The document outlines the schedule and content for Week 2 of a course on transgressive theories and performativity around language. Part I includes a blog discussion and introduces theories of language and ideology from Gee and issues of English and globalization from Pennycook. Part II focuses on transgressive theories of language as performance from Pennycook and includes a sign-up for student presentations. Reflection questions are provided asking students to discuss their evolving theories of language and literacy.
Code-switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation. It can occur between sentences or within sentences. Speakers may switch languages based on the social situation, to emphasize a particular word or point, or due to habitual experience growing up with more than one language. Bilingual speakers often switch between languages depending on factors like the topic of discussion, the social relationships involved, and the level of formality required.
The document discusses the need for a pluralistic approach to composition and world Englishes that embraces linguistic diversity. It critiques earlier approaches that promoted a monolingual model and segregated language codes. Scholars like Canagarajah argue students should learn communicative strategies for negotiating diverse language contexts, and that composition pedagogy should legitimize the use of vernacular varieties and code-meshing in academic writing. This represents a shift toward a translingual approach that prepares students for linguistic flexibility and pluralism in a globalized world.
Chapter 10 style, context and registerrebassabouri
The document discusses style, register, and context in language. It makes the following key points:
1. Style refers to the level of formality in speech, while register is a way of speaking associated with an occupational or activity group. Context refers to the words surrounding a part of discourse that help determine its meaning.
2. Accommodation theory suggests speakers adjust their speech, converging or diverging, based on the addressee. Convergence involves matching the speech of the addressee, while divergence emphasizes differences.
3. Context and the addressee influence speech style. Formal contexts require formal styles, while informal contexts allow casual styles. Age, social roles, and status also
The document defines language and its key components and features. It discusses language as a tool for communication that can be analyzed based on its communicative, structural, and interactional aspects. The structures of language include specific languages as well as the underlying design plan common across languages. All languages have sound systems, words, and grammar. Style is a variation in language that reflects social identities and can be classified based on levels of formality from frozen to intimate. Factors like occasion, social class, education, age, gender, and ethnicity can influence one's language style.
The document discusses key concepts in interactional sociolinguistics including politeness, contextualization cues, framing, conversational inference, and code-switching. It also examines their contributions to understanding intercultural communication and preventing miscommunication across cultures. Theories from linguistics, anthropology and pragmatics are explored in relation to interactional sociolinguistics and how sociocultural knowledge shapes language use and interpretation in conversations.
The document outlines the schedule and content for Week 2 of a course on transgressive theories and performativity around language. Part I includes a blog discussion and introduces theories of language and ideology from Gee and issues of English and globalization from Pennycook. Part II focuses on transgressive theories of language as performance from Pennycook and includes a sign-up for student presentations. Reflection questions are provided asking students to discuss their evolving theories of language and literacy.
Code-switching refers to alternating between two or more languages or language varieties in conversation. It can occur between sentences or within sentences. Speakers may switch languages based on the social situation, to emphasize a particular word or point, or due to habitual experience growing up with more than one language. Bilingual speakers often switch between languages depending on factors like the topic of discussion, the social relationships involved, and the level of formality required.
The document discusses the need for a pluralistic approach to composition and world Englishes that embraces linguistic diversity. It critiques earlier approaches that promoted a monolingual model and segregated language codes. Scholars like Canagarajah argue students should learn communicative strategies for negotiating diverse language contexts, and that composition pedagogy should legitimize the use of vernacular varieties and code-meshing in academic writing. This represents a shift toward a translingual approach that prepares students for linguistic flexibility and pluralism in a globalized world.
Chapter 10 style, context and registerrebassabouri
The document discusses style, register, and context in language. It makes the following key points:
1. Style refers to the level of formality in speech, while register is a way of speaking associated with an occupational or activity group. Context refers to the words surrounding a part of discourse that help determine its meaning.
2. Accommodation theory suggests speakers adjust their speech, converging or diverging, based on the addressee. Convergence involves matching the speech of the addressee, while divergence emphasizes differences.
3. Context and the addressee influence speech style. Formal contexts require formal styles, while informal contexts allow casual styles. Age, social roles, and status also
The document defines language and its key components and features. It discusses language as a tool for communication that can be analyzed based on its communicative, structural, and interactional aspects. The structures of language include specific languages as well as the underlying design plan common across languages. All languages have sound systems, words, and grammar. Style is a variation in language that reflects social identities and can be classified based on levels of formality from frozen to intimate. Factors like occasion, social class, education, age, gender, and ethnicity can influence one's language style.
The document discusses key concepts in interactional sociolinguistics including politeness, contextualization cues, framing, conversational inference, and code-switching. It also examines their contributions to understanding intercultural communication and preventing miscommunication across cultures. Theories from linguistics, anthropology and pragmatics are explored in relation to interactional sociolinguistics and how sociocultural knowledge shapes language use and interpretation in conversations.
Gender and discourse difference= an investigation of discourse markers in per...Bhe Si
This document summarizes a research study that investigated gender differences in the use of discourse markers in Persian casual conversations. The study analyzed recorded conversations between Persian male and female speakers to identify common discourse markers and their functions. It found 34 common discourse markers in Persian and that women used them slightly more frequently than men, though not at a statistically significant level. However, there were significant gender differences in the functions of discourse markers, with women using them more for interpersonal purposes and men focusing more on textual functions. So the main gender difference was found to be in the functional use of discourse markers rather than their overall frequency of use.
3rd material lingua-franca,pidgin,creoleAyu Juwita
Here are some potential functions for the utterances:
1. Invitation, command, request
2. Greeting
3. Comparison, information
4. Information
5. Information, transmission of culture
6. Instruction, advice, warning
7. Warning
8. Expression of feeling
9. Information, transmission of culture
10. Persuasion, promotion
The document summarizes key points from two sessions of an English language teaching foundations course. It outlines the agenda, course objectives, materials and assignments. Regarding first language acquisition, it discusses the typical developmental stages children progress through, from babbling to one-word sentences and eventually two to three word sentences by ages 3 to 5. It also briefly covers different theories of first language acquisition from behaviorist, innatist and interactionist perspectives.
Literature should be taught in EFL classrooms for several reasons:
1) It provides authentic language input that exposes learners to real-world language use and helps develop their interpretive abilities.
2) Studying literature enhances critical thinking skills as learners analyze multiple meanings and perspectives.
3) Literary texts enrich culture learning by depicting society and communication across different contexts.
4) Literature encourages language acquisition by presenting language in meaningful, contextualized ways similar to first language learning.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing in bilingual communication. It explains that code switching involves changing languages unpredictably to fit the environment, and can occur between sentences or within a sentence. In contrast, code mixing involves borrowing words from one language into another without a change in topic, often within a single sentence. The document provides examples and discusses reasons for using code switching or code mixing, including lack of a word in one language, emphasis, or expressing group identity.
This document discusses audience design and language style. It defines audience design as the linguistic shift that occurs in response to the speaker's audience. There are four types of audiences: address, auditor, overhearer, and eavesdropper. Style refers to the way language is used in a particular context and can vary based on vocabulary, idioms, syntax, grammar, and other factors. Different contexts may use formal, modified formal, colloquial, or ultra-colloquial styles. Factors like social context, class, gender, community, age and sex can also influence style.
Transactional and Interactional LanguageMero Sarade
This document discusses the differences between transactional and interactional language. Transactional language is used to send messages with clear objectives, such as asking for a refund or making a complaint. It has a clear purpose. Interactional language is used to establish and maintain social relationships through shorter turns, simpler language, and conversations that do not necessarily have measurable results. The document provides examples of situations that would use each type of language. It then describes an activity where students will perform short skits using the correct language based on different situations, and the rubric for evaluating the performances. Students are also given a quiz to determine whether different situations call for transactional or interactional language, and an assignment to provide examples of each.
This document provides an introduction and overview of corpus linguistics. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language through large collections of authentic texts stored electronically. The document discusses the history and development of corpus linguistics. It also outlines some key principles of the corpus approach, including that it is empirical, uses large principled text collections, utilizes computer analysis, and employs both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Examples are provided to illustrate how corpus analysis can provide insights into patterns of language use and inform language teaching.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of register and style. It defines register as the way language varies based on three factors: field (the topic), tenor (the relationship between speakers), and mode (the communication channel). Style refers to variations based on social factors like formality. There are different linguistic styles like formal, informal, and colloquial. The document also discusses the sociolinguistic concept of audience design, where speakers adapt their language based on the perceived characteristics of their audience. It provides an example of a travel agent varying her use of glottalization based on the social class of the client. In summary, this document analyzes the concepts of register and style in linguistics and how speakers adapt
The document discusses different aspects of language and discourse analysis. It defines language register as a variety of language used for a particular purpose or social setting. It provides examples of formal and informal language registers. It also discusses formality scales in language, varieties of registers defined by settings and social events, and rhetorical concepts of language from different thinkers throughout history.
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
This document outlines a theory of diglossia by distinguishing it from related concepts like societal bilingualism. It argues that diglossia involves register variation based on context of use rather than social identity. This functional complementarity between high (H) and low (L) varieties promotes stability by ensuring no social group uses H for ordinary conversation, preventing it from being acquired as a native variety. The document aims to motivate this distinction theoretically based on how codes are distributed functionally and how linguistic repertoires change over time under diglossia versus societal bilingualism.
The document discusses a class that focuses on understanding the influence of culture on writing. It introduces contrastive rhetoric, which examines differences in writing across cultures. While Kaplan's early work in this area made broad generalizations, later scholars recognized that writing is influenced by many factors beyond just one's native language and culture. The class considers how to apply contrastive rhetoric insights to teaching English as a second language in a way that is critically aware of issues of power and discourse. It also discusses responding effectively and sensitively to international students' writing assignments in English.
The document discusses translingual education as a phenomenon, methodology, and ideology that can promote social justice and educational renewal. It provides examples of how translingualism was observed in the linguistic landscape of Harrison, NJ and describes two classroom activities incorporating students' native languages that demonstrate a translingual methodology for teaching English. The presentation argues that translingual education moves beyond monolingual and multilingual approaches by viewing languages and literacies as fluid and dynamic.
Language varieties refer to different forms of a language influenced by social factors such as situation, occupation, age, geography, education, gender, social status, and ethnicity. There are several types of language varieties including dialects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. A dialect is a variety of a language used in a specific region or social class. Registers are varieties used in different situations based on formality. A pidgin is a simplified mixed language with reduced vocabulary and grammar used for communication between speakers of different languages, while a creole develops when a pidgin becomes the primary language of a group and acquires more complex grammar.
This document discusses different types of grammar including prescriptive, descriptive, and pedagogical grammars. It addresses issues in describing grammar such as which rules to describe, varieties of language, and the relationship between form and function. The document also covers limitations of grammatical descriptions, including the interdependence of grammar and lexis. Finally, it discusses how grammar is learned and approaches to teaching grammar, such as input flooding, guided participation, and feedback.
Discourse analysis considers the relationship between language and the context in which it is used by examining both spoken and written communication beyond the sentence level. It studies how people comprehend and produce speech acts in concrete situations through a pragmatic analysis. The cultural and social characteristics of speakers and audiences also influence communicative competence and cultural ways of speaking. Discourse shapes and is shaped by language, mediums, social identities, performances, and the differences between spoken versus written language use.
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of language. It contrasts the view of language in linguistics with more everyday understandings. In linguistics, language is studied through examining its universal properties, using both natural languages like English as well as artificial example languages. These artificial languages demonstrate properties like vocabulary, syntax and semantics. However, they lack meaningful relationships to the real world. Natural languages relate symbols to the world through truth conditions and can be used to make statements that are true or false. The document introduces the sociolinguistic perspective, which studies language use in its social contexts.
Gender and discourse difference= an investigation of discourse markers in per...Bhe Si
This document summarizes a research study that investigated gender differences in the use of discourse markers in Persian casual conversations. The study analyzed recorded conversations between Persian male and female speakers to identify common discourse markers and their functions. It found 34 common discourse markers in Persian and that women used them slightly more frequently than men, though not at a statistically significant level. However, there were significant gender differences in the functions of discourse markers, with women using them more for interpersonal purposes and men focusing more on textual functions. So the main gender difference was found to be in the functional use of discourse markers rather than their overall frequency of use.
3rd material lingua-franca,pidgin,creoleAyu Juwita
Here are some potential functions for the utterances:
1. Invitation, command, request
2. Greeting
3. Comparison, information
4. Information
5. Information, transmission of culture
6. Instruction, advice, warning
7. Warning
8. Expression of feeling
9. Information, transmission of culture
10. Persuasion, promotion
The document summarizes key points from two sessions of an English language teaching foundations course. It outlines the agenda, course objectives, materials and assignments. Regarding first language acquisition, it discusses the typical developmental stages children progress through, from babbling to one-word sentences and eventually two to three word sentences by ages 3 to 5. It also briefly covers different theories of first language acquisition from behaviorist, innatist and interactionist perspectives.
Literature should be taught in EFL classrooms for several reasons:
1) It provides authentic language input that exposes learners to real-world language use and helps develop their interpretive abilities.
2) Studying literature enhances critical thinking skills as learners analyze multiple meanings and perspectives.
3) Literary texts enrich culture learning by depicting society and communication across different contexts.
4) Literature encourages language acquisition by presenting language in meaningful, contextualized ways similar to first language learning.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of dialect, register, and style. It defines register as varieties of language defined by their social use, such as the registers of scientific or religious language. Dialect refers to varieties according to the user. The document explores the relationships and overlaps between these concepts. It examines factors that influence register, such as formality, topic, and social roles. Models of analyzing registers along dimensions like field, mode, and tenor are discussed. The principles of stylistic variation and how style relates to formality are also summarized.
This document defines and distinguishes between code switching and code mixing in bilingual communication. It explains that code switching involves changing languages unpredictably to fit the environment, and can occur between sentences or within a sentence. In contrast, code mixing involves borrowing words from one language into another without a change in topic, often within a single sentence. The document provides examples and discusses reasons for using code switching or code mixing, including lack of a word in one language, emphasis, or expressing group identity.
This document discusses audience design and language style. It defines audience design as the linguistic shift that occurs in response to the speaker's audience. There are four types of audiences: address, auditor, overhearer, and eavesdropper. Style refers to the way language is used in a particular context and can vary based on vocabulary, idioms, syntax, grammar, and other factors. Different contexts may use formal, modified formal, colloquial, or ultra-colloquial styles. Factors like social context, class, gender, community, age and sex can also influence style.
Transactional and Interactional LanguageMero Sarade
This document discusses the differences between transactional and interactional language. Transactional language is used to send messages with clear objectives, such as asking for a refund or making a complaint. It has a clear purpose. Interactional language is used to establish and maintain social relationships through shorter turns, simpler language, and conversations that do not necessarily have measurable results. The document provides examples of situations that would use each type of language. It then describes an activity where students will perform short skits using the correct language based on different situations, and the rubric for evaluating the performances. Students are also given a quiz to determine whether different situations call for transactional or interactional language, and an assignment to provide examples of each.
This document provides an introduction and overview of corpus linguistics. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language through large collections of authentic texts stored electronically. The document discusses the history and development of corpus linguistics. It also outlines some key principles of the corpus approach, including that it is empirical, uses large principled text collections, utilizes computer analysis, and employs both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Examples are provided to illustrate how corpus analysis can provide insights into patterns of language use and inform language teaching.
This document discusses the linguistic concepts of register and style. It defines register as the way language varies based on three factors: field (the topic), tenor (the relationship between speakers), and mode (the communication channel). Style refers to variations based on social factors like formality. There are different linguistic styles like formal, informal, and colloquial. The document also discusses the sociolinguistic concept of audience design, where speakers adapt their language based on the perceived characteristics of their audience. It provides an example of a travel agent varying her use of glottalization based on the social class of the client. In summary, this document analyzes the concepts of register and style in linguistics and how speakers adapt
The document discusses different aspects of language and discourse analysis. It defines language register as a variety of language used for a particular purpose or social setting. It provides examples of formal and informal language registers. It also discusses formality scales in language, varieties of registers defined by settings and social events, and rhetorical concepts of language from different thinkers throughout history.
This document provides an introduction to stylistics as a branch of linguistics. It defines key concepts such as style, defines stylistics as the scientific study of styles of language use, and outlines the main levels of linguistic description used in stylistic analysis such as phonology, lexis, syntax and semantics. It also discusses the scope of stylistics in literary versus general texts and its development over time.
This document outlines a theory of diglossia by distinguishing it from related concepts like societal bilingualism. It argues that diglossia involves register variation based on context of use rather than social identity. This functional complementarity between high (H) and low (L) varieties promotes stability by ensuring no social group uses H for ordinary conversation, preventing it from being acquired as a native variety. The document aims to motivate this distinction theoretically based on how codes are distributed functionally and how linguistic repertoires change over time under diglossia versus societal bilingualism.
The document discusses a class that focuses on understanding the influence of culture on writing. It introduces contrastive rhetoric, which examines differences in writing across cultures. While Kaplan's early work in this area made broad generalizations, later scholars recognized that writing is influenced by many factors beyond just one's native language and culture. The class considers how to apply contrastive rhetoric insights to teaching English as a second language in a way that is critically aware of issues of power and discourse. It also discusses responding effectively and sensitively to international students' writing assignments in English.
The document discusses translingual education as a phenomenon, methodology, and ideology that can promote social justice and educational renewal. It provides examples of how translingualism was observed in the linguistic landscape of Harrison, NJ and describes two classroom activities incorporating students' native languages that demonstrate a translingual methodology for teaching English. The presentation argues that translingual education moves beyond monolingual and multilingual approaches by viewing languages and literacies as fluid and dynamic.
Language varieties refer to different forms of a language influenced by social factors such as situation, occupation, age, geography, education, gender, social status, and ethnicity. There are several types of language varieties including dialects, registers, pidgins, and creoles. A dialect is a variety of a language used in a specific region or social class. Registers are varieties used in different situations based on formality. A pidgin is a simplified mixed language with reduced vocabulary and grammar used for communication between speakers of different languages, while a creole develops when a pidgin becomes the primary language of a group and acquires more complex grammar.
This document discusses different types of grammar including prescriptive, descriptive, and pedagogical grammars. It addresses issues in describing grammar such as which rules to describe, varieties of language, and the relationship between form and function. The document also covers limitations of grammatical descriptions, including the interdependence of grammar and lexis. Finally, it discusses how grammar is learned and approaches to teaching grammar, such as input flooding, guided participation, and feedback.
Discourse analysis considers the relationship between language and the context in which it is used by examining both spoken and written communication beyond the sentence level. It studies how people comprehend and produce speech acts in concrete situations through a pragmatic analysis. The cultural and social characteristics of speakers and audiences also influence communicative competence and cultural ways of speaking. Discourse shapes and is shaped by language, mediums, social identities, performances, and the differences between spoken versus written language use.
This document discusses different perspectives on the concept of language. It contrasts the view of language in linguistics with more everyday understandings. In linguistics, language is studied through examining its universal properties, using both natural languages like English as well as artificial example languages. These artificial languages demonstrate properties like vocabulary, syntax and semantics. However, they lack meaningful relationships to the real world. Natural languages relate symbols to the world through truth conditions and can be used to make statements that are true or false. The document introduces the sociolinguistic perspective, which studies language use in its social contexts.
This document discusses issues of linguistic identity in the context of globalization. It addresses how movement of people and ideas across borders has intensified contact between languages and created new hybrid identities. Globalization has led to changing conceptualizations of self and flexible linkages between language and speaker. Debates around linguistic identity often center on whether globalization leads to linguistic homogeneity or emphasis on local languages, but recent work views the relationship between local and global languages as more complex, recognizing hybridity and fluid identities. The case of English illustrates this complexity, as new Englishes have emerged but are still positioned as non-standard within global power structures.
This document discusses the colonial roots of language teaching methods and the need to move from nativization to decolonization. It makes three key points:
1. Traditional language teaching methods were developed during colonial times to serve colonial interests and marginalize local knowledge. They portrayed Western knowledge as superior and non-Western knowledge as inferior.
2. While world Englishes have successfully adapted the language, decolonization requires shifting control over language planning, teaching, and policies from Western to local professionals.
3. A "postmethod" approach is proposed as a way to decolonize English language teaching by decentering Western authority and restoring agency to local communities. However, fully realizing this approach faces challenges.
A Contrastive Rhetorical Analysis Of Factual Texts In English And ArabicDereck Downing
This document provides a literature review on contrastive rhetoric, which analyzes differences in writing styles across cultures and languages. It discusses how previous research has found cultural influences on rhetorical choices in various writing genres. However, some studies have found that factual text types like news reports are less influenced by culture, and instead may be shaped more by disciplinary conventions of objective, neutral writing. This paper aims to test the hypothesis that culture has a minimized effect on factual texts, by analyzing linguistic features in English and Arabic newspaper articles and examining whether they display cultural tendencies or writer/reader responsibility styles. It seeks to answer whether factual texts truly show less cultural influence in rhetorical choices.
This document provides an outline and overview of sociolinguistics concepts related to standard language and dialects. It discusses how a standard language is selected and codified through processes like selection, codification, elaboration of functions, and acceptance. It notes that a standard language gains prestige and becomes a symbol of independence. The document also explores the differences between dialects and languages, noting they are ambiguous terms without universal criteria. Dialects can be regional, relating to a geographical area, or social, relating to factors like class, religion, occupation.
The document discusses reframing concepts of language and literacy development in transnational and multilingual communities. It introduces the concept of "translingual and transliteracy education" as a new way to think about this phenomenon. The document provides examples of metaphors used to describe language development, defines translingualism, and gives concrete examples for how English teachers can incorporate translingual principles.
The document discusses several key topics in linguistics:
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of language, examining its nature, structure, units, and modifications. It emerged in the 19th century to emphasize a newer approach focusing on spoken language compared to traditional philology.
2. Philology refers to the study of written records, establishing their authenticity and meaning. It involves reconstructing imperfect texts by comparing variants and interpreting information about history, culture, language and literature.
3. Linguistics can be divided into descriptive/synchronic versus historical/diachronic approaches, theoretical versus applied areas, and micro- versus macrolinguistics. Various specialized fields within macrolinguistics are
Discourse analysis session 1_ 10_10_2021 Introduction to the couse.pdfDr.Badriya Al Mamari
This document provides an introduction to a university course on discourse analysis. It defines discourse analysis as the study of language patterns across texts and how they are shaped by social and cultural contexts. Discourse analysis examines how language presents different world views and identities. The document outlines several key aspects of discourse analysis, including how context influences meaning, cultural variations in language, the social construction of reality through language, and the relationship between language and identity. It also discusses different views of discourse analysis and provides examples to illustrate core concepts. Students will be assigned to groups to discuss questions related to the course material.
The document discusses the concept of World Englishes and its development over time. It covers several key topics:
- Kachru's model of concentric circles that categorizes varieties of English into Inner Circle, Outer Circle, and Expanding Circle.
- The stratification of English and how its functions have been studied in various interactional contexts across circles.
- Issues around bilingual creativity in English literatures from places in contact with English. This has resulted in multicanons and a shift in the traditional English canon.
- Sociolinguistic factors like nativization and Englishization that have shaped the development of English varieties worldwide.
- Pedagogical reasons for teaching
At the edge of writing and speech The curricular implications of the evolvin...Cynthia Velynne
This document summarizes Bronwen Low's exploration of evolving communicative forms, particularly youth-driven poetic movements like slam poetry and rap music. It discusses Edouard Glissant's work on cultural identity and expression under conditions of globalization. It then analyzes traditions of thinking about orality and writing, including Walter Ong's concept of "secondary orality" to describe modern communicative practices that blend oral and written elements through electronic technologies. The document examines how rap music both draws on oral traditions but is shaped by literate concepts of authorship.
Sociolinguistics studies the relationship between language and society. It examines how social structures influence language use and how language variations are used to convey social meanings. Sociolinguists collect data on linguistic variations and their social contexts through methods like observation, elicitation, interviews, and statistical analysis of large speech samples. Their goal is to understand the systematic social patterns underlying linguistic variation and language use.
The document discusses the concept of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) as an alternative to the traditional view of English having a 'standard' form based on Inner Circle varieties. It notes that ELF users prioritize effective communication over narrow definitions of correctness, making use of accommodation strategies, code-switching, and innovating in ways that create their own preferred forms. Research on ELF has found its users exploit the language through these means while focusing on successful interaction, not adherence to native speaker norms. The implications are that English teaching may need to take an ELF approach that develops accommodation skills and accepts global variation rather than discourage creativity.
This document introduces several key concepts and approaches in linguistics and sociolinguistics. It defines language and discusses how language is a social construct. It also discusses the difference between descriptive and prescriptive approaches to language, how standard languages emerge, and the notions of speech community, monolingualism/multilingualism, and diglossia. Key terms introduced include signifier, signified, linguistic relativity, prescriptivism, descriptivism, standardization, and speech community.
The document discusses the history and development of the field of historical linguistics. It explains that historical linguistics studies how languages change over time and are related to one another. Traditional historical linguistics focused on documenting past language changes, while modern historical linguistics examines the social and cultural factors that influence language change. The history of the English language reflects the cultural and political influences of groups like the Romans, Vikings, and Normans that have shaped its vocabulary and grammar over many centuries.
This document discusses key concepts in sociolinguistics. It defines sociolinguistics as the study of how social factors influence language use and how language impacts society. Some fundamental concepts discussed include speech communities, prestige varieties of language, social networks, internal vs. external language, and how language differs based on social class and aspiration. It also covers concepts like covert prestige, sociolinguistic variables, and deviation from standard language varieties.
1) Applied linguistics has historically studied language and culture separately but since the 1970s has incorporated a discourse approach that views culture as constructed through language use.
2) This shift was driven by developments in fields like conversation analysis, cross-cultural pragmatics, and intercultural communication.
3) While the discourse approach challenges essentialist views of culture, debates continue between structuralist and post-structuralist perspectives in research and practice.
Sujay Rao Mandavilli Sujay On the origin of spoken language final final final...Sujay Rao Mandavilli
This document discusses the origin and spread of languages. It begins by proposing a new "Wholly-independent Multi-Regional hypothesis" for the origin of humans and languages that challenges existing theories. It then examines the origins of spoken and written languages in different historical contexts and proposes an "Epochal Polygenesis" approach. The document also introduces several new concepts to describe the contact-based and non-contact based spread of languages. Finally, it emphasizes the need for continuous reassessment of language dynamics theories to incorporate new lessons learned.
Practice Paper N° 6- Translanguaging as a pedagogical toolYanetUllua
This document summarizes key concepts from the chapter "Translanguaging with Multilingual Students" by Ofelia Garcia and Tatyana Kleyn. It discusses:
- How Garcia defines "named languages" as socially constructed categories that do not fully represent an individual's linguistic system.
- Two views of bilingualism: an outsider view of separate language systems, and an insider view of a single linguistic system.
- The origins of the term "translanguaging" coined in Wales to allow flexible language use in bilingual education.
- Cummins' Interdependence Hypothesis and its role in legitimizing different models of bilingual education.
- The differences between code-switching, which maintains
Language Context and Text - Halliday and Hasan.docssuser90185a
This document discusses different theories of the functions of language. It summarizes four theories:
1. Malinowski's theory categorized functions as pragmatic (active, narrative) and magical.
2. Buhler's theory categorized functions as expressive, conative, and representational based on orientation to speaker, addressee, or other.
3. Britton's theory categorized functions as transactional, expressive, and poetic based on participant or spectator role.
4. Morris's theory categorized functions as information talking, mood talking, exploratory talking, and grooming talking.
The document argues that these theories show language serves to communicate information, express the self, and serve imagin
Psycholinguistics is the study of how humans process language. The document discusses visual word recognition, which is how people recognize and identify words they see in print. It examines how the human brain processes printed words and what factors influence how quickly and accurately people can recognize words visually.
1. The document discusses transitivity analysis, which examines how meaning is represented through clauses that have participants, processes, and circumstances.
2. It provides examples of different process types - material, behavioral, mental, verbal, existential, and relational.
3. Four studies are summarized that apply transitivity analysis to newspaper headlines about crimes against women, a song about Malala Yousafzai, a short story character, and newspaper headlines about a Kenya terrorist attack. The analyses examine how language constructs representations and images.
Social Networking Sites and TerminologiesLaiba Yaseen
This document provides an overview of social networking sites and related terminology. It discusses popular social media platforms like Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter, detailing their founding dates and key usage statistics. Both advantages like low-cost advertising and keeping in touch with others, and disadvantages like addiction and privacy issues are reviewed. Finally, common social media terms are defined, such as viral, platform, algorithm, and microblogging.
This document discusses different types of sense relations between words. It defines hyponymy as a hierarchical relationship where one word is a type of another (e.g. dog is a hyponym of animal). Synonymy refers to words that have the same meaning but different sounds (e.g. buy and purchase). Antonymy describes words with opposite meanings, including graded antonyms that can be divided into degrees (e.g. hot and very hot) and complementary antonyms where one negates the other (e.g. alive and dead). Other relations covered include homonymy, homophony, homography, polysemy, and meronymy.
This document discusses sense relations and semantic types of word relationships. It defines sense relation as the connection between the meanings of words. There are six main types of sense relations: synonymy, polysemy, hyponymy, homonymy, meronymy, and antonymy. Synonymy refers to words with similar meanings. Polysemy involves words with multiple meanings. Hyponymy describes a generic word and more specific examples. Homonymy are words with the same pronunciation or spelling but different meanings. Meronymy is the relationship between a part and whole. Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. The document provides examples to illustrate each sense relation type.
Semantic priming refers to how exposure to a stimulus influences responses to subsequent stimuli. It occurs outside of conscious awareness and relies on implicit memory rather than direct retrieval from explicit memory. There are two main types of semantic priming: associative priming, which involves word pairs that are frequently associated through word association norms; and non-associative semantic priming, which involves word pairs that are semantically related but not typically associated. Semantic priming experiments measure how primes like words or images affect the speed at which target words are recognized, with semantically or associatively related primes typically speeding up recognition compared to unrelated primes.
This document provides an overview of print media, including its history, types, and key terminology. It discusses how print media has evolved from handwritten manuscripts to digital technologies. It outlines various forms of print media like newspapers, magazines, newsletters, books, and posters. Newspapers are described as one of the most important print media, providing information, education, and advertising. The document also defines 15 common terminology used in print media like lead, banner, caption, and classifieds.
Pragmatics refers to the social rules and conventions governing language use. It involves how something is said, the speaker's intention, and the relationship between participants within a cultural context. Pragmatic language skills develop similarly to other developmental milestones from birth through childhood. Delays can be associated with processing difficulties, learning disabilities, social-emotional issues, or cultural differences. Children with pragmatic difficulties have trouble maintaining conversations and may appear rude or self-involved. The document then outlines typical pragmatic language development milestones from birth to age 6.
This document discusses politeness and interaction in pragmatics. It explains that linguistic interactions are social interactions influenced by external and internal factors. Politeness can be defined as means to show awareness of another's public self-image or "face." Face-threatening acts risk damaging someone's self-image while face-saving acts aim to maintain it. Positive face relates to inclusion while negative face relates to independence. Speakers can make implied or direct requests on or off the record. Pre-sequences are used before requests, invitations, and announcements to assess receptiveness.
1. The document analyzes the point of view in Edgar Allen Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart" through Fowler Uspensky's four planes of point of view model.
2. It finds that the story is written from a first person perspective and uses the temporal, spatial, and psychological planes to convey the narrator's feelings, perceptions of events and surroundings, and mental state.
3. The analysis concludes that Poe skillfully employs all four of Fowler's point of view planes - ideological, temporal, spatial, and psychological - to narrate the story from the perspective of the character and reveal their mental condition.
Phonological and Phonetic Features of Pakistani EnglishLaiba Yaseen
This document describes the phonological and phonetic features of Pakistani English across four varieties: Variety A (Anglicized), Variety B (Acrolect), Variety C (Mesolect), and Variety D (Basilect). It outlines the segmental features such as substitution of dental fricatives, aspiration of stops, and diphthongs. Non-segmental features include stress, rhythm and intonation patterns differing from RP due to influence from Pakistani languages. The varieties range from close to RP English in Variety A to heavy L1 influence in Variety D where pronunciation is mostly guided by orthography except in common words.
Pakistan's film industry originated in the 1940s after independence from India. The golden era spanned the 1960s-1970s with over 200 films produced per year. However, the industry declined in the late 1970s due to lack of government support, loss of East Pakistan, rise of television, and new Islamic laws. Recently, films like Khuda Kay Liye and Waar addressed social issues and broke box office records, signaling potential revival of the Pakistani film industry.
Organizational Structure of TelevisionLaiba Yaseen
Television was first introduced in Pakistan in 1964 with the launch of the first official television station in Lahore. By the 1970s, additional stations were established in major cities to form the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) network. In the late 1980s and 1990s, PTV expanded to include additional channels and launched satellite broadcasting services to reach audiences abroad. A television station has several departments, including general management, news, engineering, sales/advertising, and production, each with specific roles in operating and programming the station.
Oedipus Rex is considered a classic example of a tragic hero in literature. As king of Thebes, Oedipus seeks to uncover the truth behind a plague devastating his city, unwittingly revealing a devastating prophecy that he had unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. Though a great ruler initially, Oedipus' flaws of hubris and his relentless pursuit of truth lead to his tragic downfall when the full horror of his fate is revealed.
Orpheus fell in love with Eurydice and they married happily. However, Eurydice died after being bitten by a snake. Grief-stricken, Orpheus used his lyrical skills to convince Hades to allow him to retrieve Eurydice from the underworld. Hades agreed if Orpheus led Eurydice out without looking back at her. Orpheus succeeded until moments before the exit, when he doubted and looked back, causing Eurydice to be lost forever in the underworld. Devastated, Orpheus either called for his own death or was struck by Zeus' lightning for knowing the secrets of the underworld.
Logical operators are symbols used to connect statements and express their logical relationships. There are several types of logical operators including negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, and bi-conditional. Negation changes a statement to its opposite, conjunction uses "and" to say that two statements are both true, and disjunction uses "or" to say at least one statement is true. A conditional uses "if-then" to say a second statement is true only if the first is, while a bi-conditional uses "if and only if" to say two statements have the same truth value.
Authenticity and Objectivity of a TestLaiba Yaseen
This short document expresses gratitude but does not provide any other context or information. It consists of only the words "Thank You" without further details.
This document outlines several approaches to analyzing discourse and communication, including speech act theory, which focuses on how utterances perform actions; pragmatics, which examines how context and intentions shape discourse; schema theory, which involves mental frameworks that aid interpretation; conversation analysis, which studies patterns of social interaction; and genre analysis, which categorizes communicative events based on shared purposes.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
2. Introduction:
Huckleberry Finn suggests that Mark Twain's was very aware of the
difference between his characters in terms
of their social relationships, educational levels, etc., and had a deep
desire to use them with their speakers.
Lafcadio Hearn (d. 1904) referred to in biographical citations as an
American-Japanese author who was born in Greece and used
English to translate Japanese
references and communication features of his time.
3. The debate over monolingual and monomodal
versus multilingual and proportional interpretations and values is a
matter of ongoing debate.
Which English models are more or less consciously followed and
developed by English users?
Apparently, many authors claim that they do not follow the Western,
inner circle model and have been 'successful' in their work.
4. Example:
For example, the following is a conversation between him and the
person who broadcasts it in a rickshaw (Hearn, 1925: 103):
O Kurumaya! the throat of Selfishness is dry; water desirable is.”
He, still running, answered:
“The Village of the Long Beach inside of not far a great gush-water
is. There pure august water will be given.”
I cried again:
“O Kurumaya!those little birds as-for, why this way always facing?”
He, running still more swiftly, responded:“All birds wind-to facing
sit.”
5. Hearn never studied Japanese (Ritchie, 1997: 15) 6),
although he lived in Japan from 1890 until his death in 1904
and married a Japanese man (pp. 269-70). As it turns
out, his efforts to show Japanese conversation and context in
English give his Japanese characters a clearly non-British, non-
American flavor.
The linguistic creativity of bilingual writers, as opposed to a
monolingual-centered idea of an ‘imperfect’ knowledge
of English, is manifested in the use of English internationally.
6. Background:
The discussion of bilinguals’ creativity and contact literatures begins
in B.Kachru (1986b)With an overview and critique of
the concepts of "centers" of a linguistic nature, which were
standards, sometimes explicit and sometimes implicit, for describing
linguistic types and the literature written on them.
The main theme associated with English language centers is the "ideal
speaker and listener" to describe the language of the "speech
community”.
7. The concept of "community" acquires a very homogeneous
connotation, since the notion of "ideal" is easily interpreted as the
representation of "a variety".
The problem is that, as many studies and interpretations have
shown, homosexuality and the collective social context are
not universally common or only apply to very limited contexts.
8. Kachroo states that any variety that we
can identify and tag, has implications and standards.
The Inner Circle, the English-speaking world, has long recognized two
major "centers" that provide criteria for themselves and other regions:
the United States and England.
The debate over monolingual and monomodal versus multilingual and
proportional interpretations and values is a matter of ongoing debate.
Apparently, many authors claim that they do not follow the Western, inner
circle model and have been 'successful' in their work.
9. Contact literatures:
The "national identity and linguistic character" of "contact literature"
has been demonstrated in several ways (p. 162). The "connection" is
between asymmetric media in English and new
cultural characteristics, types of discourse, etc., that they are known to
represent.
At the lexical and morphological levels, functions and forms of
elements may change (see examples also in Chapter 14):
Your behavior tantamount to insubordination.
It doesn’t worth the price.
10. In these instances, the lexical categories of
tantamount and worth have been extended to include their functions
as verbs
Governed complement forms may be different from those in Inner-
Circle Englishes, as in:
They insisted to go in spite of my advice.
And expressions and idioms may arise which are not familiar to
users of other Englishes:
Give me chance/way (‘let me pass’, ‘excuse me’)
11. Tripathi (1990) gives similar examples from Zambia: the
word boy is usedamong girls with the meaning ‘friend’. Sentence-
fronting and repetition areused for topicalization:A lie he told if that
he told.
According to Simo Bobda (1994), the situation in Cameroon
is further complicated by the addition of another Western language to
the linguistic context. The influence of French can
change the meaning and function of English words in Cameroon. B.
Call subpoenas, give public demonstrations,and support
attendance at ceremonies.
12. As for the idea of the monocultural foundations of inner
circle literature, a wide range of writers who do not belong to the
"Hellenic-Roman origin" lineage received audience and recognition.
In the United States, for example, American authors such as Leslie
Marmon Silko and William Least Moon wrote in English, however,
because of their experience and cultural backgrounds, as well
as African American authors suchas Maya Angelou, James Baldwin,
Langston Hughes, and many others who used to do so due to
widespread ethnic / racial prejudices were considered outside the
canon
13. Multilinguals’ language use:
multilingual people’s have many expressive resources with which
to present complex situational contexts.
One of the pre-existing resources available to such users is the skill
and relentlessness of mixing and switching, as well as the adoption
of stylistic and contrasting strategies from a full range of verbal and
cultural funds.
14. Texts are networked - given their regional, national and local roles -
through the appeal of this style and strategy in the specificcontext
of each 'situation' (Appeal. 164). This feature is both formal
and traditional,and depending on how linguistic experiences view it,
the text can be viewed as "limited" or "expanded."
In these senses, the text is ‘extended’, and, by the acceptance of
such creativity intothe world-wide circle of ‘English’, the concept of
world Englishes is further extended.
15. Any text must bring into account its context of setting — place, time
and participants. Cohesive devices are also nativizing characteristics
of texts, having to do with lexical choices and grammar.
There are various features of that mark it and its represented
situation as being from outside the monolingual Inner Circle of
English.
Rhetorical strategies are a salient feature of text-nativization,
including the use of contextually appropriate figures of speech.
16. The direct reflection of ‘rhetorical devices for contextualizing and
authenticating speech interaction’ (B. Kachru, 1986b: 167) help in
nativizationof a text.
Other devices include discourse markers, items that have no
independent meaning but that signal solidarity with interlocutors and
are therefore polite. One example is the eh particle in Australian and
New Zealand English.
Third, ‘trans creating proverbs and other idioms’ (more than
just ‘translating’ them) sets the text in its cultural framework
17. Fourth, ‘culturally dependent speech styles’ (p. 167) are utilized, to
set narrative and conversation in a particular cultural context and to
depict that context authentically and convincingly to the reader.
This notation of texts in the outer circle has a broader look at the
'inherently collaborative features of different English'.B. Kachru (1986b)
y. Kachru (1983) and Panharipande (1983) cite studies,respectively, of
Indian language texts that exhibit ‘spiral’ or ‘circular’ structures that have
a ‘tolerance limit’. … Transmissions added various links to the discourse
paragraph in the spiral structure of the graph (p. 168).
18. Three-tier Western, Aristotelian cialism, consists of a major five-
stage system (refer to Basham, 1954) as its Indo-cultural counterpart,
with a major premise, minor basis and conclusion: proposition,
reason, example, application and conclusion.
A classic example is quoted from Basham (1954: 501–12):
1.There is fire on the mountain [proposition = Western conclusion ]
2.because there is smoke above it, [reason = Western minor premise]
19. Reading contact literatures:
B. Kachru argues, there are two sets of criteria which broadly encompass
the adjustments one must make in order to read unfamiliar types of
text in rewarding ways.
The literatures that reflect regional and national identities are ‘specific
and context- bound in bringing identifying features to bear.
Because the nationally identifiable literatures have their
particular characters, they ‘are excellent resources for culture
learning through literature’, if readers take on theresponsibility of
acquiring the necessary ‘appropriate
interpretive methodology and framework
20. Conclusion
The sense of this subtitle expresses just the proper frame of mind for
addressing differences across varieties of any language. If language is
regarded as something to be learned and replicated from speaker to
speaker, then all deviations are mistakes; the only possible stance on
‘correctness’ is that there are no standards across individuals which
can be rationally defended, since it is patently obvious that no two
people speaking exactly the same ways.
21. If, on the other hand, each individual user’s mind creates language,
then the variation across speakers is accounted for in a reasonable
way, and the successful functioning of language in a society in spite
of the individual, regional and national differences is observable, and
therefore not very troubling.
22. Researchers from the English world argue that the diaspora's view of
the spread of theEnglish language and the recognition of its
subsequent dynamic self-sorting into three circles provide a
framework within which English across the world can be
analyzedand used in its own terms - comparable to other English
languages when it may be. itis useful to do so informatively, but
never judging on merit.
23. As Pakistani author Bapsi Sidhwa put it, “Its useful language, which
is also rich in literature, is no longer a British monopoly. The
occupied conquered the tongue, hit it on the head and made it their
own! Let the English get angry and angry.