FT-IR is an instrument with abilities of characterization of matters in elemental analysis using wavelength of functional groups. this seminar is based on the instrument FT-IR, describing its purpose, advantage and sailent features.
1.85 combined absorption and scattering (kubelka–munk analysis)QC Labs
The document discusses Kubelka-Munk analysis, which models how light is absorbed and scattered when passing through pigmented layers. It considers the downward and upward light fluxes using absorption and scattering coefficients. Solving the differential equations leads to expressions relating reflection factor to thickness or concentration. However, limitations include neglecting edge effects and non-uniform distributions causing non-linearity at high concentrations.
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy involves using IR radiation to analyze chemical bonds and molecular structures. The IR spectrum provides information on the types of chemical bonds and functional groups present in a compound. Most commonly, IR spectroscopy measures the absorption of IR radiation by a sample, though emission and reflection can also be used. The technique is widely applied to analyze organic materials, as well as some inorganic and organometallic compounds.
This document provides information about Raman scattering and Raman spectroscopy. It discusses C.V. Raman, the Indian physicist who discovered the Raman effect in 1928. The basic principle of Raman spectroscopy is that a small fraction of light scattered by a molecule is at optical frequencies different from the incident light, due to changes in the molecule's vibrational or rotational energy levels. This inelastic scattering is called the Raman effect. The document outlines the experimental setup of Raman spectroscopy and describes the Stokes, anti-Stokes, and Rayleigh scattering processes. It provides examples of applications for Raman spectroscopy and discusses its advantages in providing qualitative molecular structure information with fewer technical issues than infrared spectroscopy.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and TextileAzmir Latif Beg
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid or gas. FTIR offers quantitative and qualitative analysis for organic and inorganic samples. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identifies chemical bonds in fiber. By FTIR we only know the name of fiber is identified. By this technique we can identify the exact composition of fiber like 80 % polyester 20 % cotton.
Raman spectroscpy presentation by zakia afzalzakia afzal
This document discusses Raman spectroscopy. It begins by explaining the Raman effect and how Raman scattering results in energy shifts from the excitation wavelength. It then describes the basic components of a Raman spectrometer and how Raman spectra are produced. Finally, it discusses several types of Raman spectroscopy techniques and how selection rules determine whether vibrational modes are Raman active or infrared active. In summary, the document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy, including the underlying principles, instrumentation, and applications.
A brief overview of the processes involved in nanolithography & nanopatterning. It mainly discusses the steps, mechanism & instrumentation of the electron beam lithography in detail. It also gives a small view on other technologies as well.
Photoluminescence Spectroscopy for studying Electron-Hole pair recombination ...RunjhunDutta
Description of Photoluminescence Spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation & Application.
Three research papers have been summarized which lay stress on Photoluminescence Study for Electron-Hole Pair Recombination for characterizing the properties of semiconductors used in Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water.
FTIR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, which is used to obtain infrared spectra of materials to identify unknown polymers and impurities. FTIR can identify unknown materials, determine sample quality, and detect mixture components. It works by passing infrared radiation through a sample, which absorbs different wavelengths depending on the molecular structure. This absorption spectrum is unique to different compounds, making FTIR useful for analysis. It contains a source, interferometer, sample holder, detector, and computer. The interferometer splits and recombines the infrared beam to produce an interferogram, which the detector then measures to create the absorption spectrum.
1.85 combined absorption and scattering (kubelka–munk analysis)QC Labs
The document discusses Kubelka-Munk analysis, which models how light is absorbed and scattered when passing through pigmented layers. It considers the downward and upward light fluxes using absorption and scattering coefficients. Solving the differential equations leads to expressions relating reflection factor to thickness or concentration. However, limitations include neglecting edge effects and non-uniform distributions causing non-linearity at high concentrations.
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy involves using IR radiation to analyze chemical bonds and molecular structures. The IR spectrum provides information on the types of chemical bonds and functional groups present in a compound. Most commonly, IR spectroscopy measures the absorption of IR radiation by a sample, though emission and reflection can also be used. The technique is widely applied to analyze organic materials, as well as some inorganic and organometallic compounds.
This document provides information about Raman scattering and Raman spectroscopy. It discusses C.V. Raman, the Indian physicist who discovered the Raman effect in 1928. The basic principle of Raman spectroscopy is that a small fraction of light scattered by a molecule is at optical frequencies different from the incident light, due to changes in the molecule's vibrational or rotational energy levels. This inelastic scattering is called the Raman effect. The document outlines the experimental setup of Raman spectroscopy and describes the Stokes, anti-Stokes, and Rayleigh scattering processes. It provides examples of applications for Raman spectroscopy and discusses its advantages in providing qualitative molecular structure information with fewer technical issues than infrared spectroscopy.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and TextileAzmir Latif Beg
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a technique used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid or gas. FTIR offers quantitative and qualitative analysis for organic and inorganic samples. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) identifies chemical bonds in fiber. By FTIR we only know the name of fiber is identified. By this technique we can identify the exact composition of fiber like 80 % polyester 20 % cotton.
Raman spectroscpy presentation by zakia afzalzakia afzal
This document discusses Raman spectroscopy. It begins by explaining the Raman effect and how Raman scattering results in energy shifts from the excitation wavelength. It then describes the basic components of a Raman spectrometer and how Raman spectra are produced. Finally, it discusses several types of Raman spectroscopy techniques and how selection rules determine whether vibrational modes are Raman active or infrared active. In summary, the document provides an overview of Raman spectroscopy, including the underlying principles, instrumentation, and applications.
A brief overview of the processes involved in nanolithography & nanopatterning. It mainly discusses the steps, mechanism & instrumentation of the electron beam lithography in detail. It also gives a small view on other technologies as well.
Photoluminescence Spectroscopy for studying Electron-Hole pair recombination ...RunjhunDutta
Description of Photoluminescence Spectroscopy: Principle, Instrumentation & Application.
Three research papers have been summarized which lay stress on Photoluminescence Study for Electron-Hole Pair Recombination for characterizing the properties of semiconductors used in Photoelectrochemical Splitting of Water.
FTIR stands for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer, which is used to obtain infrared spectra of materials to identify unknown polymers and impurities. FTIR can identify unknown materials, determine sample quality, and detect mixture components. It works by passing infrared radiation through a sample, which absorbs different wavelengths depending on the molecular structure. This absorption spectrum is unique to different compounds, making FTIR useful for analysis. It contains a source, interferometer, sample holder, detector, and computer. The interferometer splits and recombines the infrared beam to produce an interferogram, which the detector then measures to create the absorption spectrum.
This document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It begins by defining a spectrometer and describing how FTIR obtains infrared spectra using an interferometer and Fourier transform. It then explains the basic components and working of an FTIR, including advantages like higher sensitivity, accuracy and resolution compared to dispersion spectrometers. Specific advantages like Fellgett's multiplex advantage and improved signal-to-noise are covered. Finally, common applications of FTIR are listed.
The document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It provides a brief history of FTIR's development. FTIR uses a Michelson interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously. The interferometer splits light from a source between two mirrors, and the light is recombined to generate an interferogram that is transformed into a spectrum using Fourier transforms. FTIR allows identifying materials, determining sample consistency and quantifying mixtures by analyzing molecular absorption of infrared radiation.
This document provides an overview of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). It defines key terms and outlines the history and development of FTIR. The basic principles of FTIR are explained, including how an interferometer splits light into two beams which undergo constructive and destructive interference. Key components of an FTIR instrument are described, such as the infrared source, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, laser, and detectors. Thermal and photonic detectors are discussed. Finally, some applications of FTIR in forensics are highlighted.
Raman spectroscopy and its applications are summarized. Key techniques discussed include resonance Raman spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Applications covered include medical use for tissue analysis, forensics for explosive or ink detection, inspection of packaged products, analysis of artworks, and testing of silicon wafers. The document outlines the principles, instrumentation, and mechanisms of various Raman techniques.
Dynamic light scattering measures the fluctuation changes in the intensity of scattered light to determine particle size and properties. It works by measuring the rate at which the intensity of scattered light fluctuates due to Brownian motion of particles. Larger particles diffuse more slowly than smaller particles, so intensity fluctuations are slower for large particles. The correlation function contains information about particle diffusion, with steeper curves indicating more monodisperse samples and more extended decay indicating greater polydispersity. Dynamic light scattering can determine particle size distribution, hydrodynamic radius, and diffusion coefficient.
This document discusses the use of photoluminescence to analyze optimal growth factors in quantum nanowires for solar energy applications. It describes how nanowire semiconductors present a more economical alternative to planar semiconductors for solar cells. The study aims to observe the photoluminescence of different gallium arsenide quantum wire samples grown using molecular beam epitaxy under various conditions to determine the most efficient samples. Molecular beam epitaxy is described as the bottom-up technique used to grow the nanowire semiconductor samples by depositing elemental beams of gallium and arsenide onto a silicon wafer substrate.
The document discusses the history and working of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It explains that FTIR uses an interferometer to measure all infrared wavelengths simultaneously and produce an interferogram that is then converted to a spectrum via Fourier transform. The document outlines the basic components of an FTIR including sources, beamsplitters, detectors and how it works. It also discusses applications of FTIR like analysis of pharmaceuticals, gemstones, disease diagnosis and herbal medicines. FTIR provides advantages like speed, accuracy and ability to detect small contaminants.
This document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). FT-IR uses infrared spectroscopy to identify functional groups and molecules in samples by detecting the frequencies at which they absorb infrared radiation. It provides advantages over dispersed infrared spectroscopy such as increased speed, sensitivity, and accuracy. FT-IR works using an interferometer that encodes all frequencies simultaneously before a Fourier transform separates them. This allows it to measure a full spectrum more quickly than dispersed methods. The document also outlines the basic components and working of an FT-IR instrument and describes various sampling techniques used for different types of samples.
Raman spectroscopy is complementary to infrared spectroscopy. It involves scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, with the frequency of photons in the scattered radiation shifted up or down relative to the incident photons. This shift provides information about vibrational modes in the molecule. Raman scattering arises from a change in polarizability rather than a change in dipole moment as in infrared spectroscopy. The Raman effect occurs when the laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy allows the measurement of vibrational modes in a system. Raman spectroscopy is a useful technique for qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic, inorganic, and biological samples
FT-IR spectroscopy works by passing infrared radiation through a sample and measuring the radiation absorbed. An FT-IR spectrometer uses a Michelson interferometer to simultaneously measure spectral data over a wide range. The interferometer splits the infrared beam into different path lengths that are then recombined, and a detector measures the intensity variations as a function of path difference. This allows identification of unknown materials and components in mixtures.
Photomultipliers, also called photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), are extremely sensitive light detectors that provide current output proportional to light intensity. They consist of a photocathode that converts photons to electrons, dynodes that multiply the electrons through secondary emission, and an anode that collects the amplified electrons. PMTs have advantages over other photodetectors such as large detection areas, high gain, ability to detect single photons, low noise, and high frequency response. They are used to detect low and high energy photons in applications including medical diagnostics, imaging, night vision, and scanning.
The document describes the atomic force microscope (AFM), a type of scanning probe microscope invented in 1986. The AFM uses a sharp probe or tip to scan over a sample surface and measure interatomic forces, allowing it to image features on the nanoscale. The key components of an AFM are a cantilever with a sharp tip, a scanner, and a detection system to measure cantilever deflection. Different imaging modes like contact mode, non-contact mode, and tapping mode are used to generate 3D topographic images of surfaces with high resolution down to fractions of a nanometer. The AFM has applications in data storage, biomolecular imaging, and nanotechnology.
Lithography is the process of transferring patterns of geometric shapes in a mask to a radiation sensitive material called resist,which cover the surface of semiconductor wafer.
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes the scattering of monochromatic light, such as from a laser, after its interaction with molecular vibrations. Most light is elastically scattered, but a small amount is scattered at optical frequencies that are different from the incident light. This provides a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy is useful for chemical analysis and is non-destructive. It can identify materials through glass or plastic and does not require complex sample preparation.
The document discusses spectrofluorimetry and luminescence spectroscopy. It defines fluorescence and phosphorescence as types of photoluminescence that occur when a molecule absorbs radiation and then emits light as it relaxes to the ground state. Fluorescence emission occurs from the lowest excited singlet state on a timescale of 10-9 to 10-7 seconds, while phosphorescence emission occurs from the lowest triplet excited state on a longer timescale of 10-6 to 10 seconds. The document also provides examples of applications including the analysis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons like benzo(a)pyrene and fluorimetric drug analysis including the detection of LSD.
The document discusses erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs). EDFLs emit light at 1.55μm, which lies in the eye-safe region of the spectrum and is preferred for long-distance fiber optic communications. They consist of an optical fiber doped with erbium ions as the gain medium, pump lasers to excite the erbium ions, and dielectric mirrors or fiber Bragg gratings to form the optical resonator. EDFLs have revolutionized fiber optic communications and next generation versions may be integrated onto single chips.
Fourier transform IR (FTIR) machine for textile applicationBahirdar University
This document contains about textile application of FTIR machine which is mainly used for functional group and chemical bond identification of solid as well as liquid materials.
FTIR spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared radiation to analyze materials. It provides information about molecular structure and composition through a molecular fingerprint. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-resolution spectral data using a Michelson interferometer. The technique involves infrared radiation causing molecular vibrations that produce characteristic absorption peaks related to functional groups. Analysis of these peaks can identify materials through both qualitative and quantitative methods.
FTIR spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared radiation to identify chemical bonds in molecules. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-resolution spectral data over a wide spectral range. When molecules are exposed to infrared radiation, they selectively absorb specific wavelengths that cause molecular vibrations. This produces a characteristic infrared absorption spectrum that acts as a molecular fingerprint. The positions of absorption peaks in the spectrum correspond to the energies of bond vibrations and can be used to determine a sample's chemical composition and structure.
This document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It begins by defining a spectrometer and describing how FTIR obtains infrared spectra using an interferometer and Fourier transform. It then explains the basic components and working of an FTIR, including advantages like higher sensitivity, accuracy and resolution compared to dispersion spectrometers. Specific advantages like Fellgett's multiplex advantage and improved signal-to-noise are covered. Finally, common applications of FTIR are listed.
The document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It provides a brief history of FTIR's development. FTIR uses a Michelson interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously. The interferometer splits light from a source between two mirrors, and the light is recombined to generate an interferogram that is transformed into a spectrum using Fourier transforms. FTIR allows identifying materials, determining sample consistency and quantifying mixtures by analyzing molecular absorption of infrared radiation.
This document provides an overview of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). It defines key terms and outlines the history and development of FTIR. The basic principles of FTIR are explained, including how an interferometer splits light into two beams which undergo constructive and destructive interference. Key components of an FTIR instrument are described, such as the infrared source, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, laser, and detectors. Thermal and photonic detectors are discussed. Finally, some applications of FTIR in forensics are highlighted.
Raman spectroscopy and its applications are summarized. Key techniques discussed include resonance Raman spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Applications covered include medical use for tissue analysis, forensics for explosive or ink detection, inspection of packaged products, analysis of artworks, and testing of silicon wafers. The document outlines the principles, instrumentation, and mechanisms of various Raman techniques.
Dynamic light scattering measures the fluctuation changes in the intensity of scattered light to determine particle size and properties. It works by measuring the rate at which the intensity of scattered light fluctuates due to Brownian motion of particles. Larger particles diffuse more slowly than smaller particles, so intensity fluctuations are slower for large particles. The correlation function contains information about particle diffusion, with steeper curves indicating more monodisperse samples and more extended decay indicating greater polydispersity. Dynamic light scattering can determine particle size distribution, hydrodynamic radius, and diffusion coefficient.
This document discusses the use of photoluminescence to analyze optimal growth factors in quantum nanowires for solar energy applications. It describes how nanowire semiconductors present a more economical alternative to planar semiconductors for solar cells. The study aims to observe the photoluminescence of different gallium arsenide quantum wire samples grown using molecular beam epitaxy under various conditions to determine the most efficient samples. Molecular beam epitaxy is described as the bottom-up technique used to grow the nanowire semiconductor samples by depositing elemental beams of gallium and arsenide onto a silicon wafer substrate.
The document discusses the history and working of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It explains that FTIR uses an interferometer to measure all infrared wavelengths simultaneously and produce an interferogram that is then converted to a spectrum via Fourier transform. The document outlines the basic components of an FTIR including sources, beamsplitters, detectors and how it works. It also discusses applications of FTIR like analysis of pharmaceuticals, gemstones, disease diagnosis and herbal medicines. FTIR provides advantages like speed, accuracy and ability to detect small contaminants.
This document discusses Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). FT-IR uses infrared spectroscopy to identify functional groups and molecules in samples by detecting the frequencies at which they absorb infrared radiation. It provides advantages over dispersed infrared spectroscopy such as increased speed, sensitivity, and accuracy. FT-IR works using an interferometer that encodes all frequencies simultaneously before a Fourier transform separates them. This allows it to measure a full spectrum more quickly than dispersed methods. The document also outlines the basic components and working of an FT-IR instrument and describes various sampling techniques used for different types of samples.
Raman spectroscopy is complementary to infrared spectroscopy. It involves scattering of monochromatic light, usually from a laser, with the frequency of photons in the scattered radiation shifted up or down relative to the incident photons. This shift provides information about vibrational modes in the molecule. Raman scattering arises from a change in polarizability rather than a change in dipole moment as in infrared spectroscopy. The Raman effect occurs when the laser light interacts with molecular vibrations, phonons or other excitations, resulting in the energy of the laser photons being shifted up or down. The shift in energy allows the measurement of vibrational modes in a system. Raman spectroscopy is a useful technique for qualitative and quantitative analysis of organic, inorganic, and biological samples
FT-IR spectroscopy works by passing infrared radiation through a sample and measuring the radiation absorbed. An FT-IR spectrometer uses a Michelson interferometer to simultaneously measure spectral data over a wide range. The interferometer splits the infrared beam into different path lengths that are then recombined, and a detector measures the intensity variations as a function of path difference. This allows identification of unknown materials and components in mixtures.
Photomultipliers, also called photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), are extremely sensitive light detectors that provide current output proportional to light intensity. They consist of a photocathode that converts photons to electrons, dynodes that multiply the electrons through secondary emission, and an anode that collects the amplified electrons. PMTs have advantages over other photodetectors such as large detection areas, high gain, ability to detect single photons, low noise, and high frequency response. They are used to detect low and high energy photons in applications including medical diagnostics, imaging, night vision, and scanning.
The document describes the atomic force microscope (AFM), a type of scanning probe microscope invented in 1986. The AFM uses a sharp probe or tip to scan over a sample surface and measure interatomic forces, allowing it to image features on the nanoscale. The key components of an AFM are a cantilever with a sharp tip, a scanner, and a detection system to measure cantilever deflection. Different imaging modes like contact mode, non-contact mode, and tapping mode are used to generate 3D topographic images of surfaces with high resolution down to fractions of a nanometer. The AFM has applications in data storage, biomolecular imaging, and nanotechnology.
Lithography is the process of transferring patterns of geometric shapes in a mask to a radiation sensitive material called resist,which cover the surface of semiconductor wafer.
Raman spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes the scattering of monochromatic light, such as from a laser, after its interaction with molecular vibrations. Most light is elastically scattered, but a small amount is scattered at optical frequencies that are different from the incident light. This provides a fingerprint by which molecules can be identified. Raman spectroscopy is useful for chemical analysis and is non-destructive. It can identify materials through glass or plastic and does not require complex sample preparation.
The document discusses spectrofluorimetry and luminescence spectroscopy. It defines fluorescence and phosphorescence as types of photoluminescence that occur when a molecule absorbs radiation and then emits light as it relaxes to the ground state. Fluorescence emission occurs from the lowest excited singlet state on a timescale of 10-9 to 10-7 seconds, while phosphorescence emission occurs from the lowest triplet excited state on a longer timescale of 10-6 to 10 seconds. The document also provides examples of applications including the analysis of polyaromatic hydrocarbons like benzo(a)pyrene and fluorimetric drug analysis including the detection of LSD.
The document discusses erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFLs). EDFLs emit light at 1.55μm, which lies in the eye-safe region of the spectrum and is preferred for long-distance fiber optic communications. They consist of an optical fiber doped with erbium ions as the gain medium, pump lasers to excite the erbium ions, and dielectric mirrors or fiber Bragg gratings to form the optical resonator. EDFLs have revolutionized fiber optic communications and next generation versions may be integrated onto single chips.
Fourier transform IR (FTIR) machine for textile applicationBahirdar University
This document contains about textile application of FTIR machine which is mainly used for functional group and chemical bond identification of solid as well as liquid materials.
FTIR spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared radiation to analyze materials. It provides information about molecular structure and composition through a molecular fingerprint. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-resolution spectral data using a Michelson interferometer. The technique involves infrared radiation causing molecular vibrations that produce characteristic absorption peaks related to functional groups. Analysis of these peaks can identify materials through both qualitative and quantitative methods.
FTIR spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared radiation to identify chemical bonds in molecules. An FTIR spectrometer simultaneously collects high-resolution spectral data over a wide spectral range. When molecules are exposed to infrared radiation, they selectively absorb specific wavelengths that cause molecular vibrations. This produces a characteristic infrared absorption spectrum that acts as a molecular fingerprint. The positions of absorption peaks in the spectrum correspond to the energies of bond vibrations and can be used to determine a sample's chemical composition and structure.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-:A type of infrared spectroscopy.It is method of obtaining an infrared spectrum by measuring interferogram and then performimg a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
FTIR spectroscopy provides molecular fingerprinting through analysis of infrared light absorption. It can identify unknown materials and quantify components in mixtures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy uses an interferometer to record an interferogram, which is mathematically converted using Fourier transform into an infrared spectrum. This allows identification of molecular structures based on their vibrational and rotational frequencies. FTIR has advantages over dispersive infrared spectroscopy such as increased speed and sensitivity. It has wide applications including polymer analysis, environmental monitoring, food quality testing, and quality control.
The document discusses Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It explains that FTIR spectroscopy uses a Michelson interferometer to obtain an infrared spectrum of a sample. The interferometer collects an interferogram that is then Fourier transformed to obtain the spectrum. FTIR spectroscopy provides advantages over dispersive infrared spectroscopy like speed, sensitivity, and mechanical simplicity. It finds applications in identifying organic and inorganic compounds, mixtures, and gases, liquids, and solids.
Molecular vibrations cause characteristic absorption bands in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. [FTIR] spectroscopy involves passing infrared radiation through a sample and measuring the wavelengths absorbed. This creates a molecular "fingerprint" that can be used to identify unknown chemicals and study molecular structure. FTIR has numerous applications including analysis of organic materials, biological samples, and industrial contaminants. It provides a simple, rapid and sensitive technique for analytical chemistry.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina. OCT was introduced in 1991 and has since become a widely used tool for ophthalmic diagnosis. It provides 10 micrometer resolution images, allowing visualization of individual retinal layers. Several technological advancements, including Fourier-domain OCT and swept-source OCT, have improved imaging speeds and depths. OCT angiography allows visualization of the retinal and choroidal vasculature without dyes. Precise quantitative and qualitative analysis of OCT images provides crucial information for diagnosing and monitoring many retinal conditions.
NIR spectroscopy is a technique that is widely used in pharmaceutical applications such as raw material identification, process monitoring, and finished product analysis. It works by measuring overtones and combinations of vibrational bonds like C-H, O-H, and N-H. Common instrumentation includes light sources, monochromators, sample holders, and detectors like PbS, PbSe, Si, InSb, and CCD. Applications include raw material and intermediate identification, tablet and capsule analysis, monitoring of processes like blending and coating, and agricultural uses like determining crop quality and chemical composition. Lyophilized products and final packaging can also be analyzed using NIR to ensure quality and identity.
Infrared spectroscopy is used to study the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules and can be used to identify organic compounds. It works by exciting the vibrational modes of molecules. There are different types of molecular vibrations that absorb infrared radiation at different frequencies. An infrared spectrum is obtained by passing infrared radiation through a sample and detecting the frequencies that are absorbed. Infrared spectroscopy has applications in identifying organic compounds, detecting functional groups, and identifying impurities in samples.
- Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the absorption of infrared radiation by molecules to determine their structure.
- Infrared radiation is passed through a sample, and the wavelengths absorbed are measured to produce an infrared spectrum.
- The spectrum corresponds to the vibrational and rotational frequencies of functional groups in the molecule, allowing the structure to be deduced.
INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY to find the functional groupssusera34ec2
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy. It discusses the principle, theory, instrumentation, sample preparation, qualitative and quantitative analysis, uses, applications, and limitations. Infrared spectroscopy analyzes the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum to identify functional groups and compounds. The main instruments are dispersive spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared spectrometers. Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in research and industry for structure elucidation, compound identification, and determining organic and inorganic materials.
This document provides an overview of infrared spectroscopy, including:
- General uses such as identification of organic/inorganic compounds and determination of functional groups
- Common applications like identification of unknown compounds and reaction components
- Samples that can be analyzed as solids, liquids, or gases in small amounts
- Theory of infrared absorption involving molecular vibrations that change the dipole moment
Ir spectroscopy nd its applications copykeshav pai
Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that analyzes infrared light interacting with molecules. It can be used to identify unknown substances by comparing their infrared spectra to a reference database. The technique works because molecules absorb different wavelengths of infrared light depending on their chemical bonds and structure. Common applications of infrared spectroscopy include identification of materials, detection of impurities, and studying the progress of chemical reactions.
This document provides an overview of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. It explains that FT-IR spectroscopy uses an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously, whereas dispersive infrared spectroscopy measures them sequentially. This allows FT-IR to produce spectra much faster. The document also outlines the key components of an FT-IR system, including the Michelson interferometer, beam splitter, fixed and moving mirrors, and how a Fourier transform is used to convert the interferogram signal into an infrared spectrum. Finally, some advantages of FT-IR are noted, such as improved sensitivity and ability to analyze a wide range of sample types.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to analyze chemical bonding and molecular structure. It works by exposing a sample to infrared light and measuring the vibrations of chemical bonds as they absorb specific wavelengths of infrared light. The instrument collects an interferogram, which is mathematically converted to a spectrum using Fourier transformation. This allows infrared absorption peaks to be measured across the entire mid-infrared region simultaneously. FTIR is useful for applications like compositional analysis and gas detection due to its non-destructive nature.
An optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer has been designed and fabricated for high-temperature sensing under radiation. The interferometer consists of a sapphire wafer and silica fiber that can withstand temperatures over 800°C. It achieves high sensitivity of 29.9 pm/°C at 1340nm when heated to 800°C. This sensor has potential for applications in strong radiation and high heat environments.
Infrared spectroscopy involves the interaction of infrared radiation with matter. It is based on absorption spectroscopy and deals with the absorption of infrared radiation which causes vibrational transitions in molecules. There are two main types of molecular vibrations observed in infrared spectroscopy - stretching vibrations which involve changes in bond lengths, and bending vibrations which involve changes in bond angles. Infrared spectroscopy can be used to determine the structure of organic compounds and identify functional groups and impurities in pharmaceutical applications.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods for measurement of length of Optical Fibers. The material will be useful for KTU final year students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This document discusses infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. It begins by defining the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum and describing how infrared radiation is produced by molecular vibration when the applied frequency matches the natural vibration frequency. It then explains how FTIR works using an interferometer to measure all infrared frequencies simultaneously, producing a faster analysis. Key advantages of FTIR are also summarized such as speed, sensitivity, and requiring only one moving part.
This document discusses the coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It describes how LC and FTIR can be combined to detect and identify separated compounds. Various interfaces for coupling LC to FTIR are presented, including flow cell interfaces, solvent elimination interfaces, and different types of each. Application areas like trace analysis and analysis of pharmaceuticals and environmental pollutants are also mentioned.
"IOS 18 CONTROL CENTRE REVAMP STREAMLINED IPHONE SHUTDOWN MADE EASIER"Emmanuel Onwumere
In iOS 18, Apple has introduced a significant revamp to the Control Centre, making it more intuitive and user-friendly. One of the standout features is a quicker and more accessible way to shut down your iPhone. This enhancement aims to streamline the user experience, allowing for faster access to essential functions. Discover how iOS 18's redesigned Control Centre can simplify your daily interactions with your iPhone, bringing convenience right at your fingertips.
"IOS 18 CONTROL CENTRE REVAMP STREAMLINED IPHONE SHUTDOWN MADE EASIER"
Ftir seminar
1. Ethiopian institute of textile and fashion technology
Physical properties of textile fiber
Seminar on
Fiber characterization by FT-IR
To: ass. Prof. Adane haile
By: seblewongel petros
2. Contents
• Introduction
• Theoretical background
• Principles and Procedures of FT-IR
• Data analysis and interpretation
• Characterization of fibers
• Summary
• References
3. Introduction
• spectroscopic approaches have been widely used to distinguish the broad
categories of fibers
• IR spectroscopy is the only analytical method which provides
ambient temperature operation
directly monitor the vibrations of the functional groups
characterize molecular structure and govern the course of chemical
reactions.
measuring the intensity of infrared radiation as a function of frequency or
wavelength.
4. Cont…
• advantages of FT-IR over dispersive instruments such as:
high speed data collection,
increased resolution,
lower detection limits and
greater energy throughput
5. Sailent features of FT-IR
• non-destructive technique
• precise measurement method with no external calibration
• collecting a scan every second
• Finger print analysis
• It has greater optical throughput
• It is mechanically simple with only one moving part
8. Cont…
Until 1800s, IR was not
recognized as a distinct part
of the electromagnetic
spectrum.
Most IR instrumentation
used through the 1970s was
based on prismor grating
monochromators.
A major breakthrough in IR
spectroscopy was the
introduction of FT-IR
spectrometers.
which uses an instrument
called interferometer that was
discovered almost a century
ago by Albert Michelson.
9. FT-IR
• designed by Michelson in 1891.
• Followed by complexity of the calculation required to transform the
measured data into a spectrum.
• Fast Fourier Transform algorithm by James Cooley and John Tukey
(1964),
10. Cont…
• Discrete fourier formula
• Where
• x is the sample spacing. S(k s ) is the intensity of
the the signal with wave number k . The spacing
in the spectrum is related to x by =1
• Nx where N is the number of measurements.
11.
12. Principles of FT-IR
The principles of fourier
transform IR spectroscopy is that
interpreting the IR source that
will be transmitted through or
absorbed by the sample to
readable property of the sample.
13. The Interferogram
consists of two mutually perpendicular
plane mirrors,
one of which can move along the axis that
is perpendicular to its plane
In between the fixed and the movable
mirror is a beam splitter.
Device that ideally, allows 50% of light to
pass through to the movable mirror while
reflecting the other 50% to the fixed mirror.
15. Procedures of FT-IR
Source:
• energy is emitted from a
glowing black-body source.
Interferometer:
• where the “spectral encoding” takes place.
Sample:
• This is where specific frequencies of energy are
absorbed.
Detector:
• The beam passes to the detector for final measurement.
Computer:
• where the Fourier transformation takes
place.
16. Data Analysis
• The interferogram is a function of time whereas a spectrum is a function of
frequency (or wavelength).
• To produce a spectrum we compute the cosine Fourier Transform of the
Interferogram.
• The principle behind Fourier Transforms is that any wave (or periodic function) can
be expressed as a sum of cosine and sine functions (a Fourier Series).
• Spectra that have been measured on FT-IR spectrometers consist of a string of
intensity values at equally spaced intervals.
17. Cont…
• Automated peak picking involves two steps:
(1) the recognition of peaks, and
(2) the determination of the wavenumber values of maximum absorbance.
• Spectral features in the infrared spectral region frequently result from the
overlap of two or more bands.
19. Finger print analysis
• a functional group may have multiple-characteristic absorption peaks,
especially for 1500 –650 cm-1, which is called the fingerprint region.
• It usually contains very complicated series of absorption.
• Each different compound produces different pattern of troughs in this part
of the spectrum.
21. Characterization of cotton
• Cellulose occurs in the form of long, slender chains, polymer of 1-4 linked ß-D-
glucose.
• Hydroxyl groups in C2, C3 and C6 contribute to the formation of various kinds of
inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds.
• hydrogen bonds contribute about 20% the strain energy to the cellulose.
• plays an important role in the mechanical properties of the cellulose.
• FTIR is more advanced tool to study hydrogen bonds in cellulose.
27. Characterization of silk
• Synchrotron FTIR (s-FTIR) microspectroscopy was used to monitor the
silk protein conformation in a range of single natural silkfibers (domestic
and wild silkworm and spider dragline silk).
• With the selection of suitable aperture size, we obtained high-resolution S-
FTIR spectra capable of semiquantitative analysis of protein secondary
structures.
28. Ftir reading of animal silk
single silkfibers:
(a)B. mori (Bombyx mori),
(b) A.pernyi (Antheraea pernyi),
and
(c) N. edulis (Nephila edulis).
29. Cont…
• the broad peak centered at 1655 to 1660
cm1 random coil, helical conformation,
or both;
• the peak from 1620 to1630 cm1to β-
sheet conformation; and
• the small peak from1690 to 1700 cm1
toβ-turn conformation of the hairpin-
folded antiparallelβ-sheet structure
30. Summary
• FT-IR spectroscopy is very reliable and sensitive technique for
identification of very broad range of samples. Even though its
essentials were discovered almost 200 years ago, it became widely
used only in the last 50 years.
• The main reason for its popularity is the existence and affordability of
powerful computers and fast computational algorithms which also
enabled the development of variety of applications for FT-IR
spectroscopy in different areas of science and industry.
31. References
• Synchrotron FTIR Microspectroscopy of Single Natural Silk Fibers Shengjie
Ling,Zeming Qi,David P. Knight,Zhengzhong Shao,and Xin
Chen,Department of Macromolecular Science, Laboratory of
AdvancedMaterials, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
• Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Catherine Berthomieu &
Rainer Hienerwadel, Published online: 10 June 2009.
• Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry ,Peter R. Griffiths and James A. de
Haseth:, Second edition, John WIley and Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2007.