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1. General
Linguistics
GC 206
Sadaf Riaz

2. Recap
What is acoustic phonetics?
How acoustic phonetics is different from
articulatory phonetics?

8. Concerned with
speech
perception
Studies process of
hearing and
perception of
speech sounds
The way human
understands
sound
A- human
hearing system
B- physiology of
human ear and
brain

9. External Ear
Projecting part:auricle(pinna) 24 mm
Only visible part of ear (helical in shape)
Acts as a funnel and directs sound into ear
It helps in lowering resistance inside ear as
sound wave cannot pass through high
compressed and pressured air.
It helps to overcome difference in pressure
(outside or inside ear)

10. Middle Ear
Narrow or filled space inside
temporal bone
Consist of 3 tiny bones -------
-ossicles------ it helps to
convert sound vibrations into
mechanical move and
transfer to ear.
The pressure from sound
waves makes the eardrum
vibrate.
The vibrations are moved
from ear to oval window in
inner ear.

11. Middle ear functions as acoustic
transformer ( it amplifies the sound)
The pressure of the sound waves on
the oval window is some 20 times
higher than on eardrum.
Eustachian tube equalizes the air
pressure on both sides of eardrum ,
ensuring that pressure does not
build up in the ear.

12. Inner Ear
Complex as it has fluid filled passages
Deep inside hard portion of temporal bone.
Contains sensory organs of hearing
Converts signal to nerve impulse via auditory nerve.
Sounds are partly reflected and partly absorbed

13. From oval window the sound wave
transfers to inner ear.
Inner ear is a maze of tubes and
passages called as labyrinth.
Vestibular and cochlea is found in
labyrinth.
In cochlea, sound waves are
converted into electrical impulses
which are then sent to brain.
Brain translates these impulses into
sounds and then we understand it.
Cochlea is like a snail shell . It is filled
with fluid called perilymph and
contains two membranes.
Cochlea has hair fibers (approx.
24000). These nerve fibers move and

14. Vestibular : organ of
equilibrium (balance)
The vestibular registers the
body movements and ensure
that we keep the balance.
How the brain filters noise:
Our left side of brain is more
active when we discriminate
relevant sounds from
background noise.

15. Summary

16. Pronounce and feel the difference
Team
Steam
Tall
Stall

17. Phonology
Phonology is the study of how sounds are
organized and used in natural languages.
Phonology is just one of several aspects of
language.
It is related to other aspects such as phonetics,
morphology, syntax and pragmatics.

19. Phonetics vs Phonology
Is the basis for
phonological analysis.
Analyses the production
of all human speech
sounds, regardless of
language.
Is the basis for further work in
morphology, syntax, discourse
and orthography design.
Analyzes the sound patterns of a
particular language by
determining which phonetic
sounds are significant, and
explaining how these sounds are
interpreted by the native speaker.

20. Phoneme
A phoneme is the smallest contrastive
unit in the sound system of a language.

21. Phone vs Phoneme
One of many possible sounds
in the languages of the world.
The smallest identifiable unit
found in a stream of speech.
Pronounced in a defined way.
Represented between
brackets by convention
[b], [j], [o]
One of many possible sounds in
the language of the world.
A minimal unit that serves to
distinguish between meanings of
words.
Pronounced in one or more ways,
depending on the number of
allophones.
Represented between slashes by
convention.
/b/, /j/, /o/