This chapter discusses sentence patterns and analysis. It covers how words are linked together in sentences, methods for analyzing sentences into components, and ways to represent analyses. Tree diagrams and rewrite rules are presented as tools to represent constituent structure. Different types of phrases and their structure are explained using X-bar theory. Complex sentences involving embedding and recursion are also discussed. Finally, thematic roles of verbs are defined as part of analyzing syntax-meaning relationships.
This document provides information about adjectives including:
- The definition of an adjective and how it is used to describe nouns.
- The different types of adjectives such as descriptive adjectives and demonstrative adjectives.
- How adjectives are formed and compared through degrees of comparison like positive, comparative, and superlative.
- Guidelines for using adjectives correctly including placement and terms like some and any.
This document discusses auxiliary verbs in English. It explains that every verb phrase contains either a lexical verb alone or a lexical verb plus one or more auxiliary verbs. The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, have, and do, while modal auxiliaries include can, will, shall, may, must, and need. The document outlines the different types of auxiliary verbs - modal, perfect, progressive, and passive - and how they combine and influence verb forms. It also discusses questions, negatives, and passive constructions as they relate to auxiliary verbs.
Sentence is a group of words which has at least one subject and one verb. There are four sentence structures:
- Simple sentence,
- Compound sentence,
- Complex sentence, and
- Compound- complex sentence.
This document defines and provides examples of phrases, clauses, and sentences. It explains that a phrase is two or more linked words that do not contain a subject and predicate, and lists eight types of phrases including noun, verb, and prepositional phrases. It defines a clause as containing a subject and predicate, and describes independent clauses that can stand alone and three types of dependent clauses - adjective, adverbial, and noun clauses. Finally, it outlines the four types of sentences - simple, compound, complex, and complex-compound sentences.
Adjuncts of time provide information about when an event occurs. There are several types of time adjuncts:
1) Time-position adjuncts indicate a point or period of time and are realized through noun phrases, prepositional phrases, or adverbs. They answer the question "when?".
2) Adjuncts of span and duration indicate how long something takes and are realized through prepositional phrases involving for or in.
3) Time-frequency adjuncts indicate how often something occurs and are realized through adverbs like daily, weekly.
4) Time-relationship adjuncts relate the time of one event to another through adverbs like before, after, since.
The document provides an overview of syntax and grammar concepts including:
- The definition of syntax as the rules for combining words into sentences
- The hierarchical structure of sentences from morphemes to words to phrases to clauses and sentences
- The different types of sentences classified by their structure
- The concept of constituents as the building blocks of sentences
- The grammatical categories and functions of constituents including subjects, predicates, objects, and complements
- The characteristics and categories that can function as subjects, objects, complements, and other roles
- An overview of verbs and other parts of speech
A verb phrase consists of two parts: a helping verb and a main verb. The helping verb comes before the main verb and begins the verb phrase. Examples of helping verbs include be, have, can, will, is, am, are, and were. There can be more than one helping verb or an adverb between the helping verb and main verb. However, words like "not" and "also" are not verbs and cannot be part of the verb phrase.
This document provides information about syllables including definitions, examples of words with different numbers of syllables, and rules for dividing words into syllables. It includes practice exercises where the reader is asked to read aloud words divided into syllables. The document covers topics such as prefixes, suffixes, consonant patterns, and vowel sounds to help determine syllable breaks. Practice words include ones with 2-5 syllables. The goal is to help readers learn to accurately divide words into syllables.
This document provides information about adjectives including:
- The definition of an adjective and how it is used to describe nouns.
- The different types of adjectives such as descriptive adjectives and demonstrative adjectives.
- How adjectives are formed and compared through degrees of comparison like positive, comparative, and superlative.
- Guidelines for using adjectives correctly including placement and terms like some and any.
This document discusses auxiliary verbs in English. It explains that every verb phrase contains either a lexical verb alone or a lexical verb plus one or more auxiliary verbs. The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, have, and do, while modal auxiliaries include can, will, shall, may, must, and need. The document outlines the different types of auxiliary verbs - modal, perfect, progressive, and passive - and how they combine and influence verb forms. It also discusses questions, negatives, and passive constructions as they relate to auxiliary verbs.
Sentence is a group of words which has at least one subject and one verb. There are four sentence structures:
- Simple sentence,
- Compound sentence,
- Complex sentence, and
- Compound- complex sentence.
This document defines and provides examples of phrases, clauses, and sentences. It explains that a phrase is two or more linked words that do not contain a subject and predicate, and lists eight types of phrases including noun, verb, and prepositional phrases. It defines a clause as containing a subject and predicate, and describes independent clauses that can stand alone and three types of dependent clauses - adjective, adverbial, and noun clauses. Finally, it outlines the four types of sentences - simple, compound, complex, and complex-compound sentences.
Adjuncts of time provide information about when an event occurs. There are several types of time adjuncts:
1) Time-position adjuncts indicate a point or period of time and are realized through noun phrases, prepositional phrases, or adverbs. They answer the question "when?".
2) Adjuncts of span and duration indicate how long something takes and are realized through prepositional phrases involving for or in.
3) Time-frequency adjuncts indicate how often something occurs and are realized through adverbs like daily, weekly.
4) Time-relationship adjuncts relate the time of one event to another through adverbs like before, after, since.
The document provides an overview of syntax and grammar concepts including:
- The definition of syntax as the rules for combining words into sentences
- The hierarchical structure of sentences from morphemes to words to phrases to clauses and sentences
- The different types of sentences classified by their structure
- The concept of constituents as the building blocks of sentences
- The grammatical categories and functions of constituents including subjects, predicates, objects, and complements
- The characteristics and categories that can function as subjects, objects, complements, and other roles
- An overview of verbs and other parts of speech
A verb phrase consists of two parts: a helping verb and a main verb. The helping verb comes before the main verb and begins the verb phrase. Examples of helping verbs include be, have, can, will, is, am, are, and were. There can be more than one helping verb or an adverb between the helping verb and main verb. However, words like "not" and "also" are not verbs and cannot be part of the verb phrase.
This document provides information about syllables including definitions, examples of words with different numbers of syllables, and rules for dividing words into syllables. It includes practice exercises where the reader is asked to read aloud words divided into syllables. The document covers topics such as prefixes, suffixes, consonant patterns, and vowel sounds to help determine syllable breaks. Practice words include ones with 2-5 syllables. The goal is to help readers learn to accurately divide words into syllables.
The document discusses basic sentence patterns in English grammar. It identifies 5 common patterns: subject-linking verb-complement (S-LV-C), subject-transitive verb-direct object (S-TV-DO), subject-intransitive verb (S-IV) or subject-intransitive verb-adverb (S-IV-ADV), subject-transitive verb-indirect object-direct object (S-TV-IO-DO), and subject-transitive verb-direct object-object complement (S-TV-DO-OC). It provides examples for each pattern and asks the reader to write their own examples and identify patterns in given sentences.
The document discusses adjacency pairs and conversation analysis (CA). Some key points:
- Adjacency pairs refer to utterances between two speakers that are related/expected responses to each other, like questions/answers or greetings/greetings.
- CA examines the sequential structure and patterns of conversation. Context is created through talk rather than external to it.
- Conversations follow cooperative principles like quantity of information, quality/truthfulness, relation to prior statements, and clarity. These can be observed or flouted/violated.
- Other concepts discussed include preference structures, dispreferred responses, presequences, insertion sequences, and openings/closings. Limitations of CA are also noted
The document outlines 17 rules for subject-verb agreement in English:
1. Singular subjects require singular verbs and plural subjects require plural verbs.
2. Indefinite pronouns like "anyone" are always singular.
3. Indefinite pronouns like "all" can be singular or plural depending on context.
4. The pronoun "none" can be singular or plural depending on other context clues.
This document discusses wh-clauses, including wh-questions, subordinate wh-clauses, and relative clauses. It explains that wh-words can appear in main or subordinate clauses and form questions or relative clauses. Relative clauses can be restrictive or non-restrictive, and the wh-word can sometimes be omitted from restrictive relative clauses. The document provides numerous examples to illustrate these concepts.
This document discusses strong verbs and their importance in writing. Strong verbs are specific, descriptive verbs that clearly show action. Using strong verbs adds meaning and clarity to writing by identifying characters and their actions. Nominalization, or turning verbs into nouns, should be avoided as it hides who is performing actions. Verbs should be used instead of nouns or adjectives to express clear actions and keep the focus on what is happening. A weak verb combined with an adverb can often be replaced with a single strong verb to emphasize the quality of the action.
The document provides an overview of English syntax and linguistic phenomena. It discusses the basic sentence structures and core patterns in English, including noun phrases, verbs, tense, aspect, modality, and subcategorization. It also covers topics like anaphora, coordination, distribution, and the functions of arguments and predicates.
Structure of English: Constituents and functionsJunnie Salud
Here are the subjects and predicates of the sentences:
a. Subject: Her memory for names and dates
Predicate: was a constant source of amazement to him
b. Subject: The prune fritters
Predicate: left something to be desired
c. Subject: There
Predicate: are too many uninvited guests here
d. Subject: Only six of the thirty domino-toppling contestants
Predicate: came properly equipped
e. Subject: It
Predicate: was Lydia who finally trapped the pig
f. Subject: The fact that you received no birthday greetings from Mars
Predicate: doesn‟t mean that it is uninhab
This document provides an overview of transformational grammar, including its key concepts and developers. It discusses how Noam Chomsky revolutionized linguistics through his theory of an innate language capacity and development of generative grammar. Transformational grammar uses rules to analyze sentence structure and identify relationships between elements. It explores the thought behind words through analyzing deep and surface structure, and how transformations convert semantic meaning to phonetic interpretation. The document also briefly outlines Chomsky's minimalist program and key principles of economy of derivation and representation.
The document discusses the differences between active and passive voice in sentences. In active voice, the subject performs the action stated by the verb. In passive voice, the subject is the recipient of the action and what was the subject in active voice becomes the agent in passive voice, introduced by "by". The passive voice is formed by using a form of the verb "to be" plus the past participle of the main verb.
Entailment and presupposition semantics and pragmaticsAnna Shelley
This document discusses entailment and presupposition in semantics. It defines entailment as something that logically follows from an utterance. Presupposition is something assumed to be true before an utterance. There are two approaches to presupposition - semantic and pragmatic. Presuppositions are produced by triggers like factive verbs and aspectual verbs. Presuppositions relate to truth conditions and can fail if the presupposed information is not true. Pragmatic theories view presupposition as a pragmatic phenomenon influenced by syntax, intonation and background information.
The document discusses the active and passive voice. The active voice focuses on the subject performing the action, while the passive voice focuses on the recipient receiving the action. Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. The agent performing the action can sometimes be left out of a passive sentence. Either a direct or indirect object can become the subject of a passive sentence. There is also a type of passive called the stative passive which expresses an existing state rather than an action.
This document discusses word order in English sentences. It explains that in positive sentences, the basic word order is subject-verb-object. In negative sentences, the word order is the same but an auxiliary verb is needed. In subordinate clauses and questions, the word order is also generally subject-verb-object. The document also provides guidelines for the position of different types of adverbs such as time, manner, place, and frequency within sentences.
The document discusses different types of adverbials in English grammar. It defines adverbials as units that realize adverbial functions and lists their common realizations as adverb phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, finite clauses, non-finite clauses, and verbless clauses. It then categorizes adverbials into three classes: adjuncts, disjuncts, and conjuncts; and provides examples and syntactic features of each class.
The document discusses sentence fragments and how to identify and repair them. It defines a complete sentence as having a subject, verb, and expressing a complete thought. Fragments are incomplete sentences that are missing one or more of these elements. They can be repaired by either attaching the fragment to a nearby complete sentence, or by adding missing words to make the fragment standalone. The document provides examples of fragments and how to identify them based on whether they contain a verb or subject. It also gives examples of how to repair fragments using attachment or addition.
This document discusses subject-verb agreement and provides rules and examples. It begins with definitions of subject and verb. It then provides examples of sentences with subject-verb agreement errors and how to fix them. The rest of the document outlines 11 rules for subject-verb agreement and provides examples for each rule. It concludes with a fun fact about subject-verb agreement and a 10 question true/false quiz about identifying subjects and selecting the correct verb form.
This document defines antonyms and provides examples. It begins by stating that antonyms are words with opposite meanings. There are three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms which have levels like beautiful and ugly, complementary antonyms which are absolute opposites like alive and dead, and converse antonyms which are pairs like above and below. Examples of hot and cold, fast and slow are given. Two exercises with words and their antonyms are provided for practice.
Here is my analysis of sentence (d):
The verb "appeared" belongs to both the intransitive and transitive sub-categories. In this sentence, it has an intransitive sense of "seemed" or "was in".
The prepositional phrase "in a dangerous mood" functions as an adjunct adverbial indicating manner.
So the analysis is:
S V
aA
Hieronimo appeared in a dangerous mood.
The sentence is not ambiguous. "Appeared" has an intransitive sense of "seemed" or "was in" in this context.
This document discusses appositives and their proper punctuation. An appositive is a word or phrase that identifies or provides details about a noun, and should be set off by commas. Commas are used both before and after an internal appositive, while an end appositive only requires a leading comma. The document provides examples of sentences containing appositives and instructs the reader to write 10 sentences of their own using appositives with correct comma usage.
The ppt explains adjective and the different tyoes of adjectives. It discusses predicative and attributive adjectives. Moreover, it also explains qualitative and quantitative adjectives.
The document discusses basic sentence patterns and structures. It shows that every sentence has a subject, verb, and sometimes other elements like objects, prepositions, or indirect objects. Examples are given of different sentence types including sentences with subjects and verbs, subjects and linking verbs and predicates, and subjects, verbs, and indirect objects. The essential parts of sentences are identified even when modifiers are removed.
This document provides instruction on identifying parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, subjects, and objects in sentences. It begins by defining nouns as people, places or things, and explains that the subject of a sentence is the noun performing the action. Examples are provided to demonstrate identifying subjects and verbs. The document then discusses the differences between independent and dependent clauses. It provides examples and quizzes to help the reader practice identifying subjects, verbs, and clause types. Finally, it covers identifying parts of speech in different sentence patterns such as simple, complex, and compound sentences.
The document discusses basic sentence patterns in English grammar. It identifies 5 common patterns: subject-linking verb-complement (S-LV-C), subject-transitive verb-direct object (S-TV-DO), subject-intransitive verb (S-IV) or subject-intransitive verb-adverb (S-IV-ADV), subject-transitive verb-indirect object-direct object (S-TV-IO-DO), and subject-transitive verb-direct object-object complement (S-TV-DO-OC). It provides examples for each pattern and asks the reader to write their own examples and identify patterns in given sentences.
The document discusses adjacency pairs and conversation analysis (CA). Some key points:
- Adjacency pairs refer to utterances between two speakers that are related/expected responses to each other, like questions/answers or greetings/greetings.
- CA examines the sequential structure and patterns of conversation. Context is created through talk rather than external to it.
- Conversations follow cooperative principles like quantity of information, quality/truthfulness, relation to prior statements, and clarity. These can be observed or flouted/violated.
- Other concepts discussed include preference structures, dispreferred responses, presequences, insertion sequences, and openings/closings. Limitations of CA are also noted
The document outlines 17 rules for subject-verb agreement in English:
1. Singular subjects require singular verbs and plural subjects require plural verbs.
2. Indefinite pronouns like "anyone" are always singular.
3. Indefinite pronouns like "all" can be singular or plural depending on context.
4. The pronoun "none" can be singular or plural depending on other context clues.
This document discusses wh-clauses, including wh-questions, subordinate wh-clauses, and relative clauses. It explains that wh-words can appear in main or subordinate clauses and form questions or relative clauses. Relative clauses can be restrictive or non-restrictive, and the wh-word can sometimes be omitted from restrictive relative clauses. The document provides numerous examples to illustrate these concepts.
This document discusses strong verbs and their importance in writing. Strong verbs are specific, descriptive verbs that clearly show action. Using strong verbs adds meaning and clarity to writing by identifying characters and their actions. Nominalization, or turning verbs into nouns, should be avoided as it hides who is performing actions. Verbs should be used instead of nouns or adjectives to express clear actions and keep the focus on what is happening. A weak verb combined with an adverb can often be replaced with a single strong verb to emphasize the quality of the action.
The document provides an overview of English syntax and linguistic phenomena. It discusses the basic sentence structures and core patterns in English, including noun phrases, verbs, tense, aspect, modality, and subcategorization. It also covers topics like anaphora, coordination, distribution, and the functions of arguments and predicates.
Structure of English: Constituents and functionsJunnie Salud
Here are the subjects and predicates of the sentences:
a. Subject: Her memory for names and dates
Predicate: was a constant source of amazement to him
b. Subject: The prune fritters
Predicate: left something to be desired
c. Subject: There
Predicate: are too many uninvited guests here
d. Subject: Only six of the thirty domino-toppling contestants
Predicate: came properly equipped
e. Subject: It
Predicate: was Lydia who finally trapped the pig
f. Subject: The fact that you received no birthday greetings from Mars
Predicate: doesn‟t mean that it is uninhab
This document provides an overview of transformational grammar, including its key concepts and developers. It discusses how Noam Chomsky revolutionized linguistics through his theory of an innate language capacity and development of generative grammar. Transformational grammar uses rules to analyze sentence structure and identify relationships between elements. It explores the thought behind words through analyzing deep and surface structure, and how transformations convert semantic meaning to phonetic interpretation. The document also briefly outlines Chomsky's minimalist program and key principles of economy of derivation and representation.
The document discusses the differences between active and passive voice in sentences. In active voice, the subject performs the action stated by the verb. In passive voice, the subject is the recipient of the action and what was the subject in active voice becomes the agent in passive voice, introduced by "by". The passive voice is formed by using a form of the verb "to be" plus the past participle of the main verb.
Entailment and presupposition semantics and pragmaticsAnna Shelley
This document discusses entailment and presupposition in semantics. It defines entailment as something that logically follows from an utterance. Presupposition is something assumed to be true before an utterance. There are two approaches to presupposition - semantic and pragmatic. Presuppositions are produced by triggers like factive verbs and aspectual verbs. Presuppositions relate to truth conditions and can fail if the presupposed information is not true. Pragmatic theories view presupposition as a pragmatic phenomenon influenced by syntax, intonation and background information.
The document discusses the active and passive voice. The active voice focuses on the subject performing the action, while the passive voice focuses on the recipient receiving the action. Only transitive verbs can be used in the passive voice. The agent performing the action can sometimes be left out of a passive sentence. Either a direct or indirect object can become the subject of a passive sentence. There is also a type of passive called the stative passive which expresses an existing state rather than an action.
This document discusses word order in English sentences. It explains that in positive sentences, the basic word order is subject-verb-object. In negative sentences, the word order is the same but an auxiliary verb is needed. In subordinate clauses and questions, the word order is also generally subject-verb-object. The document also provides guidelines for the position of different types of adverbs such as time, manner, place, and frequency within sentences.
The document discusses different types of adverbials in English grammar. It defines adverbials as units that realize adverbial functions and lists their common realizations as adverb phrases, noun phrases, prepositional phrases, finite clauses, non-finite clauses, and verbless clauses. It then categorizes adverbials into three classes: adjuncts, disjuncts, and conjuncts; and provides examples and syntactic features of each class.
The document discusses sentence fragments and how to identify and repair them. It defines a complete sentence as having a subject, verb, and expressing a complete thought. Fragments are incomplete sentences that are missing one or more of these elements. They can be repaired by either attaching the fragment to a nearby complete sentence, or by adding missing words to make the fragment standalone. The document provides examples of fragments and how to identify them based on whether they contain a verb or subject. It also gives examples of how to repair fragments using attachment or addition.
This document discusses subject-verb agreement and provides rules and examples. It begins with definitions of subject and verb. It then provides examples of sentences with subject-verb agreement errors and how to fix them. The rest of the document outlines 11 rules for subject-verb agreement and provides examples for each rule. It concludes with a fun fact about subject-verb agreement and a 10 question true/false quiz about identifying subjects and selecting the correct verb form.
This document defines antonyms and provides examples. It begins by stating that antonyms are words with opposite meanings. There are three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms which have levels like beautiful and ugly, complementary antonyms which are absolute opposites like alive and dead, and converse antonyms which are pairs like above and below. Examples of hot and cold, fast and slow are given. Two exercises with words and their antonyms are provided for practice.
Here is my analysis of sentence (d):
The verb "appeared" belongs to both the intransitive and transitive sub-categories. In this sentence, it has an intransitive sense of "seemed" or "was in".
The prepositional phrase "in a dangerous mood" functions as an adjunct adverbial indicating manner.
So the analysis is:
S V
aA
Hieronimo appeared in a dangerous mood.
The sentence is not ambiguous. "Appeared" has an intransitive sense of "seemed" or "was in" in this context.
This document discusses appositives and their proper punctuation. An appositive is a word or phrase that identifies or provides details about a noun, and should be set off by commas. Commas are used both before and after an internal appositive, while an end appositive only requires a leading comma. The document provides examples of sentences containing appositives and instructs the reader to write 10 sentences of their own using appositives with correct comma usage.
The ppt explains adjective and the different tyoes of adjectives. It discusses predicative and attributive adjectives. Moreover, it also explains qualitative and quantitative adjectives.
The document discusses basic sentence patterns and structures. It shows that every sentence has a subject, verb, and sometimes other elements like objects, prepositions, or indirect objects. Examples are given of different sentence types including sentences with subjects and verbs, subjects and linking verbs and predicates, and subjects, verbs, and indirect objects. The essential parts of sentences are identified even when modifiers are removed.
This document provides instruction on identifying parts of speech such as nouns, verbs, subjects, and objects in sentences. It begins by defining nouns as people, places or things, and explains that the subject of a sentence is the noun performing the action. Examples are provided to demonstrate identifying subjects and verbs. The document then discusses the differences between independent and dependent clauses. It provides examples and quizzes to help the reader practice identifying subjects, verbs, and clause types. Finally, it covers identifying parts of speech in different sentence patterns such as simple, complex, and compound sentences.
The document outlines 10 sentence patterns in English based on the presence and functions of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The patterns are classified according to the type of verb used: verb of being, linking verb, or action verb. Each pattern is then defined by its components, such as noun phrases and their designations, verbs, and other elements. Abbreviations are provided to identify the various parts of each sentence pattern.
This document discusses understanding sentence patterns and punctuation. It covers identifying the key parts of a sentence like the subject and predicate. It also discusses recognizing complete sentences and locating details in sentences. Different punctuation like commas, semicolons, colons, and dashes are explained. Context clues for determining word meanings like definition, example, cause and effect, contrast and inference are also summarized. Finally, it discusses reading sentences that combine or relate ideas.
Handout 3--Sentence patterns relating to nonrestrictive and restrictive const...Venkataraman Anantharaman
This document outlines different types of sentence patterns relating to restrictive and nonrestrictive constructions. It identifies 6 types of sentences: 1) sentences with nonrestrictive elements at the end, 2) sentences with nonrestrictive elements in the middle, 3) sentences with restrictive (defining) elements, 4) sentences with tricky "-ing" forms at the end, 5) sentences with restrictive or nonrestrictive elements coming after attributive statements, and 6) special cases where the same meaning can be conveyed with either restrictive or nonrestrictive constructions. For each type, it provides examples of subtypes using letter designations.
The document describes basic Spanish sentence patterns, including:
I. Subject + verb of being + predicate adjective/adverb
II. Intransitive subject + verb
III. Transitive subject + verb + direct object
IV. Subject + verb + indirect object + direct object
V. Subject + verb + complement
VI. Existential constructions with "hay" + indefinite noun phrase
The document discusses basic sentence patterns in English including subject + verb (intransitive and transitive), subject + linking verb + subject complement, subject + verb + indirect object + direct object, and passive voice patterns. It provides examples of each pattern type.
This document defines and provides examples of the key components of a sentence: subject, verb, object, complement, and adjunct. The subject is typically identified by asking "who" or "what" before the verb. The verb describes the activity of the subject. The object is identified by asking "what" or "whom" to the sentence. A complement completes the meaning of the sentence by telling about the subject or object. An adjunct provides additional context like time or location but is not essential to the core meaning of the sentence.
This document outlines and describes 9 basic sentence patterns in English. It discusses the components of each pattern, including the subject, verb, objects, and grammatical meanings. Pattern 1 is N be Aj and includes sentences like "Food is good." Pattern 2 is N be Av and includes sentences located somewhere, like "The girl is here." The document provides examples and detailed explanations of each of the 9 sentence patterns.
The document outlines 10 common sentence patterns in English based on verb type and structure. It begins with definitions of verb types such as transitive, intransitive, and linking verbs. The patterns include sentences with linking verbs followed by adjectives or nouns, intransitive verbs, transitive verbs followed by direct objects and other elements, and transitive verbs followed by direct objects and objective complements. All English sentences generally fall into one of these 10 patterns.
Twenty Sentence Patterns--a brief description of patterns 1 through 16a.gswider
The document provides examples and definitions for using different sentence patterns involving compound sentences, series, and appositives. Pattern 1 describes a compound sentence joined by a semicolon without a conjunction. Pattern 2 describes an elliptical construction where the second clause omits the repeated verb. Pattern 3 uses a colon to introduce an explanatory statement. Patterns 4-8 deal with creating series using different connectors or lack of connectors between elements.
Basic sentence patterns and traditional classification of sentences surigaoJohn Paul George Cardenas
The document discusses basic sentence patterns and the traditional classification of sentences. It defines seven basic sentence patterns using different grammatical structures. Sentences can be classified as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex depending on whether they contain one or more independent and/or dependent clauses. Compound sentences contain two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions. Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Compound-complex sentences contain both independent and dependent clauses.
There are 6 basic sentence patterns in English. Patterns 1-3 involve a subject, verb, and either no object, a direct object, or an adverb. Patterns 4-5 use linking verbs to connect the subject to a noun or adjective complement. Pattern 6 includes a subject, verb, direct object, and indirect object. Proper understanding of these patterns is important for recognizing English grammar and punctuation rules.
1. Phrase structure rules specify the well-formed structures of sentences by defining how phrases are formed using categories like noun phrases (NP), verb phrases (VP), and prepositional phrases (PP).
2. A phrase structure tree must match these rules to be grammatical. For example, a simple sentence follows the rule S → NP VP, where a noun phrase is followed by a verb phrase.
3. The document outlines phrase structure rules for English including how noun phrases can be expanded to include optional adjectives and prepositional phrases, and verb phrases can include optional noun phrases and prepositional phrases.
The document discusses different perspectives on grammar including:
1. Traditional grammar which labels grammatical categories like nouns, verbs, and tenses.
2. Descriptive grammar which collects language samples and describes structures as they are used rather than how they should be used. This includes structural analysis and labeled bracketed sentences.
3. Generative grammar which has rules to generate all grammatical sentences of a language and aims to capture properties like recursion. It distinguishes between deep and surface structures.
This document discusses key concepts in natural language processing including:
- N-grams which are sequences of consecutive words that are used to capture word order.
- Parts of speech tagging which assigns a grammatical category (noun, verb, adjective) to each word.
- Parsing which involves analyzing a text and assigning structure according to context-free grammar rules, often represented as parse trees.
- Dependency parsing which identifies grammatical relationships between words directly rather than through constituents in a parse tree.
The document discusses syntax, grammaticality, deep and surface structures, and ambiguity. It defines syntax as the study of sentence patterns and grammatical rules. Syntactic structure includes parts of speech and phrase structures. Grammaticality refers to sentences that follow syntactic rules, while ungrammatical sentences violate rules. Deep structure is the basic sentence structure, and surface structure is the final output after transformations. Sentences can have the same deep structure but different surface forms, or the same surface form but different deep structures. Ambiguity can occur from lexical meanings or structural analyses leading to multiple interpretations.
This document discusses syntax and syntactic analysis. It defines syntax as the study of the structure of language and how words are arranged in sentences. Syntactic analysis involves developing rules to describe the structure of sentences based on constituents like noun phrases and verb phrases. These rules are represented using tree diagrams and phrase structure rules. The goal is to have a small set of rules that can generate a large number of grammatical sentences. Movement rules allow rearranging constituents to form questions.
This document provides an overview of generative grammar as established by Noam Chomsky. It discusses how generative grammar aims to describe the infinite number of well-formed sentences in a language using phrase structure rules and a lexicon. The two key components of generative grammar are the phrase structure component, which generates sentences using rules, and the lexicon, which provides lexical information. Together these components can account for language creativity, recursion, and native speaker competence or judgements about grammaticality.
Natural Language Processing- English Grammar shakeelAsghar6
This document discusses English grammar concepts including morphology, word classes, and sentence structure. It defines parts of speech and describes how words are categorized. Noun and verb inflections are explained using examples. The roles of determiners, adjectives, prepositions and other closed class words are outlined. Sentence level constructs like declarative, imperative, and question structures are covered. Modification rules for noun phrases, including prenominal and postnominal modifiers, are provided. Verb subcategorization and the different complements verbs can take are also described.
George Yule_Phrases and sentences grammar.pdfNajma Asyifa
This document discusses different approaches to analyzing grammar and sentence structure. It describes traditional grammar which used categories from Latin and Greek to label parts of speech in English. It also discusses descriptive approaches like structural analysis and immediate constituent analysis which observe how sentences are actually used without preconceived notions. Immediate constituent analysis diagrams show how words form phrases and sentences through labeled brackets. Analyzing sentences in other languages like Gaelic reveals how structure can differ from English. Understanding these approaches helps explain errors language learners may make based on differences in their native language.
The document discusses the autonomy of syntax and phrase structure grammars. It introduces key concepts such as constituency, phrase structure rules, trees, and productivity. Some key points:
1. Syntax is autonomous from semantics - the structure of language is independent of meaning.
2. Sentences can be analyzed using phrase structure trees that group words into constituents based on syntactic rules.
3. Phrase structure rules recursively define constituents and allow for infinite productivity through embedded and modified structures.
This document discusses syntax and syntactic categories. It defines syntax as the study of sentence patterns and rules that determine word order and structure in a language. There are various syntactic categories including parts of speech, phrases, and sentences. Phrases are groups of words that function as a unit, and there are five main types: noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases, and preposition phrases. Phrase structure trees are used to represent syntactic categories and the hierarchical structure of phrases in a sentence. Basic phrase structure rules are provided.
This document provides an introduction to phrase structure in English grammar. It discusses some key properties of English grammar, including linearity, hierarchy, and categorization. It then outlines some basic phrase structure rules, including the internal structure of noun phrases and determiners. The document also covers adverbial clauses, prepositional phrases, and the ordering of sentence-final adverbials. Overall, the document introduces some fundamental concepts in English phrase structure and grammar.
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This document discusses adverbials and related grammatical concepts. It defines adverbials as words, phrases, or clauses that modify verbs or adjectives by providing additional information about aspects like time, place, manner, etc. There are different types of adverbials including prepositional phrases, adverb phrases, and noun phrases. Adverbials can function as adjuncts within the verb phrase by giving optional extra information. The document also discusses the levels of the verb phrase, the mobility of adverbials, phrasal verbs, and ellipsis.
This document provides an overview of syntax and its key concepts. It discusses what syntax is, types of grammar, generative grammar, deep and surface structure, structural ambiguity, tree diagrams, symbols used in syntactic analysis, phrase structure rules, lexical rules, transformational rules, complement phrases, and recursion. The core concepts covered include how syntax studies word and sentence arrangements, generative grammar aims to generate all grammatical sentences, deep and surface structure represent underlying and surface levels, and transformational rules convert structures between declarative and interrogative forms.
The document discusses English syntax and describes the four main groups of syntactic structures. It explains that words can be combined into larger structures to convey various meanings. The structures are formed by combining two or fewer words and can be divided into constituents. Some examples of structures provided are noun phrases and verb phrases. The rest of the document elaborates on different types of syntactic structures such as modification structures, appositives, verbs as modifiers, adverbs as noun modifiers, and prepositional phrases as modifiers. It also provides examples and diagrams to illustrate syntactic heads and dependents.
The document discusses syntactic structures in English and describes four main groups of structures. It provides examples of structures formed by combining words like nouns and verbs. The structures can be divided into modifiers and heads, with the head being the main word that is modified. The document outlines different types of modifiers that can be used with nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions as heads.
Units and Complex Units by Tayyiba Hanif and Colleagues. A very important topic in Advanced Grammar under the super vision of Dr.Hafiz M. Qasim. This material help a lot in understanding the topic. Thanks!
This document provides an overview of syntax and generative grammar. It discusses key concepts like deep and surface structure, structural ambiguity, recursion, phrase structure rules, lexical rules, complement phrases, and transformational rules. Tree diagrams and other symbols are presented to describe syntactic structures. The goal of generative grammar is to have a system of explicit rules that can generate all valid syntactic structures of a language while avoiding invalid ones.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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3. Three points are discussed in this
chapter:
1-The ways in which words may be linked
together to form larger units.
2-How sentences are analysed into their
component parts.
3-Ways of representing an analysis.
4. The ways in which words are linked together:
Different languages use different devices for showing the
relationship of one word to another and linking one word to
another. The following are the common devices:
1-Word order:
This is a syntactic device that shows the sequential (linear)
arrangement of words within a sentence and shows the
relationship of one word to another. English relies heavily on
word order to indicate grammatical relations.
David defends Laura.
Laura defends David.
5. Two important points about these two sentences:
1-What shows the difference in meaning between these two
sentences is not the number or the form of the words rather
it is the order of the words. So, the word order is critical.
Because the word order shows ‘who defended whom’.
2-The order of the words shows which one is the subject
and which one is the object not the form of the words. The
subject of an English sentence typically precedes the verb
and the object typically follows it.
6. Although some languages display considerable freedom of
word order (standard examples being Latin and
Russian), in no human language may the words of a
sentence occur in any random order.
7. Configurational languages:
It includes those languages which rely heavily on word
order to show the relationship of one word to another such
as English. That is, they have fixed word order and
hierarchical constituent structure.
2-Inflections
It is an other device through which grammatical
relationships between a word and another is indicated.
Russian and Latin depend on inflections to indicate
grammatical relationships.
8. Maxim zashishajet Victora.
Maxim Victora zashishajet.
Victora Maxim zashishajet.
Victora zashishajet Maxim. (Examples from Russian).
All these sentences mean Maxim defends Victor. The
inflectional suffix -a shows Victor is defended and that –a is
an accusative (object) case marker.
So, Russian is a non-configurational language in that word
order is not critical, though some word order preferences are
found.
9. 3-Function words
Another device through which relationships among words
are established is the use of function words such as
of, by, that, or, …
I know that he will come.
The Queen of England.
She was terrified by a spider.
10. Key points about function words:
1-Function words are used to some extent in English and
Latin.
2-Fucntion words have a grammatical role because they
connect the content words into larger grammatical units.
3-A function word can, in some cases, be used in two
ways: as a function word and as a content word.
Paul wants to go home. (Function word)
Peter went to the river. (content word)
11. Constituent analysis
It is a linguistic procedure which divides sentences into
their component parts or constituents.
Q-How are sentences divided into their component parts?
Sentences can be divided into their component parts by a
fundamental technique of syntactic analysis called
successive substitution.
The duck bit the burglar. Five original components
It bit him Three basic components
The duck slept Two basic components
Note: Read the details in the book.
12. Ways of representing an analysis
There are two important ways to represent a constituent
analysis:
1-Tree diagram: A particular type of graphical
representation of the structure of a sentence in which there
is a central node which branches on to other nodes, which
themselves have branches. It is so-called because its
branches resemble an upside-down tree.
Example:
13. The duck bit the burglar
S (sentence)
NP (noun phrase) VP (verb phrase)
D (determiner) N (noun) V (verb) NP
D N
The duck bit the burglar
14. 2-Rewrite rule (Phrase Structure Rule): It is a replacement
rule, in which the symbol to the left of an arrow is replaced
by an expanded form written to the right of an arrow.
The sentence ‘The duck bit the burglar’ can be summarized
in three rules:
Example:
S NP VP
VP V NP
NP D N
Means ‘replace’
15. The advantage of rewrite rules:
1-They are perfectly explicit.
2-They don’t leave anything to the imagination without
analysis.
3-By following them, you can produce a perfect English
sentence and these rules will tell us what is a well-formed
English sentence
16. Identifying constituents:
A constituent is a word or a group of words that functions
as a single unit within a hierarchical structure.
The constituent structure of sentences is identified
using constituency tests.
What are the constituency tests used to identify the
constituent structure of sentences?
1-Movement (topicalization, fronting)
Constituents can be preposed to beginning or postposed to
the end.
Example: The mouse ran up the clock.
Up the clock ran the mouse.
Example: The mouse ate up the cheese.
Up the cheese ate the mouse.
17. The first sentence can be analysed as having three
constituents: [The mouse] [ran] [up the clock].
And the tree diagram for this sentence can be as follows:
S
NP VP
D N V PP
P NP
D N
The mouse ran up the clock
18. The second sentence can be analysed as having three
constituents: [The mouse] [ate up] [the cheese].
And the tree diagram for this sentence can be as follows:
S
NP VP
D N VB NP
V PRT D N
The mouse ate up the cheese
VB= Phrasal verb
PRT= Particle
19. 2-Substitution:
Constituents can be replaced by pro-forms
(pronouns, one, ones, here, there, so, ….).
Example: The duck bit the burglar
It bit him.
3-Clefting:
Constituents can be the focus of it-cleft sentences. The
following is the pattern of it-cleft sentences:
It + (be) + (the focus constituent) + relative clause.
Tom broke the window last night.
It was Tom who broke the window last night.
20. 4-Passivization:
The elements that can be moved when changing an active
sentence to a passive one or vice-versa can be regarded as
constituents.
Example: Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook.
Facebook was founded by Mark Zuckerberg.
5-Omission:
Sometimes a sequence of words (mostly temporal and local
adverbials) may be omitted without influencing the
grammaticality of the sentence, such sequences are regarded
as constituents.
Example: He died in Africa two years later.
He died in Africa.
He died two years later.
21. In addition to these tests to identify whether a string of
words is regarded as a constituent or not, It is also
possible to build specific tests for the presence of a
particular constituent. The following are some tests to
identify particular constituents:
1-Preposition phrases: one test for a preposition phrase is
that its preposition cannot immediately follow its NP.
The mouse ran the clock up.
Jane went the woods into.
Linda swam the bridge under.
22. 2-NPs: English NPs recur in certain specifiable positions:
A) At the beginning of a sentence before the verb:
The cat ate the canary.
B) At the end of a sentence after the verb:
The canary feared the cat.
C) After ‘by’ in a passive sentence:
The canary was eaten by the cat.
D) After an auxiliary verb in questions:
Did the cat eat the canary?
So, the above tests can be applied to know whether a
string of words is an NP or not.
23. A) At the beginning of a sentence before the verb:
Uncle Harry kicked the cat. Suddenly Harry kicked the cat.
B) At the end of a sentence after a verb:
The cat scratched Uncle Harry. The cat scratched suddenly Harry.
C) After ‘by’ in a passive sentence:
The cat was kicked by Uncle Harry. The cat was kicked by suddenly Harry
D) After an auxiliary verb in questions:
Did Uncle Harry kick the cat? Did suddenly Harry kick the cat?
(Suddenly Harry) cannot be an NP because the above tests cannot
be applied to it but (Uncle Harry) can be because the tests can be
applied to it.
24. Adding in extra patterns:
-The duck bit the burglar. (See above for the rewrite rules
and tree diagram, this seems to be a simple structure).
-The duck slept in the bath: This sentence has a more
complicated structure than the above sentence:
The rewrite rules for this sentence:
S NP VP
VP V PP
PP P NP
NP D N
The extra rewrite rules are: VP V PP PP P NP
25. The duck slept in the bath
S
NP VP
D N V PP
P NP
D N
The duck slept in the bath
In the rewrite rule the PP is optional (the duck slept), this
can be shown by putting brackets round the PP:
VP V (PP)
26. Another example:
The burglar put the duck in a sack
Here in this sentence, having the NP and the PP is essential.
The rewrite rule is: VP V NP PP
So, there are different rewrite rules for English VPs:
1-VP V NP The duck bit the burglar.
2-VP V (PP) The duck slept, The duck slept in the bath
3-VP V NP PP The burglar put the duck in a sack.
27. The burglar put the duck in a sack
S
NP VP
D N V NP PP
D N P NP
D N
The burglar put the duck in the sack
28. All the three rules above can be combined together in one
rule for English VPs in the following way:
V1 NP
VP V2 (PP)
V3 NP PP
These three rules can be summed up in only one rule:
VP (NP) (PP)
Which means: ‘A VP consists of a V optionally followed by
an NP and/or a PP’.
Put V [-NP PP]
Slept V [-(PP)]
Bit V [-NP]
29. Layers of branches:
Till now we have considered tree diagrams with few layers.
There are sometimes complicated tree diagrams.
When there are nodes in tree diagrams which are neither
the simple unit (N, A, P, ….) nor the whole unit
(NP, AP, PP, ….), these are given the label bar. Thus, they are
recognized as: (N, A, P, ….).
Consider the following example:
30. Maurice took a photograph of a platypus
S
NP VP
V NP or N
D N
N PP
P NP
D N
Maurice took a photograph of a platypus
31. A standard procedure which avoids wasting time and space
is to draw a triangle ( ) in place of the details of the PP.
That is, the tree can be as follows:
NP or N
D N
N PP
a photograph of a platypus
32. Tree diagrams reveal that there are similarities between
NPs, APs, VPs and PPs, how?
The head in one type of phrase is in a very similar position to
the head in another. For example, a noun in an NP is likely to
be in a parallel location to an adjective in an AP, a verb in a
VP, and a preposition in a PP.
Consider the following: (‘Very proud of the platypus’ is
similar in structure to ‘a photograph of a platypus’)
AP or A NP or N
DEG A D N
A PP N PP
very proud of the platypus a photograph of a platypus
33. X-bar theory:
X-bar is a system of syntactic description based on the
notion that every constituent has a head element.
Key points about x-bar system:
1-It states that all phrases have heads.
2-The phrase type is related to the type of the head.
3-One of the rules of X-bar theory is that an X-bar
consists of an X (a head) plus any number of
complements.
4-An X-Phrase consists of an optional specifier and an X-
bar.
34. Lexical phrases: Those phrases whose head is a lexical
word, e.g. this read book, right in the centre, very fast.
Lexical phrases include NPs, APs, PPs, ….
Functional phrases: Those phrases which are introduced
by function elements like tense, agreement, infinitive
marker (to).
Functional phrases include: Inflectional phrases
(IP), complementizer phrases (CP), …..
35. Examples: Lexical phrases
-He is a nice French student of English
-An old man with a wooden leg.
-This beautiful expensive red carpet
-He is very proud of his country
-The bullet hit him right through the heart
-She was very fond of the sea.
36. Examples: Functional phrases
-He kicked the dog
-He will find the book
-I wonder whether she will pass
-He can find the letters.
37. Complex sentences:
Conjoining: It is a process by which two or more sub-
sentences which are of equal importance can be joined
together by using conjuncts, such as and, or,..etc..
e.g. Rose played tennis.
Peter went fishing.
Rose played tennis, and Peter went fishing.
38. Embedding: It is a process by which one or more
subsidiary sentences are inserted into the main
sentence.
e.g. The fact is not surprising.
(that) the rumour worried the public
(that) the dinosaur had escaped
The fact that the rumour that the dinosaur had escaped
worried the public is not surprising.
39. Recursion: It is the possibility of repeatedly re-using the
same construction so that there is no fixed limit to the
length of sentences or phrases.
e.g. John saw the picture of the baby on the table in the
attic.
e.g. John believes the burglar took the duck.
40. Verbs: the syntax-meaning overlap:
Thematic relations:
Thematic relations are the semantic roles of the
participants involved in an action. This includes the
semantic roles of nouns and noun phrases in relation to a
verb in a sentence.
Linguists recognize a number of roles:
1-Agent: It is used to denote someone (NP) who
deliberately performs the action.
e.g. John smashed the bottle.
41. 2-Theme: It is the semantic role of the NP that undergoes
the change of location or it is the entity which moves or is
in a state.
e.g. The snowball rolled down the hill.
e.g. Mike gave her a pencil.
e.g. John received a letter.
3-Patient: It is to denote something which undergoes the
consequences of an action or affected by the action.
e.g. Mike killed John.
e.g. I have repaired the roof. The dog chewed a bone.
42. 4-Recipient: It is the semantic role of the noun phrase that
receives something. Here, there is a change in ownership.
e.g. Paul sent a letter to Jane.
5-Goal: It is a place to which an entity is moved or at
which movement terminates.
e.g. I am flying to London.
e.g. He reached a conclusion.
Thematic roles are important in relating semantics to
syntax.