Crop Management - Dr. Robert G. Hartzler, Iowa State University - Managing Herbicide Resistance

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Attendees will gain a basic understanding of the processes influencing herbicide availability which is essential to diagnose performance issues in the field.

Managing
Herbicide Resistance

Bob Hartzler
Extension Weed Science
Department of Agronomy

Evolution of Row Crop
Weed Management

Cultural + Chemical +
Chemical
mechanical mechanical

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2010

Important Resistant
Weeds in Iowa
Decade Herbicides Weeds
1980’s Triazines Pigweed, lambsquarter
1990’s ALS inhibitors Waterhemp, cocklebur,
foxtails, several others
2000’s Glyphosate Waterhemp, horseweed,
giant ragweed
PPO inhibitors Waterhemp
2010’s HPPD inhibitors Waterhemp

www.weedscience.org

Resistance Mechanisms
in Waterhemp
Family Herbicides Mechanism
Triazines Atrazine, metribuzin Altered target site,
Enhanced metabolism
ALS inhibitors Pursuit, Classic Altered target site
PPO inhibitors Blazer, Cobra, Reflex Altered target site
Glyphosate Roundup Target site amplification,
perhaps others
HPPD inhibitors Callisto, Laudis Unknown
Growth regulators 2,4-D Unknown

Seed Production
Resistance is a numbers game

Time of Soybean Corn
emergence
With crop 320,000 48,000
V4 20,000 2,000

‘Standard’ Resistance
Management Strategies
• Fundamentals
– Start with clean fields
– Use weed-free seed
– Scout fields
– Control weed escapes
– Clean equipment between fields

www.monsanto.com
www.resistancefighter.com

‘Standard’ Resistance
Management Strategies
• Herbicide management
– Rotate crops to allow alternate herbicides
– Use multiple herbicides
– Use full rates

www.monsanto.com
www.resistancefighter.com

‘Standard’ Resistance
Management Strategies
• Miscellaneous tactics
– . . . and add cultural practices
– Consider mechanical control
– Use cover crops

www.monsanto.com
www.resistancefighter.com

YEAR PRE POST MOA
1999 Dual Basagran + atrazine 3
2000 Prowl Glyphosate 2
2001 Dual Callisto 2
2002 Prowl Glyphosate 2
2003 Dual Accent + atrazine (E-POST) 4
Callisto + atrazine (L-POST)
2004 Prowl Glyphosate 2
2005 Dual Accent + Callisto + atrazine 4
2006 Prowl Glyphosate 2
2007 Dual Callisto + atrazine (E-POST) 3
Impact + atrazine (L-POST)
2008 Prowl Glyphosate 2
2009 Dual Callisto + atrazine 3

Keys to Resistant
Weed Management
• Know your enemy
• Optimize herbicide effectiveness

Evolution of Herbicide Rates
Full label rate Acetochlor Flumetsulam Clopyralid
Pre RR 3 pts Harness + 2.6 lbs 0.9 oz 2.5 oz
5 oz Hornet
Post RR 2 pts SureStart 36% 50% 50%
Post RRv2.0 3 pts SureStart 54% 75% 75%

% herbicide remaining
Waterhemp emergence
# emerged/week

April May June July

Keys to Resistant
Weed Management
• Cultural practices
– Manipulation of cropping conditions to
reduce the density and competitiveness of
weeds

or

Effects of Cultural Practices
in Nebraska Wheat Fields
Row Direction Drill Type
E-W N-S Disk Hoe
40 6

30
4

20

2
10

0 0
LQ Pig Grass Fox Kochia Stinkgrass 8 Others

Wicks et al. 2003. Weed Technol.

Value of Cultural Practices

Preemergence No Pre
Glyphosate at V3 Glyphosate at V3

Cultural Practices For
An Herbicide Era
• Row spacing
• Planting rate
• Planting date
• Variety characteristics

Herbicide Resistance
• Weeds adapt to all tactics, all herbicides

• The greater the reliance on a tactic, the
greater the speed of adaption

• Integrated management programs
needed to stay ahead of evolution

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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP

RAHUL

This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade. The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization, population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different 'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the land. The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover. Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface, providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and diverse human activities. Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems 9 Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can occur natural.

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Crop Management - Dr. Robert G. Hartzler, Iowa State University - Managing Herbicide Resistance

1. Managing Herbicide Resistance Bob Hartzler Extension Weed Science Department of Agronomy

2. Evolution of Row Crop Weed Management Cultural + Chemical + Chemical mechanical mechanical 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2010

3. Important Resistant Weeds in Iowa Decade Herbicides Weeds 1980’s Triazines Pigweed, lambsquarter 1990’s ALS inhibitors Waterhemp, cocklebur, foxtails, several others 2000’s Glyphosate Waterhemp, horseweed, giant ragweed PPO inhibitors Waterhemp 2010’s HPPD inhibitors Waterhemp www.weedscience.org

4. Resistance Mechanisms in Waterhemp Family Herbicides Mechanism Triazines Atrazine, metribuzin Altered target site, Enhanced metabolism ALS inhibitors Pursuit, Classic Altered target site PPO inhibitors Blazer, Cobra, Reflex Altered target site Glyphosate Roundup Target site amplification, perhaps others HPPD inhibitors Callisto, Laudis Unknown Growth regulators 2,4-D Unknown

5. Why Waterhemp?

6. Seed Production Resistance is a numbers game Time of Soybean Corn emergence With crop 320,000 48,000 V4 20,000 2,000

9. ‘Standard’ Resistance Management Strategies • Fundamentals – Start with clean fields – Use weed-free seed – Scout fields – Control weed escapes – Clean equipment between fields www.monsanto.com www.resistancefighter.com

10. ‘Standard’ Resistance Management Strategies • Herbicide management – Rotate crops to allow alternate herbicides – Use multiple herbicides – Use full rates www.monsanto.com www.resistancefighter.com

11. ‘Standard’ Resistance Management Strategies • Miscellaneous tactics – . . . and add cultural practices – Consider mechanical control – Use cover crops www.monsanto.com www.resistancefighter.com

12. YEAR PRE POST MOA 1999 Dual Basagran + atrazine 3 2000 Prowl Glyphosate 2 2001 Dual Callisto 2 2002 Prowl Glyphosate 2 2003 Dual Accent + atrazine (E-POST) 4 Callisto + atrazine (L-POST) 2004 Prowl Glyphosate 2 2005 Dual Accent + Callisto + atrazine 4 2006 Prowl Glyphosate 2 2007 Dual Callisto + atrazine (E-POST) 3 Impact + atrazine (L-POST) 2008 Prowl Glyphosate 2 2009 Dual Callisto + atrazine 3

13. Keys to Resistant Weed Management • Know your enemy • Optimize herbicide effectiveness

14. Evolution of Herbicide Rates Full label rate Acetochlor Flumetsulam Clopyralid Pre RR 3 pts Harness + 2.6 lbs 0.9 oz 2.5 oz 5 oz Hornet Post RR 2 pts SureStart 36% 50% 50% Post RRv2.0 3 pts SureStart 54% 75% 75% % herbicide remaining Waterhemp emergence # emerged/week April May June July

15. Keys to Resistant Weed Management • Cultural practices – Manipulation of cropping conditions to reduce the density and competitiveness of weeds or

16. Effects of Cultural Practices in Nebraska Wheat Fields Row Direction Drill Type E-W N-S Disk Hoe 40 6 30 4 20 2 10 0 0 LQ Pig Grass Fox Kochia Stinkgrass 8 Others Wicks et al. 2003. Weed Technol.

17. Value of Cultural Practices

18. Value of Cultural Practices Preemergence No Pre Glyphosate at V3 Glyphosate at V3

19. Value of Cultural Practices

20. Cultural Practices For An Herbicide Era • Row spacing • Planting rate • Planting date • Variety characteristics

21. Herbicide Resistance • Weeds adapt to all tactics, all herbicides • The greater the reliance on a tactic, the greater the speed of adaption • Integrated management programs needed to stay ahead of evolution

22. Questions

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