Creative Commons in practice: Understanding CC, and applying and using CC licences (26 September 2013)

Creative Commons in practice:
Understanding CC, and applying and using
CC licences
Professor Anne Fitzgerald
Creative Commons Australia
Queensland University of Technology
Griffith University Film School
South Bank, Brisbane
26 September 2013

© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald. This presentation is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
T
Australia licence.

Photographs, paintings,
images, sculptures…
(artistic works)

Generic 2.0 ‘take the old machine’ by Angelo González, http://www.flickr.com/photos/21251150@N04/5291456294

Music, sound recordings,
radio broadcasts…
Generic 2.0

‘I Giovani e la Musica’ by Super UbO, http://www.flickr.com/photos/14443853@N07/5362778675

Films, Videos, Theatre,
TV broadcasts…
(cinematograph films, dramatical works, television broadcasts)
Generic 2.0 ‘Apollo 11 Video Restoration Press Conference / Newseum’ by NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, http://www.flickr.com/photos/24662369@N07/3726614425

Blogs, books, articles, essays…
(literary works, published editions of works)

Generic 2.0

‘_MG_0318’ by Zitona, http://www.flickr.com/photos/zitona/5021203226/

Compilations of data…

("literary work" includes: … a table, or compilation , expressed in words, figures or symbols – s 10, Copyright Act 1968)
)

Generic 2.0

‘_MG_0318’ by Zitona, http://www.flickr.com/photos/zitona/5021203226/

Copyright as a bundle of
exclusive rights
• For example, for literary, dramatic and musical
works the rights are to:
•
•
•
•

reproduce in material form
publish
publicly perform
communicate to the public in electronic form
– transmit;
– make available

• make an adaptation or translation
• control rental, where work is a computer program or is
reproduced in a sound recording: s 31(1)
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald..

Copyright in the digital environment
• When we use digital technology, we automatically
reproduce content and thereby enter the copyright
“zone”,
– because digital technology needs to reproduce material
so it can be played, run or even viewed.
– Copyright has been further extended to protect
• Broader range of subject matter – e.g. computer programs
• Broader range of rights – e.g. right to communicate electronically
to the public
• Technological Protection Measures (TPMs) (eg encryption/anticopying devices) applied to control access or copying;
• Electronic Rights Management Information (ERMI)


Copyright
In a nutshell…
• copyright automatically applies to a lot of material
• the exclusive rights of the copyright owner are very
broad
• remedies for infringement are strong and enforcement
is effective (through civil and criminal actions)
• exceptions are limited (e.g. fair dealing) available
Which means that.....
• the consequences of infringement will deter use/reuse
unless it is clear that the use is permitted

Unless the law provides otherwise…

Fair dealing
research or study (s40)
criticism or review (s41)
parody or satire (s41A)
reporting of news (s42)

legal advice (s43)
Generic 2.0

That time of year again… by Etwood, http://flickr.com/photos/etwood/231364920

Copyright
• General rule = You need permission/licence to
do anything within the scope of the copyright
owner’s rights (economic or moral rights)
unless the law provides otherwise (eg where
there is an exception permitting that use)

• express permission to use should be obtained
– importance of clear statement of permitted uses
– any other rights/obligations (other than copyright)
also need to be considered

Copyright licensing –
traditional practice

©

all rights reserved

• “All rights reserved” (or, at least, most rights reserved)
• Use requires prior permission from the copyright
owner unless within an exception to owner’s rights
(e.g. fair dealing) under the Copyright Act
• Negotiating terms is cumbersome, time consuming,
expensive – inefficiency means high transaction costs
• Has led to multiple non-standard licences
• Problem of “orphan” works – no identifiable copyright
owner from whom permission may be obtained
• Arose from pre-internet era - not geared to the
immediate and global nature of the internet
© 2013 Anne Fitzgerald.

Creative Commons
• a standardised system for licensing the use of
copyright materials
• a suite of 6 standardised licences
– available in 3 forms: plain english (summary); legal
code and machine-readable code

• Each licence grants baseline permissions to users
to use copyright material
– that is, to copy, publish, distribute in digital form,
publicly perform
– whether the whole or a substantial part of it

• on specified, standardised core conditions

Copyright licensing – with CC licences
• Based on copyright
• Only some rights reserved
• Relatively short, simplified, standardised licences which provide
permission in advance
• BUT
– do not cover all possible kinds of permissions – other kinds of
permissions will have to be negotiated
– Do not contain detailed provisions covering all relevant aspects of the
law
– Must be read in the context of copyright law (legislation & judgments)
and often other relevant bodies of law (e.g. private international law –
“jurisdictional” issues and applicable law)
– Also have to be read in context of other relevant “information” laws
notably privacy (data protection), security, and interception of
communications (telecommunications) - See Chang v. Virgin Mobile
USA, LLC, 2009 WL 111570 (N.D.Tex. January 16, 2009)

In short, Creative Commons is ….
• A set of licences that are free for anyone to
use
• Based on copyright
• A copyright licence (permission to use)
• A way of managing copyright, particularly for
material distributed online


Baseline permissions
• Fundamental baseline rights granted by all CC
licences:
– Reproduce
– Distribute
– Publicly perform

• Additional baseline permission granted in four
of the six CC licences to create derivative
works and
– Reproduce
– Distribute

the derivative work

Core Conditions
Attribution (BY) – attribute the author, and no false attribution This
applies to all CC licences

Non Commercial (NC) – no “commercial use” (as defined)

No Derivatives (ND) – no changes allowed to original work

Share Alike (SA) – changes allowed, but new work is to be distributed
under the same licence as the original work
* ND and SA cannot be used together


Licence combinations


CC BY
• Core condition:
– Attribution (BY) – attribute the author, and no
false attribution
• Baseline Rights:

– Reproduce
– Distribute
– Create derivative works (and reproduce, distribute
and publicly perform the derivative work)

Machine-readable code

http://creativecommons.org/choose/

http://creativecommons.org/choose/

How to…

(1) Apply a CC licence to your
content
(2) Find CC licensed content
(3) Attribute CC licensed
content

(1) Application
a. Manually
b. Software licence injectors
c. Platform upload settings

Generic 2.0 ‘The Best Things in Life Are…’ by LASZLO ILYES, http://www.flickr.com/photos/laszlo-photo/437476999/

Generic 2.0 ‘Betamax’ by Steve Jurvetson, http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/489257240/

Manually

http://creativecommons.org.au/

Software

http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/search.aspx?q=creative%20commons

http://extensions.services.openoffice.org/project/ccooo

Platform

http://www.flickr.com/photos/upload/

Default
Example Work by Australian Government is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia License.
In essence, you are free to copy, distribute and adapt the
work, as long as you attribute the work to Australian
Government and abide by the other licence terms.
The work should be attributed in the following way:
© Australian Government 2010.

Summary of licence terms
Example Work by Australian Government is licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia License.
In essence, you are free to copy, distribute and adapt the
work, as long as you attribute the work to Australian
Government and abide by the other licence terms.
The work should be attributed in the following way:

Unless otherwise specified…
Unless otherwise specified, material on this website is licensed by
Australian Government under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
Australia License.
In essence, you are free to copy, distribute and adapt the material,
as long as you attribute the work to Australian Government and
abide by the other licence terms.
Australian Government material should be attributed in the
following way:

(2) Search
Image, sound and video

260 million of 8 billion photos
licensed under CC
http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/

•

Creative Commons, The Power of Open, available at http://thepowerofopen.org/,
licensed under CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/.

Generic 2.0 ‘Self-conscious robot’ by NASARobonaut (Kris Kehe), http://www.flickr.com/photos/nasarobonaut/5161876882/

Photos
• Flickr
– Browse
http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
– Advanced search
http://www.flickr.com/search/advanced/

• Flickr-Storm
– http://www.zoo-m.com/flickr-storm/

• Idée Inc. Multicolr Search Lab
– http://labs.ideeinc.com/multicolr/

Generic 2.0 ‘Everyone needs a getaway’ by kennymatic (Kenny Louie), http://www.flickr.com/photos/99472898@N00/3875936992

http://www.flickr.com/search/advanced/

Search Filters
• Think about future/downstream uses of your
work – you may be restricted with what you
can do with it

• E.g. incorporate a CC BY-NC photo into your
poster – but want to use it to advertise your
business?

http://www.zoo-m.com/flickr-storm/

http://labs.ideeinc.com/multicolr/

Music
• SoundCloud
– Browse: http://soundcloud.com/creativecommons
– Search: http://soundcloud.com/tracks/search

• Free Sound Archive
• Magnatune
• Jamendo

Generic 2.0 ‘Elvis!’ by Kevin Dooley, http://www.flickr.com/photos/12836528@N00/4464019859

http://soundcloud.com/tracks/search - select ‘Show advanced search options’

• CC BY-NC-SA

http://magnatune.com/

http://magnatune.com/artists/albums/tokyo-tokyoinst/

• 50% to artists

https://magnatune.com/artists/license/project

http://wiki.creativecommons.org/CCPlus

Video
• YouTube
• Vimeo

Generic 2.0 ‘Afghan Air Force and Afghan National Army Combine Combat Training Exercises’ by isafmedia , http://www.flickr.com/photos/29456680@N06/5413482056

Cross platform search
• CC Search
• Google
• Let’s CC by CC Korea

http://search.creativecommons.org/

http://www.google.ca/advanced_search

 Open Source project by

CC Korea
 Access to searches
across Flickr, Jamendo,
ccMixter, Youtube and
Slideshare

http://eng.letscc.net/

Attribution
• Title of Work
• Creator’s Name or Other Attribution Parties
• Source of Work (URL/hyperlink)
• Licence (URL/hyperlink)

• Changes to the source work (if any)

Attribution
• Image: crop of SparkFun by Jared Tarbell
<http://www.flickr.com/photos/35468148654@N01/
509789392> available under Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) 2.0 Generic licence
<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.
en>.

Title
en>.

Author’s name
en>.

Source of work
en>.

Licence
en>.

Changes
en>.

Licensor
• Tell people how you want to be attributed

Licensing statement unclear
– http://training.gov.au/Home/Copyright - no link
to actual CC BY-ND licence, links to CC Australia
homepage

Licensee
• “In a manner reasonable to the medium you are
using”

• How would you wish to be attributed?

Video & Audio
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlhlXt1W
ZoI

http://www.mosman.nsw.gov.au/events/2704/living-mosman-photography-competition

Removal of attribution
• ‘You must, to the extent practicable, remove
the above attribution from any Collection or
Derivative Work if requested to do so by the
Licensor or Original Author.’

• More examples of how CC is being used:
• http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Case_Studies
• Other resources (fact sheets etc.):
http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Documentation
• On business models, see further Cheryl Foong, “Sharing with
Creative Commons: a business model for content creators” (2010)
Platform: Journal of Media and Communication 64, available at
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/40800/
• My publications are available at
http://eprints.qut.edu.au/view/person/Foong,_Cheryl.html)
This slideset is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia License.

Creative Commons in practice: Understanding CC, and applying and using CC licences (26 September 2013)

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Editor's Notes