses various types of signal transduction in cells. It describes how extracellular signals like hormones bind to cell surface receptors and trigger intracellular signaling pathways using second messengers. These pathways involve G proteins and the production of molecules like cyclic AMP and inositol triphosphates to activate enzymes like protein kinase A and C. This leads to changes in gene expression, metabolism and cell behavior in response to extracellular signals.
1. Second messengers are small intracellular molecules that transmit signals within cells after extracellular signaling molecules (hormones or neurotransmitters) bind to cell surface receptors.
2. There are three main types of second messenger systems: cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), and inositol trisphosphate (IP3)/diacylglycerol (DAG). These systems activate protein kinases or trigger the release of calcium ions to produce a physiological response.
3. Second messengers amplify and diversify extracellular signals, allowing for precise regulation of multiple cellular processes. Their roles are important for understanding cell signaling, disease mechanisms, and potential drug targets.
Receptor molecules have three domains: an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. G-protein coupled receptors have seven transmembrane alpha helices and activate intracellular signaling pathways by coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins. When a ligand binds to the receptor, it causes a G protein's alpha subunit to exchange GDP for GTP and dissociate from the beta-gamma subunits to activate downstream effector molecules like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These effectors generate second messengers such as cAMP or IP3/DAG to amplify the signal and regulate cellular processes.
Cell signaling / Signal Transduction / Transmembrane signaling.
It is the process by which cells communicate with their environment and respond to external stimuli.
When a signaling molecule(ligand) binds to its receptor, it alters the shape or activity of the receptor, triggering a change inside of the cell such as alteration in the activity of a gene / cell division. Thus the original Intercellular Signal is converted into an Intracellular Signal that triggers as a response.
This document summarizes an evaluation seminar on cell signaling and signal transduction pathways presented by Mrutyunjay B Bellad of the Department of Pharmacology at H.S.K. College of Pharmacy in Bagalkot. The seminar covered various topics related to cell signaling including introduction, types of cell signaling, signal molecules and their actions, signaling through different receptor types, second messengers, G-protein coupled receptors, and signal transduction pathways. References included standard pharmacology textbooks.
This document summarizes 5 major categories of transducer mechanisms:
1) G-protein coupled receptors which activate downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C.
2) Ion channel receptors which directly open or close ion channels.
3) Transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors which activate intracellular protein kinases.
4) Transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptors which activate the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.
5) Receptors regulating gene expression which bind intracellularly to directly regulate gene transcription.
This document discusses secondary messengers, which are intracellular signaling molecules that transmit signals inside a cell in response to primary messengers binding to cell surface receptors. There are several types of secondary messengers, including hydrophilic messengers like cAMP and cGMP, hydrophobic messengers like diacylglycerol, and gaseous messengers like nitric oxide. The document describes key secondary messengers like cAMP, cGMP, IP3, calcium ions, nitric oxide, and diacylglycerol in detail and explains their roles in cellular signaling pathways. Secondary messengers work by amplifying and relaying signals from cell surface receptors to target proteins and genes inside the cell.
This document summarizes various cellular signaling pathways. It discusses how receptors can be linked to enzymatic activities like protein kinases and guanylyl cyclases. It then describes several key intracellular signaling pathways, including the cyclic AMP pathway, cyclic GMP pathway, phospholipid and calcium signaling, PI3 kinase/Akt pathway, and MAP kinase pathway. Each of these pathways transmit signals from cell surface receptors to intracellular targets and regulate processes like gene expression, metabolism, cell growth and differentiation.
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules that are responsible for transmitting signals from hormones and neurotransmitters outside the cell to trigger physiological responses inside the cell. There are three main types of second messenger systems: cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP), phospholipid derivatives (IP3 and DAG), and calcium/calmodulin. Hormones activate G-protein coupled receptors which stimulate the production of cyclic nucleotides via adenylate cyclase or guanylate cyclase. Phospholipase C breaks down phospholipids to form IP3 and DAG. Calcium entry activates the calcium/calmodulin system. These second messengers go on to activate downstream effector proteins to elicit cellular responses.
The signal transduction pathway uses a network of interactions within cells, among cells, and throughout plant.
The external signals that affect plant growth and development include many aspects of the plant’s physical, chemical, and biological environments. Some external signals come from other plants.
Many signals interact cooperatively and synergistically with each other to produce the final response. Signal combinations that induce such complex plant responses include red and blue light, gravity and light, growth regulators and mineral nutrients .
For example the overall regulation of seed germination involves control by both external factors and internal signals.
Signal transduction pathways allow plants to respond to environmental stimuli. Receptors on the plasma membrane or inside the cell detect stimuli and activate secondary messengers like calcium or G-proteins. These messengers activate effector molecules like protein kinases that modulate gene expression and trigger responses like tolerance to abiotic stresses. Manipulating these pathways could help protect plants from stresses under climate change.
G protein coupled receptor and pharmacotherapeuticspriyanka527
This document provides an overview of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their role in cell signaling. It discusses the history and structure of GPCRs, how they interact with G-proteins and secondary messengers like cAMP and IP3 to activate intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways regulate key cellular processes and are targets for drug development to treat diseases. The document also categorizes different classes of GPCRs and summarizes the mechanisms and physiological roles of various secondary messenger systems like cAMP, IP3, and ion channels in signal transduction.
1. The document discusses signal transduction and second messengers. It provides examples of epinephrine, insulin, and epidermal growth factor signaling pathways.
2. Key steps in signal transduction pathways include the release of a primary messenger like a hormone, reception by cell surface receptors, transmission of the signal inside the cell by a second messenger, activation of effector proteins, and termination of the signal.
3. Epinephrine signaling involves G protein coupled receptors that activate adenylate cyclase via G proteins, increasing cyclic AMP and activating protein kinase A. Insulin signaling activates its receptor tyrosine kinase, initiating a phosphorylation cascade. Calcium is also a widespread second messenger that activates proteins like calmodulin
The document discusses hormone signal transduction pathways. It defines hormones as chemical messengers that target specific cells. There are four major modes of intracellular signal transduction: synaptic, paracrine, autocrine, and endocrine. The endocrine system includes endocrine glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones can be steroid hormones derived from cholesterol or non-steroid hormones like proteins and peptides. Hormones bind to intracellular or cell surface receptors and trigger second messenger pathways that alter cellular activity. Common second messengers include cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP. The document outlines several classes of cell surface receptors like G-protein coupled receptors and enzyme-linked receptors and their roles in signal transduction.
This document provides an overview of signal transduction mechanisms. It discusses various types of receptors including G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, integrins, toll-like receptors and ligand-gated ion channels. It describes how extracellular ligands bind to cell surface receptors and initiate intracellular signaling pathways such as the cAMP pathway and phosphatidylinositol pathway. Defects in these signaling pathways can lead to diseases. The document provides details on the mechanisms of G protein-coupled receptor signaling and downstream effects.
The document discusses second messenger systems. It describes how second messengers relay signals from cell surface receptors to target molecules inside the cell. Some key points discussed include:
- Earl Sutherland discovered cyclic AMP (cAMP) as the second messenger for epinephrine and won the Nobel Prize for this work.
- Common second messenger systems include those using cAMP, cGMP, phosphatidylinositol, and tyrosine kinases as secondary messengers.
- G proteins act as transducers between receptors and effectors and are important drug targets.
- cAMP and cGMP have several downstream targets including protein kinases that phosphorylate other proteins and regulate various cellular processes.
This document summarizes protein phosphorylation and the enzymes involved in this process. It discusses serine/threonine kinases and tyrosine kinases that add phosphate groups to proteins, as well as phosphatases that remove phosphate groups. It provides examples of important kinases like mitogen-activated protein kinases, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, protein kinase C, and AMP-activated protein kinase. The document emphasizes that phosphorylation is a key cellular regulatory mechanism controlled by kinases and phosphatases.
The document discusses various types of stress that can affect plants, including biotic stress from pathogens and abiotic stress from physical and chemical factors like drought, flooding, temperature extremes, light levels, salt levels, air pollution, wind, and nutrient deficiencies or toxicities. It describes how each stress can impact plant growth and physiology and outlines some strategies plants use to tolerate or avoid stress, such as escaping the stress period, avoiding stress through morphological adaptations, or tolerating stress through physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
Greenhouse and methane emission effects on fruit plantssukhjinder mann
The document discusses the effects of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane on global climate change and fruit plants. It notes that greenhouse gases trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing the planet to be about 15°C warmer than it would be otherwise. It then discusses the major greenhouse gases and their sources, as well as how climate change is impacting fruit cultivation around the world. For example, apple production in India is declining by 40-50% at lower altitudes as warmer temperatures reduce chilling requirements. The document also examines the physiological effects of increased CO2 and ozone on plant growth and fruit quality.
Stress due to temperature physiological and biochemical responses of fruit pl...sukhjinder mann
The document discusses temperature stress in fruit plants from both high and low temperature extremes. It provides context on what stress is and defines temperature stress. It then discusses the climatic temperature requirements of various fruit crops and the physiological and biochemical responses plants have to high and low temperature stress, including effects on photosynthesis, hormones, membrane properties, antioxidant activity, and more. It also discusses mechanisms plants use to cope with temperature stress extremes, such as cold acclimation and freezing tolerance processes. Lastly, it provides some management strategies farmers can use to help mitigate temperature stress impacts.
Soil moisture conservation role of mulching and hydrophilic polymerssukhjinder mann
Soil moisture conservation role of mulching and hydrophilic polymers; Methods to conserve moisture, mulch types, polymer types, importance, advantages and disadvantages
Origin, distribution, area & production, taxonomy, floral biology, varieties, and species, objective of breeding in different countries and major breeding programmes, approaches and achivements
Recent advances in hdp of citrus, guava, apricot and cherrysukhjinder mann
The document summarizes recent advances in high density planting (HDP) of citrus, guava, apricot and cherry. It discusses the principles and components of HDP, including adopting dwarfing rootstocks and varieties, efficient training and pruning, and suitable crop management practices. It also outlines some of the benefits of HDP over normal planting, such as maximizing yield per unit area and allowing for mechanization. However, it notes some constraints to adopting HDP systems, such as a lack of dwarf varieties and standardization of production technologies for different fruit crops.
Crop regulation and off season fruit productionsukhjinder mann
The document discusses crop regulation and off-season fruit production. The main objectives of crop regulation are to force trees to rest and produce abundant blossoms and fruits during specific flushing periods, regulate uniform fruit quality, and maximize production and profits. Commonly used methods for crop and off-season regulation include withholding irrigation, hand thinning, pruning, smudging, and chemical applications. Specific techniques are discussed for regulating crops of guava, pomegranate, citrus, and grapes to produce fruits off-season through cultural practices, protected cultivation, and growth regulators. Benefits and challenges of off-season production are also summarized.
The document summarizes advances in breeding guava (Psidium guajava L.). It discusses the origin and genetics of guava, important related species, genetic resources, breeding objectives, selection and evaluation methods, constraints in crop improvement, major problems affecting the crop, characterization of accessions for traits, introductions from other countries, and breeding methods including selection. Promising selections from various research institutes are also summarized.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
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Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
2. “Molecular approaches comes under field
of science that studies the structure and
function of genes at a molecular level and
employs methods of both molecular
biology and genetics.”
Molecular approaches :
3. • To identified simple and complex effects of gene on growth regulation.
• To studying the interaction of gene and environment which are related
to crop growth regulation.
Importance
6. How plant growth is regulated at the molecular level
Growth regulation consists of a complex sequence of interconnected events
involving cell division, cell expansion and requiring multiple levels of genetic
regulation.
Plant hormones regulate plant growth (creates changes in the cell) through effect
on gene expression, transcription and activity of enzymes.
Plant hormones are signal molecules which determine the formation
of stems, leaves, flowers, shedding of leaves and the development and ripening
of fruit.
Hormones regulate cellular processes in targeted cells at molecular level.
Gonzalez and Dirk (2015)
7. GENERAL MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION
The sequence of events initiated by hormones can generally
be resolved into three sequential stages:
(1) the initial signal perception,
(2) a signal transduction pathway, and
(3) the final response.
8. SIGNAL PERCEPTION
• Reaction of the hormone with a receptor site
• Diffusion of Plant hormones through plasmodesmata or through
the apoplastic surface
• Target cell must be capable of detecting the presence of the
hormone
• The formation of this active hormone-receptor complex
completes the signal perception stage
9. SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
• Activated hormone-receptor complex sets into motion a cascade of biochemical events that leads to the final,
characteristic response.
• Activation of membrane protein called the “G-protein”.
• Alternatively, the G-protein interact with an ion channel that controls the flow of calcium into the cell.
• Once reaches in the cytoplasm, calcium will bind with cytosolic calcium-binding proteins such as
calmodulin.
• The effect of either cAMP or the Ca2+ -calmodulin complex is to activate specific protein kinases.
• Protein kinases phosphorylate other proteins by transferring a phosphate group from ATP.
• Phosphorylation activates the protein, thereby altering the metabolism of the cell
• At this stage it is useful to distinguish between two classes of messengers.
• The hormone is considered a first messenger because it brings the original message to the cell surface.
• Both cAMP and calcium serves as second messengers. Among the most common second messengers are
3′,5′-cyclic AMP (cAMP); 3′,5′-cyclic GMP (cGMP); nitric oxide (NO); cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR); 1,2-
diacylglycerol (DAG); inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3); and Ca2+.The function of second messenger is to
relay information from the plasma membrane to biochemical machinery inside the cell.
• Second messengers also provide for amplification of the original signal.
10. RESPONSE
Second messenger molecules enter the nucleus
Influence gene expression
Directly effects cellular processes such as release
of growth hormones
Development changes
11. HORMONE-BINDING PROTEINS IN PLANTS
Vennis (1985) proposed four generally accepted criteria that must be satisfied in
order to distinguish between nonspecific binding and hormone binding
properties.
• 1. Binding must be hormone specific.
• 2. Receptor should exhibit a high affinity for the hormone.
• 3. Receptors can be saturated by increasing the concentration of hormone
molecules.
• 4. The hormone must bind reversibly with the receptor.
14. AUXIN ACTION
• Exogenously applied auxin during the end of cell division/early cell expansion phase can increase
fruit size of apple due to auxin response gene, ARF106, which maps to a size-related QTL.
(Devoghalaere et al.2012)
• Uptake of auxin
• Binding of auxin to some receptor protein (ABP1)
• Release of some unknown factor/ action of some
receptor complex and IAA complex become
active and release secondary messenger
• Secondary messenger moves in cell wall region
• Action of secondary messenger to induce cell wall
loosening, ultimately decreases the wall pressure
and H2O enter the wall, thus allowing for cell
expansion with prevailing turgor.
15. GENES INVOLVED IN AUXIN REGULATION
1. The AUX/IAA gene family: The expression of most of the AUX/IAA family of genes is
stimulated by auxin within 5 to 60 minutes of hormone addition .
2. The SAUR gene family: Cloned from mung bean, pea, Arabidopsis and has proven for the
lateral transport of auxin during photo-tropism and gravitropism
3. The GH3 gene family : Early-gene family members, identified in both soybean and
Arabidopsis, Mutations in Arabidopsis GH3-like genes result in dwarfism (Nakazawa et al. 2001)
.hour
Further, GH3 expression is a good reflection of the presence of endogenous auxin, a synthetic
GH3-based reporter gene known as DR5 is widely used in auxin bioassays (Ulmasov et al. 1997).
16. GIBBERELLIN IN SEED GERMINATION
GIBBERELLIN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION:
The biochemical and molecular mechanisms, which are probably
common to all gibberellin responses, have been studied most
extensively in relation to the gibberellin-stimulated synthesis and
secretion of α-amylase in cereal aleurone layers.
1. GA binds to receptor
2. GA-receptor binds to G-protein
3. G-protein activates F-box protein
4. F-box protein binds to DELLA-domain repressor
(GAI and RGA repressor)
5. GAMYB gene expression is activated
6. GAMYB activates alpha-amylase expression
Jacobsen et al. 1995
17. G.A. Enhances the Transcription of α- Amylase mRNA
The two main lines of evidence were as follows:
1. GA3 stimulated α-amylase production was blocked by inhibitors at transcription and translation level.
2. Heavy-isotope and radioactive-isotope-labeling studies demonstrated that the stimulation of α-amylase
activity by gibberellin involved de novo synthesis of the enzyme from amino acids, rather than
activation of pre existing enzyme. (Jacobsen et al. 1995)
In recent studies it was found that calcium and calmodulin act as second messengers. Gibberellin
application is a rise in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration.
Without calcium, α-amylase secretion does not occur, calcium is not on the signaling pathway to α-
amylase gene transcription.
Protein phosphorylation by protein kinases is another component in many signaling pathways. The
injection of a protein kinase substrate into barley aleurone protoplasts inhibited α-amylase secretion,
suggesting the involvement of protein phosphorylation in the α-amylase secretion pathway.
In conclusion, gibberellin signal transduction in aleurone cells seems to involve G-proteins as well as
cyclic GMP, leading to production of the transcription factor GAMYB, which induces α-amylase gene
transcription.
18. GIBBERLLIN ACTION
RESULTS GERMINATION OF SEED
1. GA from the embryo first binds to a cell surface receptor
2. The cell surface GA receptor complex interacts with G-
protein, initiating two separate signal transduction chains
3. A Ca independent pathway involving cGMP, results in the
activation of a signaling intermediate
4. It binds to DELLA represor proteins in nucleus, degraded
when bound to the GA signal
5. Inactivation of DELLA repressors allows the expression of
MYB gene as well as other genes, to proceed through
transcription
6. MYB protein then enters the nucleus and binds to the
promoter genes for alpha amylase and other hydrolytic
enzymes
7. Transcription of alpha amylase and other hydrolytic genes
is activated
8. Alpha amylase and other hydrolases are synthesized on the
rough ER
9. Proteins are secreted via the golgi
10. The secretory pathway requires GA stimulation via a ca-
calmodulin-dependent signal transduction pathway.
19. Summary of Gibberellin Action in germination
The proteins GAI and SPY act as repressors of GA responses. Gibberellin acts by deactivating these repressors.
i) The gibberellin (chiefly GA,) combines with a receptor on the outer surface of plasma-membrane of aleurone layer cell.
ii) The GA-receptor complex interacts with a heterotrimeric G protein (also situated on the surface of plasma membrane) and initiates two
separate signal transduction pathways;
(a) Calcium (Ca2+) independent signal transduction pathway-
which involves cGMP as signaling intermediate (secondary messenger) leading to the expression of a-amylase gene .
(b) Calcium (Ca2+) dependent signal transduction pathway –
which involves ca, ca binding protein calmodulin and a protein kinase as signaling intermediates (secondary messengers) leading to the
stimulation of secretion of a-amylase and other hydrolytic enzymes from cells of aleurone layer into the endosperm for starch
degradation.
(The primary messenger is the hormone GA itself).
In conclusion
α-Amylase secretion is regulated by a calcium-dependent pathway,
whereas α-amylase gene expression is regulated by a calcium-independent pathway
20. GA signal transduction and stem elongation
The transcriptional factors GAI and RGA act
as repressors of transcription of those genes
that leads to growth.
SPY enhancing the effects of GAI and RGA.
In presence of GA, these repressors are
deactivated or degraded so that transcription of
genes occur that leads to stem elongation
(growth).
21. CYTOKININ SIGNALING
• Recent studies have demonstrated that in plants cytokinin signaling pathway comprised of sensor kinases, histidine
phosphotransfer proteins and response regulators.
• The cytokinin are perceived in plants (at least in Arabidopsis) by three related receptor histidine kinases. The sensor
proteins HISTIDINE KINASE 2 (AHK 2), AHK 3, AHK 4/CYTOKININ RESPONSE 1 (CRE 1)/WOO–
DENGLEG (WOL) a histidine–kinase domain and a receiver domain.
• CRE–family receptors and AHKs are positive, redundant elements in the cytokinin primary signal transduction
pathway.
• (AHP) are encoded by AHP genes in Arabidopsis and their transcription is not affected by cytokinin treatments.
• The AHPs interact with various Histidine sensor kinases and Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs).
• The AHP play role in mediating phosphotransfer among these (AHKs and ARR) elements.
• Arabidopsis, 23 ARR genes are known to respond to cytokinins.
• Transcription of the type–A of these ARRs is rapidly elevated in response to exogenous cytokinin.
• The transcription of type–B ARRs genes is not altered by cytokinins.
• The type–B ARR proteins have DNA–binding GARP domain
• The type–B ARRs are transcription factors that localize to the nucleus. These are positive elements in cytokinin
signaling.
• The type–AARRs negatively regulate cytokinin signaling.
23. Summary of perception and signal transduction
• Binding of cytokinin to CRE1 or other Related His Kinases
Initiation of phosphorylation
• Phosphorylation and activation of the type-B ARRs (Arabidopsis response
regulators)
• Transcription of Type-A genes which in case over-expression negatively
feedback the signaling pathway
Conclusion:
Type-A and Type-B ARRs interact with various molecules (effectors)
inside the cell and determine the kind of biochemical reactions in response
to cytokinin
25. ABA binding induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, which activate plasma membrane ca
ion channels.
ABA-induced increase in cytosolic calcium concentration and rise in intracellular pH which affect
guard cell plasma membrane channels in two ways:
1. They prevent stomatal opening by inhibiting inward K+ channels and plasma membrane proton
pumps.
2. They promote stomatal closing by activating outward anion channels, thus leading to activation of K+
efflux channels.
(Schroeder et. al .2001)
26. Ripening control in strawberry at molecular level by ABA
Uncolored fruits obtained by:
1. The expression of a gene (FaNCED1), which is key to ABA biosynthesis, was down-regulated
by using a newly established Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing technique, resulting in
a significant decrease in ABA levels and uncolored fruits.
2. In the transgenic RNA interference (RNAi) fruits, in which the expression of a putative ABA
receptor gene encoding the magnesium chelatase H subunit (FaCHLH/ABAR) was down-
regulated by virus-induced gene silencing technique.
ABA is a signal molecule that promotes strawberry ripening
(Feng Jia et al. 2011)
27. Down-regulation of FaCHLH/ABAR and FaNCED1 gene
expression, inhibits strawberry fruit ripening.
(Two-week-old fruits attached to strawberry plants)
(Feng Jia et al. 2011)
Normal expression of both genes is required for ripening and coloured fruits.
29. Perception and mode of action of ethylene
• Perception of ethylene occurs through a chain of events involving proteins
that were first identified in Arabidopsis. Many key components of ethylene
signal transduction pathway have been identified using effect of ethylene on
dark–grown seedlings known as the ‘triple response’.
• In Arabidopsis thaliana, the triple response is characterized by
(i) inhibition of hypocotyls and root elongation,
(ii) a thickened hypocotyls and
(iii) an exaggerated apical hook.
• Populations of mutagenized Arabidopsis were screened for seedlings that
displayed altered triple–response phenotype.
• This approach resulted in the identification of several ethylene–insensitive
mutants.
30. • These mutants include etr 1 (ethylene response), etr 2, ein 2 (ethylene–insensitive),
ein 3, ein 4, ein 5, ein 6, hls 1 (hookless) and eir 1 (ethylene insensitive root).
Mutants were also identified that exhibited a triple response in the absence of ethylene.
These include ctr 1 (constitutive triple response) and ran 1 (responsive to antagonist).
• Ethylene is perceived by a family of five membrane–bound receptors (ETR 1, ETR 2,
ERS 1, ERS 2, EIN 4) that have similarity to two–component regulators. ETR 1 was
the first plant hormone receptor to be identified.
• Binding of ethylene to ethylene receptors results in an (inactive) configuration.
• This prevents interaction of ethylene with the negative response regulator CTR1. As a
result, ethylene responses are initiated.
• Conversely (if ethylene is absent), ETR 1 binds to CTR 1, which prevents ethylene
signaling. Thus an important feature of the ethylene signaling pathway is that it
contains both positive and negative regulators, some proteins thereby serving to induce
the responses while other suppress them
Guo and Ecker (2004)
31. • The proper timing of the onset and release of dormancy impacts the survival,
productivity and spatial distribution of temperate perennials.
• Molecular mechanisms that govern the dormancy and growth changes in perennial
plants in response to seasonal climatic variation remains largely unanswered.
A molecular framework for seasonal growth dormancy
regulation in temperate perennial plants
Case study 1
Shim et al.2014
32. Regulatory programs
PHYs and PHY-
interacting
transcription
factors (PIFs).
Auxin receptor
F-box
proteinTIR1.
Dormancy
associated MAD
box (DAM)
transcription
factors, inducing
endodormancy.
Case study 1
33. (Hare Krishna,2012)
5.Growth cease
6. Dormancy
induced
Phytochrome
1. Onset of low temperature & shorter day
length and high temperature
2. Signal perception &
Transduction
3.Metabolic
activity decrease
4. High level of
Endogenous PG
inhibitors accumulation
7. Dormancy
maintained
8. Dormancy released
34. • Understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the annual growth and dormancy cycle
has the potential to help mitigate the impact of climate change on plant productivity and survival
by providing vital information about how temperate perennials utilize the environmental cues to
trigger adaptive mechanisms.
• Identification of expression based molecular markers for dormancy regulation may facilitate
cultivar selection and breeding for development of regionally suited crops in accord with changes
in the global climate.
Results :
35. Selected biological process of differentially expressed genes during dormancy release
of horticultural woody crops identified by genome-wide transcriptomic analysis Yamane ,2014
36. Genes dormant buds:
• DORMANCY-ASSOCIATE MADS-box genes (DAM)
DAM4 & DAM6
- Raspberry, Japanese Apricot, and Peach.
• Up regulation - during induction of dormancy
• Down regulation – during release of dormancy
Epigenetic regulation of bud dormancy events in perennial
plants
Rios et al., 2014
Case study 2
37. Chestnut:
DNA methylation (DNAme)
Acetylation of histone (H4ac)
Peach
General and specific modifications of chromatin in dormant and
dormancy-released buds.
Peach:
Acetylation of H3 (H3ac)
Trimethylation of H3 at K4 (H3K4me3)
Trimethylation of H3at K27 (H3K27me3)
Case study 2
38. The study done was aimed to characterize Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu
Marc.) GA 2-oxidase genes encoding enzymes with GA inactivation activity
because the accumulation of active GAs is regulated by the balance between their
synthesis and inactivation.
CuGA2ox4, CuGA2ox2/3, and CuGA2ox8 were differentially expressed in
various tissues in Satsuma mandarin and that these genes functioned like GA 2-
oxidase genes in transgenic Arabidopsis.
Gibberellin 2-Oxidase Genes from Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.)
Caused Late Flowering and Dwarfism in Transgenic Arabidopsis.
Kotoda et al.,2016
Case study 3
39. Expression patterns of CuGA2ox4 (A), CuGA2ox2/3 (B), and
CuGA2ox8(C)
•New leaves (NL)
•Old leaves (OL)
•Shoot apices (SA)
• Flower buds(FB)
•Young fruit (YF)
• Juice sacs (JS)
•Peel (PL)
40. • CuGA2ox4, CuGA2ox2/3, and CuGA2ox8 were differentially expressed in various
tissues in Satsuma mandarin and that these genes functioned like GA 2-oxidase genes
in transgenic Arabidopsis.
• Further study of GA biosynthetic genes including GA 2-oxidase genes will provide
insight into the mechanism of flowering, fruit development, seedlessness, biennial
bearing, and the peel puffins citrus such as Satsuma mandarin.
Result:
41. • Little is known of the precise physiological or genetic basis of the phenomenon of rootstock-induced
dwarfing in apple (Malus · domestica Borkh).
• Gene Dw1 was mapped.Dw1 is the first reported mapped locus controlling the dwarfing ability of the
apple rootstock.
• Dw1 is a major component of dwarfing, as most of the dwarfing and semidwarfing rootstocks carried
the dwarfing allele of this locus.
Genetic Markers Linked to the Dwarfing Trait of Apple Rootstock ‘Malling 9’
Pilcher et al.,2008
Case study 4
42. • Massive young fruit abscission usually causes low and unstable yield in litchi (Litchi chinensis
Sonn.)
• This study aimed at identification of molecular components involved in fruitlet abscission in litchi,
for which reference genome is not available at present.
• Profiling was performed to screen and identify candidate genes involved in fruit abscission
induced by girdling plus defoliation (GPD).
• qRTPCR was used to explore the expression pattern of 15 selected candidate genes in the
abscission zone, pericarp, and seed.
Li et al.,2015
Case study 5
An improved fruit transcriptome and the candidate genes involved in
fruit abscission induced by CHO stress in litchi
43. Preliminary framework of the gene network involved in litchi fruit abscission induced by carbohydrate
stress.
44. • Fruit ripening is a highly coordinated developmental process that
coincides with seed maturation.
• The ripening process is regulated by thousands of genes that control
progressive softening and/or lignification of pericarp layers,
accumulation of sugars, acids, pigments, and release of volatiles.
Molecular approaches for regulation of fruit
ripening- A review
Porika et al.,2015
Case study 6
46. Genes and their predicted function related to papaya
ripening
Case study 6
47. Genotype Activity Function Crop References
ACO Amino carboxylicacid cyclopropane
oxidase
Ethylene biosynthesis Strawberry Kess et al, 2007
ACS ACC synthase Ethylene biosynthesis Strawberry Kess et al, 2007
CTR1 Constitutive triple response gene controls
kinase activity
Ethylene signalling - Gapper et al, 2013
EIN EIN binding protein Reduces the ethylene sensitvity Mandarin Gapper et al, 2013
RAP2-4 Ethylene-responsive transcription factor-
fruit ripening via light and ethylene
signaling pathway
Ethylene biosynthesis Papaya cv. Eksotika Shin et al, 2011
Adomet S-adenosylmethonine synthetase Ethylene biosynthesis Papaya cv. Eksotika Shin et al, 2011
FFT ß-fructofuranosidase-invertase enzyme
breakdown the sucrose to fructose and
glucose
Starch mobilization Mango Betfield et al, 2005
R1 ɑ-glucan-water-dikanse-phosphorylation of
starch polymers both at developing and
ripening stage
Starch mobilization Mango Betfield et al, 2005
List of genes involved in fruit ripening and their regulatory activities
48. Limitation
• Cost : A major obstacle
Cost associated with identifying and utilizing
multiple genes is high.
• Well trained manpower
• Health hazards – molecular involve use of radioactive isotopes for
labeling.