The document provides details about education under the Abbasid Dynasty:
- Co-education was prevalent, with boys and girls attending the same schools starting at age 6. Private tutoring was also common among wealthy families.
- The curriculum included reading, writing, Quran, hadith, arithmetic, and poetry. Advanced students studied theology, jurisprudence, astronomy, philosophy, and medicine.
- Different types of teachers emerged - those teaching basic literacy, private tutors, and professors teaching higher-level subjects.
- The House of Wisdom academy was established by Caliph al-Mamun to pursue advanced scholarship. The Nizamiyya universities also contributed to the spread of education.
The Rashidun Caliphs are the eminent stars of the Holy Prophet who led Muslims not just physically but also spiritually. The policies and rules they implemented in their respective eras were the true reflection of the teachings of the Holy Prophet. This is why the Rashidun era was the golden era of the Muslims. Implementing the teachings of Prophet Mohammad, made them not only the pioneers in introducing the concept of the welfare state, but they also set its exemplary foundation for the world to follow. This book is unique because unlike other history books it provides proofs of Imam Hassan as the fifth rightly guided Caliph.
For more details please visit:
https://www.sultan-ul-faqr-publications.com/shop/the-rashidun-caliphate/
#sultanulashiqeen #sultanulashiqeenbooks #rashiduncaliphate #rashiduncaliphs #sultanulfaqrpublications
The document summarizes the life events of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in chronological order from birth to death. It details his birthplace and family, the beginning of his prophethood around age 40, key events like marriages and military campaigns, the establishment of Islam in Medina, and his final sermon and passing away in 11 AH in Medina at age 63. It concludes with a hadith about wishing to emulate only those who spend wealth righteously or teach the Quran wisely.
Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. He was the first male to convert to Islam and devoted his life to serving the Prophet. He participated in many battles, earning a reputation for bravery. The Prophet entrusted Ali with important responsibilities and considered him part of his household. After the Prophet's death, Ali became the fourth caliph but faced several rebellions during his caliphate from 656 to 661 AD.
Hazrat Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. He accepted Islam at a young age and was the Prophet's standard bearer in many battles. The Prophet spoke very highly of Hazrat Ali and considered him his successor. Hazrat Ali played a major military and political role after the Prophet, fighting against pagans and later against other Muslims. He was assassinated while praying in the mosque of Kufa by an extremist group. His eloquent sayings were later compiled in the book Nahjul Balagha.
- Abu Bakr was the closest companion and friend of the Prophet Muhammad. He was the first adult male to convert to Islam after the Prophet received his first revelation.
- Abu Bakr helped spread Islam by preaching to others and accompanying the Prophet. He endured hardship and persecution from the Quraysh in Mecca for his faith.
- Abu Bakr protected the Prophet from an assassination attempt and helped plan the Hijra (migration) to Medina. He fought bravely alongside the Prophet in all battles and remained a devoted companion until the end.
Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) was born in 570 CE in Mecca and was orphaned as a child. He was raised by his grandfather and uncle and worked as a shepherd in his youth. As a young adult, he entered the service of a wealthy widow named Khadija and impressed her with his honesty. They married when he was 25, and had several children together. In 622 CE, Muhammad and his few hundred followers migrated from Mecca to the city of Medina (formerly known as Yathrib) after being invited to act as a mediator to end civil wars between tribes.
Hazrat Umar ibn Al-Khattab established an advanced administrative system during his reign as Caliph from 634 to 644 CE. He divided the Islamic empire into provinces, each led by a governor. Key departments included military, taxation, education, police, and financial. Umar introduced principles of accountability, separated government and private business, and established equal law for all. His reforms helped the rapidly expanding Muslim state address challenges like famine and wars with neighboring empires. Umar established foundations for efficient governance that helped strengthen and stabilize the early Muslim community.
The Rashidun Caliphs are the eminent stars of the Holy Prophet who led Muslims not just physically but also spiritually. The policies and rules they implemented in their respective eras were the true reflection of the teachings of the Holy Prophet. This is why the Rashidun era was the golden era of the Muslims. Implementing the teachings of Prophet Mohammad, made them not only the pioneers in introducing the concept of the welfare state, but they also set its exemplary foundation for the world to follow. This book is unique because unlike other history books it provides proofs of Imam Hassan as the fifth rightly guided Caliph.
For more details please visit:
https://www.sultan-ul-faqr-publications.com/shop/the-rashidun-caliphate/
#sultanulashiqeen #sultanulashiqeenbooks #rashiduncaliphate #rashiduncaliphs #sultanulfaqrpublications
The document summarizes the life events of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in chronological order from birth to death. It details his birthplace and family, the beginning of his prophethood around age 40, key events like marriages and military campaigns, the establishment of Islam in Medina, and his final sermon and passing away in 11 AH in Medina at age 63. It concludes with a hadith about wishing to emulate only those who spend wealth righteously or teach the Quran wisely.
Hazrat Ali ibn Abi Talib was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. He was the first male to convert to Islam and devoted his life to serving the Prophet. He participated in many battles, earning a reputation for bravery. The Prophet entrusted Ali with important responsibilities and considered him part of his household. After the Prophet's death, Ali became the fourth caliph but faced several rebellions during his caliphate from 656 to 661 AD.
Hazrat Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. He accepted Islam at a young age and was the Prophet's standard bearer in many battles. The Prophet spoke very highly of Hazrat Ali and considered him his successor. Hazrat Ali played a major military and political role after the Prophet, fighting against pagans and later against other Muslims. He was assassinated while praying in the mosque of Kufa by an extremist group. His eloquent sayings were later compiled in the book Nahjul Balagha.
- Abu Bakr was the closest companion and friend of the Prophet Muhammad. He was the first adult male to convert to Islam after the Prophet received his first revelation.
- Abu Bakr helped spread Islam by preaching to others and accompanying the Prophet. He endured hardship and persecution from the Quraysh in Mecca for his faith.
- Abu Bakr protected the Prophet from an assassination attempt and helped plan the Hijra (migration) to Medina. He fought bravely alongside the Prophet in all battles and remained a devoted companion until the end.
Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) was born in 570 CE in Mecca and was orphaned as a child. He was raised by his grandfather and uncle and worked as a shepherd in his youth. As a young adult, he entered the service of a wealthy widow named Khadija and impressed her with his honesty. They married when he was 25, and had several children together. In 622 CE, Muhammad and his few hundred followers migrated from Mecca to the city of Medina (formerly known as Yathrib) after being invited to act as a mediator to end civil wars between tribes.
Hazrat Umar ibn Al-Khattab established an advanced administrative system during his reign as Caliph from 634 to 644 CE. He divided the Islamic empire into provinces, each led by a governor. Key departments included military, taxation, education, police, and financial. Umar introduced principles of accountability, separated government and private business, and established equal law for all. His reforms helped the rapidly expanding Muslim state address challenges like famine and wars with neighboring empires. Umar established foundations for efficient governance that helped strengthen and stabilize the early Muslim community.
1) Hazrat Abu Bakar Siddique was the closest companion and first Caliph of Prophet Muhammad. He was known for his honesty, sincerity, and helping the poor and needy.
2) As the first Caliph, he standardized the military system, established Bait-ul-Maal for financial management, and ensured the rights of minorities were protected.
3) He made great contributions to the preservation and spread of Islam through dawah, participation in battles, and as a trusted advisor to the Prophet during his lifetime.
Hazrat abu bakr sid deeq with rasool allah sawwfarahm3d
Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq R.A was a close companion of Prophet Muhammad SAW. Some key facts about him:
1) His real name was Abdullah but he was known as Abu Bakr. He was one of the first people to convert to Islam and provided strong support to the Prophet.
2) During difficult times, including when the disbelievers forced the Prophet to leave Mecca, Abu Bakr stood by the Prophet's side and provided comfort.
3) Abu Bakr was praised by the Prophet for having the strongest faith of all believers. After the Prophet's death, Abu Bakr became the first Caliph and helped unite the Muslim community
The Umayyad clan was initially opposed to Muhammad but later embraced Islam and became a powerful Muslim family. After Muhammad's death, the Umayyads led the majority Sunni Muslims while some broke away to form the Shiite minority who believed leadership should remain within Muhammad's family. The Umayyads rapidly conquered territories across North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Europe until being halted at the Battle of Tours in 732. Their rule ended when the Abbasid family revolted in 750 and established their capital in Baghdad, moving the empire's center away from Syria.
The Life And Importance Of The Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.HHumeraSiddique2
The document provides biographical information about the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It discusses that before his prophethood, Arabia was in an "Age of Ignorance" with issues like polytheism and injustice. It then outlines Muhammad's childhood and early life experiences, including being orphaned as a young boy. It discusses his marriage to Khadija and his role in resolving a dispute during the reconstruction of the Kaaba at age 35, which marked the start of his prophethood and preaching of Islam in Arabia between ages 40-43. The document also notes some of the early converts to Islam and the opposition and persecution Muhammad faced from the Quraysh in Mecca for challenging their traditions and customs.
Hazrat Aisha was born in 613 CE, the daughter of two of Muhammad's most trusted companions. She married Muhammad and was considered his favorite wife by Sunnis. Aisha was later falsely accused of adultery but was cleared of charges. After Muhammad's death, Aisha played a role in the succession conflict and Battle of the Camel but later retired from public politics. She died in 678 CE at age 67 in Medina.
The document provides an overview of scientific and cultural achievements during the Golden Age of Islam between 750-1350 CE. Major advances were made in fields like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, architecture, art, literature and agriculture. Cities like Baghdad, Damascus, and Cordoba thrived as centers of learning and innovation. Scientists like Ibn Sina, Ibn al-Haytham, and al-Khwarizmi made significant contributions in areas such as optics, astronomy, algebra, and the scientific method. Innovations included the modern hospital, numerical system, and advances in astronomy, chemistry, geography and more. The Islamic world facilitated cross-cultural exchange and a period of intellectual growth.
Presentation on the Life of Holy Prophet PBUHSamina Mir
The document provides an overview of the beginnings of Islam, including the following key points:
1) Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 CE and began receiving revelations from God through the angel Jibrail, which became the Quran, beginning in 610 CE.
2) Muhammad began preaching the simple message of Islam - that there is no God but Allah and life should be lived in complete submission to Allah's will.
3) Due to threats in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE, known as the Hijrah, which became year 1 of the Islamic calendar.
4) Within 10 years, Muhammad had gained many followers and was able
Omar ibn Al Khattab originally fiercely opposed Islam but converted after hearing recitations of the Quran at his sister's house. He went to Muhammad and declared his belief, strengthening early Islam. As a devoted Muslim, Omar felt the pain of other Muslims as part of the Ummah, or Muslim community. He proclaimed his new faith openly despite facing attacks, and through him Islam gained strength. Omar was one of Muhammad's closest companions and helped establish Islam.
The document summarizes information about the second caliph of Islam, Hazrat Umar (R.A). It discusses his life, accomplishments as caliph such as expanding Muslim territory and establishing important institutions, and uncertainties he had before passing away such as who would succeed him as caliph. It also describes the process for selecting the next caliph through a committee of six companions.
Imam Ali (as) was known for his piety, bravery, justice, and generosity. He was raised by the Prophet Muhammad (saw) from a young age. Some key facts about Imam Ali (as) include:
1) He was born in the Kaaba and was personally trained by the Prophet. The Prophet appointed Imam Ali as his successor on multiple occasions.
2) Imam Ali fought in all the major battles to defend Islam and the Prophet without seeking personal glory. He also advised the early caliphs after the Prophet.
3) As Caliph, Imam Ali was known for his simple lifestyle and ensuring wealth was distributed to the poor
This document provides biographical details about Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph of Islam. It discusses his lineage, birth, embracing of Islam, excellence as a leader, justice in governance, and glad tidings of martyrdom. The document emphasizes Umar's high status as a companion of the Prophet Muhammad and his role in spreading Islam through his justice and fairness as caliph.
The Umayyad Caliphate began in 661 AD after Mu'awiyah defeated the fourth caliph Ali and established the Umayyad dynasty. The Umayyads expanded the Islamic empire significantly through military conquests. They also standardized the administration of the empire by establishing boards to oversee finances, correspondence, and other functions. The Umayyads made Damascus their capital and ruled over a vast territory, spreading Islam widely during their rule. However, internal conflicts and the rise of the Abbasid revolutionary movement eventually led to the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty in 750 AD.
1. Muslims ruled Spain for about eight centuries beginning in 714 AD, converting it into the most civilized and charming land in the world.
2. The long Muslim rule can be divided into three phases - a first phase of confusion, a golden era of power and progress from 756-1036 AD, and a final phase of anarchy and annihilation as petty states emerged and clashed.
3. In 1086 AD, Yusuf ibn Tashfin of Morocco invaded Spain and defeated the Christians at the Battle of Zallaqa, restoring Muslim power temporarily before infighting resumed after his death.
Ali bin Abu Talib was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. He was brought up in the company of the Prophet from a young age and was his loyal companion. Ali demonstrated great courage and skill in serving Islam, whether through engaging in battles, providing religious knowledge and judgment, or spreading the message of Islam. He spent his life devoted to Islam and modeling his characteristics after the Prophet, before being martyred by poisoning.
Imam Ali was born in the holy Kaaba in the best of places and families. He was born in the month of Rajab and was the first person the Prophet Muhammad saw after opening his eyes. Imam Ali was taught by the Prophet and was known as the most knowledgeable person after him. He defended Islam with his sword Dhu'l-Fiqar and was a heroic fighter in battles like Badr. Imam Ali was chosen as the rightful successor by Muslims but was denied his right. He was martyred while leading prayers in the Mosque.
This document provides biographical information about Imam Ali (as) in 3 sentences:
Imam Ali (as) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad (saw), who was born in the Kaaba in Mecca. He was the first male to accept Islam and protected the Prophet throughout his life, fighting bravely in all the early battles of Islam including Badr, Uhud, and Khandaq. Ali (as) is highly respected in Islam for his courage, faith, justice, and kindness.
1) Hazrat Abu Bakar Siddique was the closest companion and first Caliph of Prophet Muhammad. He was known for his honesty, sincerity, and helping the poor and needy.
2) As the first Caliph, he standardized the military system, established Bait-ul-Maal for financial management, and ensured the rights of minorities were protected.
3) He made great contributions to the preservation and spread of Islam through dawah, participation in battles, and as a trusted advisor to the Prophet during his lifetime.
Hazrat abu bakr sid deeq with rasool allah sawwfarahm3d
Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq R.A was a close companion of Prophet Muhammad SAW. Some key facts about him:
1) His real name was Abdullah but he was known as Abu Bakr. He was one of the first people to convert to Islam and provided strong support to the Prophet.
2) During difficult times, including when the disbelievers forced the Prophet to leave Mecca, Abu Bakr stood by the Prophet's side and provided comfort.
3) Abu Bakr was praised by the Prophet for having the strongest faith of all believers. After the Prophet's death, Abu Bakr became the first Caliph and helped unite the Muslim community
The Umayyad clan was initially opposed to Muhammad but later embraced Islam and became a powerful Muslim family. After Muhammad's death, the Umayyads led the majority Sunni Muslims while some broke away to form the Shiite minority who believed leadership should remain within Muhammad's family. The Umayyads rapidly conquered territories across North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Europe until being halted at the Battle of Tours in 732. Their rule ended when the Abbasid family revolted in 750 and established their capital in Baghdad, moving the empire's center away from Syria.
The Life And Importance Of The Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.HHumeraSiddique2
The document provides biographical information about the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). It discusses that before his prophethood, Arabia was in an "Age of Ignorance" with issues like polytheism and injustice. It then outlines Muhammad's childhood and early life experiences, including being orphaned as a young boy. It discusses his marriage to Khadija and his role in resolving a dispute during the reconstruction of the Kaaba at age 35, which marked the start of his prophethood and preaching of Islam in Arabia between ages 40-43. The document also notes some of the early converts to Islam and the opposition and persecution Muhammad faced from the Quraysh in Mecca for challenging their traditions and customs.
Hazrat Aisha was born in 613 CE, the daughter of two of Muhammad's most trusted companions. She married Muhammad and was considered his favorite wife by Sunnis. Aisha was later falsely accused of adultery but was cleared of charges. After Muhammad's death, Aisha played a role in the succession conflict and Battle of the Camel but later retired from public politics. She died in 678 CE at age 67 in Medina.
The document provides an overview of scientific and cultural achievements during the Golden Age of Islam between 750-1350 CE. Major advances were made in fields like mathematics, astronomy, medicine, architecture, art, literature and agriculture. Cities like Baghdad, Damascus, and Cordoba thrived as centers of learning and innovation. Scientists like Ibn Sina, Ibn al-Haytham, and al-Khwarizmi made significant contributions in areas such as optics, astronomy, algebra, and the scientific method. Innovations included the modern hospital, numerical system, and advances in astronomy, chemistry, geography and more. The Islamic world facilitated cross-cultural exchange and a period of intellectual growth.
Presentation on the Life of Holy Prophet PBUHSamina Mir
The document provides an overview of the beginnings of Islam, including the following key points:
1) Prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 CE and began receiving revelations from God through the angel Jibrail, which became the Quran, beginning in 610 CE.
2) Muhammad began preaching the simple message of Islam - that there is no God but Allah and life should be lived in complete submission to Allah's will.
3) Due to threats in Mecca, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE, known as the Hijrah, which became year 1 of the Islamic calendar.
4) Within 10 years, Muhammad had gained many followers and was able
Omar ibn Al Khattab originally fiercely opposed Islam but converted after hearing recitations of the Quran at his sister's house. He went to Muhammad and declared his belief, strengthening early Islam. As a devoted Muslim, Omar felt the pain of other Muslims as part of the Ummah, or Muslim community. He proclaimed his new faith openly despite facing attacks, and through him Islam gained strength. Omar was one of Muhammad's closest companions and helped establish Islam.
The document summarizes information about the second caliph of Islam, Hazrat Umar (R.A). It discusses his life, accomplishments as caliph such as expanding Muslim territory and establishing important institutions, and uncertainties he had before passing away such as who would succeed him as caliph. It also describes the process for selecting the next caliph through a committee of six companions.
Imam Ali (as) was known for his piety, bravery, justice, and generosity. He was raised by the Prophet Muhammad (saw) from a young age. Some key facts about Imam Ali (as) include:
1) He was born in the Kaaba and was personally trained by the Prophet. The Prophet appointed Imam Ali as his successor on multiple occasions.
2) Imam Ali fought in all the major battles to defend Islam and the Prophet without seeking personal glory. He also advised the early caliphs after the Prophet.
3) As Caliph, Imam Ali was known for his simple lifestyle and ensuring wealth was distributed to the poor
This document provides biographical details about Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second caliph of Islam. It discusses his lineage, birth, embracing of Islam, excellence as a leader, justice in governance, and glad tidings of martyrdom. The document emphasizes Umar's high status as a companion of the Prophet Muhammad and his role in spreading Islam through his justice and fairness as caliph.
The Umayyad Caliphate began in 661 AD after Mu'awiyah defeated the fourth caliph Ali and established the Umayyad dynasty. The Umayyads expanded the Islamic empire significantly through military conquests. They also standardized the administration of the empire by establishing boards to oversee finances, correspondence, and other functions. The Umayyads made Damascus their capital and ruled over a vast territory, spreading Islam widely during their rule. However, internal conflicts and the rise of the Abbasid revolutionary movement eventually led to the downfall of the Umayyad dynasty in 750 AD.
1. Muslims ruled Spain for about eight centuries beginning in 714 AD, converting it into the most civilized and charming land in the world.
2. The long Muslim rule can be divided into three phases - a first phase of confusion, a golden era of power and progress from 756-1036 AD, and a final phase of anarchy and annihilation as petty states emerged and clashed.
3. In 1086 AD, Yusuf ibn Tashfin of Morocco invaded Spain and defeated the Christians at the Battle of Zallaqa, restoring Muslim power temporarily before infighting resumed after his death.
Ali bin Abu Talib was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. He was brought up in the company of the Prophet from a young age and was his loyal companion. Ali demonstrated great courage and skill in serving Islam, whether through engaging in battles, providing religious knowledge and judgment, or spreading the message of Islam. He spent his life devoted to Islam and modeling his characteristics after the Prophet, before being martyred by poisoning.
Imam Ali was born in the holy Kaaba in the best of places and families. He was born in the month of Rajab and was the first person the Prophet Muhammad saw after opening his eyes. Imam Ali was taught by the Prophet and was known as the most knowledgeable person after him. He defended Islam with his sword Dhu'l-Fiqar and was a heroic fighter in battles like Badr. Imam Ali was chosen as the rightful successor by Muslims but was denied his right. He was martyred while leading prayers in the Mosque.
This document provides biographical information about Imam Ali (as) in 3 sentences:
Imam Ali (as) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad (saw), who was born in the Kaaba in Mecca. He was the first male to accept Islam and protected the Prophet throughout his life, fighting bravely in all the early battles of Islam including Badr, Uhud, and Khandaq. Ali (as) is highly respected in Islam for his courage, faith, justice, and kindness.
Ar raheeq al-makhtum (the seald nectar)Arab Muslim
The document provides background information on Arab tribes prior to the rise of Islam. It discusses the location of the Arabian Peninsula and the origins and migrations of the main Arab tribes, including the Qahtanian Arabs from Yemen and the Adnanite Arabs who were descended from Ishmael. It focuses on the tribe of Azd, which migrated north from Yemen and split into various branches that settled in places like Oman, Yemen, Madinah and Makkah. It also discusses Ishmael and his mother Hagar being sent to Makkah and the subsequent visits there of Ishmael's father Abraham.
Ar raheeq al-makhtum (the seald nectar)Arab Muslim
The document provides background information on Arab tribes prior to the rise of Islam. It discusses the location of the Arabian Peninsula and the origins and migrations of the main Arab tribes, including the Qahtanian Arabs of Yemen, the Azd tribe, and the Arabized Arabs who descended from Abraham and Ishmael. It focuses on Ishmael's settlement in Makkah with his mother Hagar, and the visits there of his father Abraham. Ishmael's descendants established the twelve main tribes inhabiting Makkah that spread throughout the peninsula.
Ar raheeq al-makhtum (the seald nectar)Arab Muslim
This document provides background information on Arab tribes prior to the rise of Islam. It discusses the various tribes' locations and lineages. The main tribes discussed are the Qahtanians from Yemen, including Azd, Lakhm, Judham, Kinda and Tai'. It also discusses the Arabized Arabs descended from Ishmael, including the Nabeteans, descendants of Qidar who lived in Mecca, and the various tribes descended from Adnan such as Rabi'a, Mudar and Quraish from which Muhammad descended. The document aims to give context to the tribal environment and divisions that existed in Arabia before the prophet's mission.
Ar raheeq al-makhtum (the seald nectar)Arab Muslim
The document provides background information on Arab tribes prior to the rise of Islam. It discusses the location of the Arabian Peninsula and the origins and migrations of the main Arab tribes, including the Qahtanian Arabs from Yemen and the Adnanite Arabs who were descended from Ishmael. It focuses on the tribe of Azd, which migrated north from Yemen and split into various branches that settled in places like Oman, Yemen, Madinah and Makkah. It also discusses Ishmael and his mother Hagar being sent to Makkah and the subsequent visits there of Ishmael's father Abraham.
Ar raheeq al-makhtum (the seald nectar)Arab Muslim
This document provides background information on Arab tribes prior to the rise of Islam. It discusses the various tribes' locations and lineages. The main tribes discussed are the Qahtanians from Yemen, including Azd, Lakhm, Judham, Kinda and Tai'. It also discusses the Arabized Arabs descended from Ishmael, including the Nabeteans and descendants of Qidar who lived in Mecca. The document traces the lineage from Ishmael to the prophet Muhammad. It discusses how the tribes spread throughout Arabia and the rulership structures among Arab tribes before Islam.
The Umayyad clan was initially opposed to Muhammad but later embraced Islam and became a powerful Muslim family. After Muhammad's death, the Umayyads led the majority Sunni Muslims while some broke away to form the Shiite minority who believed leadership should remain within Muhammad's family. The Umayyads rapidly conquered territories across North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Europe until being halted at the Battle of Tours in 732. Their rule ended when the Abbasid family revolted in 750 and established their capital in Baghdad, moving the empire's center away from Syria.
The Ring of The Dove (A TREATISE ON LOVE)Martinkay99
This document provides a lengthy introduction and summary of the book "The Ring of the Dove" by Ibn Hazm. It discusses the context in which Ibn Hazm wrote the book, including the political landscape of Islamic rule in Spain in the early 11th century. It also analyzes the blending of religious and secular themes in Ibn Hazm's work, as well as the influences of Persian and Greek literature. The introduction concludes by praising Ibn Hazm's prose style and assessing the challenges of translating his work to other languages.
The Fatimid dynasty ruled over parts of North Africa, Egypt, and the Levant from 909-1171 CE. Founded by Ismaili leader Ubayd Allah, the Fatimid dynasty established Cairo as its capital and built al-Azhar mosque, which became an important center of Islamic learning. However, the Fatimid's lost control over their territories due to weakening central authority and the invasion of the Seljuk Turks in the 11th century. The Ayyubid dynasty, founded by Saladin, ruled much of the region in the 12th-13th centuries and ushered in an era of economic prosperity before being replaced by the Mamluks in Egypt and conquered by the
The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was born in Mecca in the year 571 AD to parents from the prominent Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe. His father Abdullah had died before he was born. He was nursed initially by his mother Amina and then by wet nurses in keeping with Arab custom of sending infants to live with Bedouin families.
The document summarizes the rise and fall of the Umayyad Caliphate between 661-750 CE and the transition to the Abbasid Caliphate. It describes how the Umayyads established the first Islamic dynasty in Damascus after the Muslim Civil War, but internal divisions and indulgence in luxury weakened their rule over time. The Abbasids then overthrew the Umayyads in 750 CE with the support of non-Arab Muslims, establishing a new capital in Baghdad and administrative structure influenced by Persian traditions that led to two centuries of stability and prosperity known as the Golden Age of Islam.
Israel-Palestine war and how it was startmadhav03yad
The document discusses the historical significance of Jerusalem to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It traces the lineage of Abraham and his sons Isaac and Ishmael, and how their descendants came to inhabit the land now known as Israel/Palestine. It also summarizes the rise of Zionism in response to growing antisemitism in Europe in the late 19th century, the British Mandate over Palestine after World War 1, and the tensions that arose over Jewish immigration.
Pre-publication of Part Eight and Chapter XXII of my forthcoming book “Turkey is Iran and Iran is Turkey – 2500 Years of indivisible Turanian – Iranian Civilization distorted and estranged by Anglo-French Orientalists”; Part Eight (The Distorted Term ‘Persianate’) consists exclusively of Chapter XXII. The book is made of 12 parts and 33 chapters.
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First published on 7th November 2021 here:
https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/the-fake-persianization-of-the-abbasid-caliphate-2/
The Banu Kalb was an Arab tribe that originally dwelt in northwestern Arabia and central Syria. By the 6th century, most of the tribe had adopted Christianity and allied with the Byzantine Empire. During the rise of Islam in the 7th century, some Kalbites followed Muhammad, but most remained Christian. As the Muslim conquest expanded into Syria, more Kalb converted to Islam. The tribe allied with the Umayyad caliphate and provided military support from 661-705 CE. The Kalb lost influence under later Abbasid rule but remained an important Syrian tribe into the 11th century, allying with the Fatimids, before disappearing from historical records.
The document provides an overview of pre-Islamic Arabia and the early history and spread of Islam. It describes the nomadic lifestyle in pre-Islamic Arabia and the rise of Mecca and Medina as trading centers. It then summarizes Muhammad's life and the key events in the founding of Islam, including the Hijra and establishment of the Umma. Finally, it outlines the expansion of the Islamic empire under the early caliphs and the establishment of the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties.
The document summarizes the early spread of Islam following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE. It describes how Abu Bakr became the first caliph and expanded the Muslim empire against the weakened Persian and Byzantine empires. By 750 CE, the Islamic empire stretched from Spain to India. The document also discusses the status of non-Muslims under Islamic rule and the succession disputes that led to the Sunni-Shia split in Islam.
Akbar was one of the greatest Mughal emperors, reigning from 1556 to 1605 and expanding the empire. He was a religious reformer who promoted tolerance of all faiths and opened government positions to people of all backgrounds. Through his marriages to Hindu, Muslim, and Christian women, he sought to transform Muslim interactions with non-Muslims in India. His empire was the largest and most prosperous in the world at the time, extending from Afghanistan to Bengal.
1. The document discusses the Abbasid Caliphate from the 10th-11th centuries, noting several caliphs like Al Muti, At Tai, and Al Qadir and how they grew weaker over time due to the influence of other dynasties like the Buwayids.
2. It also discusses important scientific advances during this period by figures like Ibn Sina and Al-Haytham in fields like medicine, optics, and astronomy.
3. Concurrently, it outlines the rise of other Islamic empires like the Fatimid Caliphate based in Egypt and the Seljuk Turks who came to dominate the Abbasids.
The document discusses linguistic constituents and how to identify them. It defines a constituent as a group of words that function as a single unit in a sentence and convey a specific meaning or grammatical role. It provides several tests to identify constituents, including cleft sentences, constituent questions, the stand-alone test, substitution by a pronoun, coordination, and phrase structure rules. Identifying constituents is important for understanding sentence structure and syntax.
This document provides an overview of a General Linguistics course. The course seeks to introduce fundamental concepts in theoretical linguistics and its applications. Key topics covered include the structure of sounds, words, sentences, and meaning, as well as language acquisition, varieties, and connections to the brain. The objectives are to familiarize students with linguistic analysis, theory, and the structure of English. Students are expected to demonstrate knowledge of linguistics branches and comprehend how language is structured, formulated, and analyzed.
Yazid III was the twelfth Umayyad caliph who ruled from April to October 744. He promised fiscal responsibility and equality among citizens. Yazid III died of a brain tumor and was succeeded by his brother Ibrahim, who abdicated after two months out of fear of political opponents. Ibrahim was succeeded by Marwan II, who faced rebellion from the Hashimiyya movement that sought to overthrow the Umayyads and install the Abbasids in their place. By 750, the Abbasids had defeated the Umayyads and killed many of their members, marking the end of the Umayyad Caliphate.
Pre-Islamic Arabia lacked centralized political authority, with tribes led by chieftains exercising local control. Society was tribal and nomadic, with weak economies centered around trade routes. Religious practices included polytheism, Christianity, Judaism, and some monotheism. Muhammad was born in 570 CE in Mecca to the influential Quraysh tribe. He was orphaned at a young age but was known for his honesty and helped his uncle with trade before marrying Khadijah. He began receiving revelations from God through the Archangel Gabriel at age 40, marking the beginning of Islam.
The document discusses introductions and conclusions for composition writing. An introduction should start generally and lead to a specific thesis statement. It provides the overall context and main argument that will be discussed. The document also mentions a practice exercise on comparisons but provides no other details.
The document discusses the importance of a thesis statement in essay writing. It focuses on the structure of an essay and defines a thesis statement as the most important part of an essay or any writing. The document then asks what type of essay a provided statement would belong to.
The document provides instruction on techniques for summary writing. It defines summarizing as reducing information to a concise form while maintaining the key ideas. Paraphrasing means restating text in one's own words without plagiarizing. The stages of summarizing are discussed, noting that a summary focuses on main ideas and excludes examples. Steps for summarizing a paragraph are outlined, including identifying the key ideas and topic, paraphrasing each supporting detail in a single sentence, and restating the concluding sentence. Examples of summarizing passages are also provided.
The document provides an overview of honey marketing in India. It discusses honey production levels in India, which have increased from 10,000 metric tons in 2001-2002 to 65,000 metric tons currently. The top honey producing states are Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, and West Bengal. Issues facing honey traders include lack of access to sufficient quantities, packaging, and credit. Proper training of beekeepers, packaging, and pricing can help increase honey production and attract more customers in India.
This document discusses social media. It begins with an introduction and overview of social media, including definitions and a brief history. It then discusses some major social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Google+ and how businesses can use them to their advantage through targeted advertising, hashtags, and gaining consumer insights. The document also covers advantages of social media like low costs, wide reach, and building loyalty, as well as disadvantages like being time consuming and loss of control over messaging. It concludes by stating social media needs to be integrated with traditional marketing.
This document provides instruction on techniques for paraphrasing text. It defines paraphrasing as restating relevant information in one's own words while acknowledging the source. Effective paraphrasing has a different structure and vocabulary than the original while retaining the same meaning. The document then outlines various techniques for paraphrasing, including substituting synonyms, changing word classes, rearranging word order and sentence structure, using negation, splitting sentences, and translating concepts rather than specific words. It provides examples for each technique and concludes with a practice exercise for students to paraphrase sentences using these methods.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
10. • With the coming of Abbasids into power a great change is noticed
everywhere. The first new feature of this period is that the caliphate no
longer compiled with the limits of Islam.
• Another Change which came over the Arab people owing to attitude of
the new dynasty towards them is that Arab nation lost martial vigour.
• The Capital was transferred from Syria to Iraq and the Syrians who
were the staunch supporter of the Umayyads lost their influence in the
Abbasid Court.
11. • Under the Abbasids, the old aristocracy gave place to a class of
Government officials.Wazir was representative of Caliph.This post
was not created under the Umayyads.
• Persian influence was felt in the court and with the rise of the
amelioration and advancement of the nation.
• Abul abbas as-Saffah proclaimed Caliph in the mosque of Kufah and
on his accession,his first task was to wipfe out the entire Umayyad
race from the face of the earth.
12. • As-Saffah became the undisputed master of asia and Egypt and West
Africa also acknowledged his authority.
• Abu Salama roused the jealousy of Abu Muslim by his influence over
the Caliph and later he was assassinated.
• As-Saffah appointed his brother Abu Jafar as his successor to the
throne and later on he died of small pox in his place.
14. • The second Abbasid caliph: Abu Jaffar al-Mansur.
• Ruled for 22 years; from 137-59 A.H.
• Crushed a rebellion in Syria through Abu Muslim.
• Abu-Muslim a threat to throne, thus killed, despite
being his ally.
• Rise of rebellions in Persia and Mesopotamia to
avenge killing of Abu-Muslim.
15. • Byzantine invasion in 140 A.H.
• Rebellion in Khurasan put down by Ibn Khuzayma and his son Al-
Mahdi.
• Conquest of Tabaristan; they had cast off their allegiance to Islam.
• Rebellion in Medina and Basra by descendants of Al-Hassan on arrest of
the leading members of their family even their father Abdullah. Al-
Mansur’s nephew Isa with an army crushed the rebellion and both of them
were killed.
16. • Focus shifted from conquests to civilization.
• The capital Baghdad was established known as
The City of Peace. A center of world’s attention.
• It had control over strategic and trading routes
along the Tigris, and it had an abundance of water
in a dry climate.
• This step stabilized the rapidly developing
Abbasid bureaucracy and became a source of
unity as it was at the center of Kufa, Syria,
Khorasan, and Basra.
• An attempt to conquer Spain was made futile
by Abdur Rahman of Umayyad Dynasty.
17. • Africa, a constant source of trouble and disturbance of peace. They disowned the
Abbasid succession. A tussle of power between then Governor, Aghlab, and
Kharijites. Al-Mansur sent an army under Yazid ibn Muhallab and peace was
restored.
• Rebellions by Kurds and other groups in Mosul.
• Appointed his son Mahdi as the successor.
• Died in 159 A.H
18. • Round up of his reign: He was the one who firmly established the dynasty and
consolidated the empire by suppressing the rebellions.
• Patron of arts and science: Literature, history, medicine and astronomy was
introduced with translation of foreign books.
• Character: As a Muslim he was exemplary and a dispenser of Justice. He was
ruthless to his enemies and not altogether trustworthy to his allies. He put down
several revolts but ultimately this helped him to establish the Abbasid dynasty as a
power to be reckoned with.
20. Harun-al-Rashid
• Abu Ja'far Harun ibn Muhammad-al-Mahdi or
Harun ibn al-Mahdi, famously known as Harun-
al-Rashid was the fifth Abbasid Caliph of the
Abbasid Caliphate, rising from September 786
AD until his death.
• The Arabian Nights period of Abbasids began
with him.
• Thousand and One Night.
21. Rise of the Barmakids:
• The first act of Harun was to choose as
Prime Minister his former tutor Yahya bin
Khalid and give important posts to the sons
Yahya , Fadal and Jafar.
• The sucess and brilliance of his regin were
mainly due to the sincere services of
Barmakid family.
• The founder of this family was Khalid bin
Barmak, who by virtue of his meritotorious
services rendered to the Abbasid family
enjoyed a high post under as “Saffah” and
“Mansur” .
22. Rising of Alids:
• The first year of administration was not free from troubles and
difficulties.
• A man of the house of Hazrat Ali (R.A) named Yahya bin
Abdullah publicly claimed the Caliphate. Haroon sent against
him an army of 50,000 men under the command of Fadl.
• The Muslim armies were able to advance boldly in Asia Minor
and almost every year successess in Asia Minor; he was called
by the sudden attack of the Kazars.
23. • In the beginning of the following years, Harun bent upon the ruin of the
Barmakids who for seventeen years sewed the Caliph with
extraordinary abilities.
1. Some of the historians have put forward the story of the marriage of
Ja’far with Harun’s sister, Abbasa and the subsequent birth of a child
from this spouse.
2. Ibn Khaldun:
• According to Ibn Khaldun, the real course of the fall is to be found in
the manner in which they seized upon alll authority and assumed the
absolute disposition of their public revenue.
The Fall of Barmakids:
24. • New Emperor, Nicephours, thinking himself as strong enough to
refuse the payment of tribute and wrote insulting letter to Harun:
• Harun reading the letter flew into rage and write on the back of
the letter.
“From the Harun, the commander of the faithful, to Nicephours, the
dog of a Roman: verify I have read the letter, the answer thou shall
nor hear but see”.
• He was compelled to take the field again, he entered with the
army of 1,35,000 regulars and conquered the Cyprus, Nicephours
was so completely beaten.
Insulting letter of Nicephours, treachery of Nicephours:
25. • No danger in streets
• Minimize the sorrows
• Establishment
• Make distinguished among men by the professions.
• Rise Bagdad to the position of City.
• Inhance learning, civilization, culture and
traditions.
Works:
26. Embassies of Chaina and Charlemagne:
• The name of Harun was so noised throughout the East and West that the Emperor
of Chaina and the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne sent envoyes to the court of
Caliph to Cultivate his friendship. Harun al Rashid exchange presents with them.
Harun established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma (“House of Wisdom”) in Baghdad in
present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a world center of knowledge,
culture and trade.
27. One Thousand and One Nights is a collection of
Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic
during the Islamic Golden Age. It is often known in
English as the Arabian Nights, from the first
English-language edition, which rendered the title
as The Arabian Nights’ Entertainment.
29. Amin ur Rasheed
On the death of Haroon-ur-Rasheed, his eldest son Amin ascended
the throne of Baghdad.
He was lover of luxury and pleasure.
In 809, Al-Amin succeeded to the caliphate and al-Mamun was
vested with the administration of the eastern Khorasan region.
Relationship b/w brothers soon broke down and in 810 al-Amin
declared his own son as his direct heir.
30. Difference between Amin and Mamun
The fourth fitna resulted from the conflict between brothers of al-
Amin & al-Mamun over the succession to the throne of Abbasid
Caliphate.
Both were quite different in character, intelligence & ability.
Amin was son of Empress Zubyada and was tutored by his maternal
uncle, Isa. Mamun was son of Persian wife of Haroon.
Both educated in same manne, yet Amin well-versed in Arabic
language. Mamun knew Islamic law, theology and philosophy.
Amin was leading the country to the brink of ruin and destruction.
31. Treachery of Fadi bin Rabbi
Haroon ur Rasheed led his army to khurasan
The chief advisor of late caliph Fadl bin Rabbi who preferred Amin
to Mamun for weak character placed the army with the treasury at the
disposal of new caliph and thereby broke Haroon’s last instruction.
32. Violation of covenant was the main cause of
war
In the Easter provinces Mamun has popularity and reputation Amin
would not tolerate it .
Musa is nominated as successor by the advice of prime minister Fadl
bin Rabbi and others.
The violation of the covenant was the main cause of civil war .
Mamun answered the Amin’s reaction by closing his frontiers so that
no letter could reach the people of Khurasan.
33. Defeat of Amin
Under the Command of Ali bin Isa, Amin immediately an army of
40000 sent off to khurasan.
Under the leadership of Zahir bin Hazrat Hussain (R.A) Mamun sent
an army of less than 4000 men of his faithful Khurasanians.
These two armies met under the wall of Ray and in which battle Ali
bin Isa defeated and killed.
34. Mamun took the title Caliph in 814 A.D.after the defeat of Amin’s
army and Amin killed at the hands of an Assassins.
His reign lasted for four years and eight month.
He was a totally incompetent ruler .
He hardly understood the importance of affairs.
He mostly occupied himself mainly with the affairs of his harem.
35.
36. oSeventh Abbasids caliph
oSon of a Persian wife of Haroon ul Rashid
oMost distinguished figure
oAugustan Age of Islam
oA great scholar
oKnowledge of Islamic law, theology, philosophy, etc
37. oPhilosophical discussions at Merv
oAl Fadl ibn Sahl
oChaos and disorder
oMeanwhile at Merv, in 202 A.H./817 A.D., Mamun
nominated Ali ar-Riza (the eighth descendant of Ali,
also known as Imam Reza) as his heir as caliph.
oHue and cry among Abbasids
oDeclared Mamun deposed and elected Ibrahim bin
Mahdi to the throne
38. oAli ar-Riza requested him to go to Baghdad
o204 A.H./819 A.D., Mamun entered Baghdad
oPeace restored
oConquest of Crete
oDied at the age of 48 in 218 A.H./833 A.D. in Tarsus
39. oEmbraced Mu’tazilites doctrine about free will and
predestination
oShocked at the opinion that the Quran was the
uncreated word of God
oIn 212 A.H./827 A.D., he published a doctrine by
which the Mu’tazilites doctrine was declared to be
the religion of the state.
oOrthodox faith was condemned as heretical
oOrdered all his subjects to honor Hazrat Ali R.A as
the best creature of God after Hazrat Muhammad
S.A.W
40. oIntellectual advancements
oCultivation of art and science
oDevelopment of Bait-al-Hikmah (House of
Wisdom)
oScholars used to translate Greek, Sanskrit, Persian
and other works into Arabic
oAl-Kindi, Hussain bin Ishaq, Sahabit bin Qurra
oScientists asserted the roundness of the earth
oIn 810 A.D., the mathematician Khawarizm wrote a
textbook on Algebra.
41. oObservatory at Shamsiya near Baghdad where
scientists carried out their observations of stars and
planets
oYahya bin Mansur, Musa ibn Shakir, famous
astronomers
oStudy of history was greatly encouraged
oGreat doctors of law such as Imam Shafi and
Ahmad bin Hambal also belonged to this period.
oMamun was himself a poet and a patron of poetry.
52. Education under Abbasids
• Co-education prevailed
• Under the Abbasids, the child’s education started at home. At
the age of six, boys were admitted into schools. Co-education
was the norm during the Abbasid period. Girls and boys of
tender age were educated together in the same school.
• System of private education
• The schools were held in mosques, in private houses, and
sometimes in teachers’ own houses. The system of appointing
private tutors for children was in trend among the wealthy
persons of the society.
53. Education under
Abbasids
• The girls were expected to read the
Qu’ran and acquire religious
knowledge. Those who continued and
became masters of theology and other
subjects took to teaching as a profession
• The benefit of teaching was equally
extended to poor; even slaves in some
cases were admitted to schools.
• Elementary schools grew up quite
naturally in the peninsula. Besides the
mosques, there were Maktabs which
served as elementary schools.
54. EDUCATION UNDER ABBASIDS
The curriculum of the elementary school consisted of reading, writing,
grammar, traditions of the Prophet, elementary principles of arithmetic and
some devotional poems.
Senior students studied Qu’ranic criticism, the science of apostolic
tradition, jurisprudence, scholastic theology, lexicography rhetoric and
literature.
Advanced scholars engaged themselves in the study of Astronomy,
Philosophy, Geometry, Music and Medicine.
55. EDUCATION UNDER ABBASIDS
There were three types of teachers under the Abbasids:
• The first type of teachers simply taught the Qu’ran to children in the
elementary school and was called a “Muallim”.
• The second type of teacher may be called a tutor, “Muaddib”,
representing a class which was engaged in teaching the sons of the
higher strata as well as those of princes and caliphs.
• Third, came the ‘Professors’of higher learning. They were specialists
in the teaching of logic, mathematics, rhetoric and jurisprudence.
56. EDUCATION UNDER ABBASIDS
20XX Pitch deck title 56
Caliph Al-Mamun founded an academy named “Bait-ul-
Hikmat” or House of Wisdom, where the higher branches of
learning were pursued.
The real academy in Islam which became the model for later
schools of higher learning was the Nizamayah established by
Nizam al-Mulk,the Persian Vizier of the Seljuq Sultan, Malik
Shah
He organized a system of education and started regular
Madrasah and founded several important colleges and
universities and endowed them adequately with munificent
grants from the Government.
57. EDUCATION UNDER ABBASIDS
The Caliph Mustansir (1242 CE) added a
magnificent college with library and other
arrangements under the name of
‘Mustansariyyah’.
The educational system during this period was
not only confined to Qu’ran and Hadith, but
advanced students had to study philosophy,
astronomy, astrology, medicine, music, history,
geography, mathematics, botany, etc.
58. SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENTS
• The collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate ushered in the golden age of the
Abbasid Dynasty.
• One of the most important legacies of the Islamic Golden Age was in the field
of medicine. Prominent Greek physicians such as Galen, Hippocrates, and
others greatly influenced the Abbasids who came across Greek texts and had
them translated into Arabic.
• The most prominent caliphs supporters of science and scientists of the Abbasid
Caliph Harun al-Rashid, who was known for sitting with scientists, writers,
poets, and encouraging them
• Some of the most prominent physicians and medical writers who rose
durcorpsesing this period were Yuhanna ibn Masawaiyh- performed some of
the first dissections on human corpses
60. Scientific and
literacy activity
Ali ibn Abbas ( Haly Abbas ) – The
Whole Medical Art { THEORY AND
PRACTICE OF MEDICINE}
Abu Ali Husayn ibn Sina – the greatest
intellectual giant of his age whose
immortal works never failed for
guidance ( Ibn Sina’s Canon of
Medicine was a medical Bible )
61. Scientific and
literacy activity
Abu al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham who has
emerged in physics and mathematics
•Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi,
who emerged in the science of algebra
( Hisab al Jabr al Huqabalah )
62. Scientific and literacy activities
Abu Hanifa bin
Thabit Kufi, one
of the scholars of
jurisprudence.
Judge Abu Yusuf a
scholar of
jurisprudence.
Al Masudi,
Ibn Hawkal,
Al Muqaddasi has
emerged in
geography.