1. The document outlines the history of Rome from 750 BCE to 400 CE, including the establishment of the Roman Republic around 509 BCE and the factors that led to Rome achieving domination over the Mediterranean world by 100 AD.
2. It then discusses the crisis of the third century that nearly caused Rome's collapse, Rome's recovery and conversion to Christianity, and thinkers' ongoing interest in explaining Rome's fall in 476 CE.
3. The rise of Christianity is also summarized, including the life and teachings of Jesus, the role of Paul in establishing Christian theology, and the development of the Christian church as an institution following Paul.
I Timothy 4:6-10. GREAT PRINCIPLES OF CHRISTIANITY.
I. CHRISTIANITY IS THE GREATEST INVESTMENT IN THIS LIFE AND FOR ALL ETERNITY
II. CHRISTIANITY IS THE GREATEST INSURANCE TO BE HAD ON EARTH
III. CHRISTIANITY IS THE GREATEST INSULATION AGAINST SIN, CRIME AND EVIL
IV. CHRISTIANITY IS THE GREATEST INDOCTRINATION AGAINST SIN, ERROR AND FAILURE.
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Note: when reading, it is recommended you do not use fullscreen as that will hide the notes I have written for it
By Hansol Lee
Learn about the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, from its origins as a small town on the Tiber River to its dominance over most of Europe, Asia and Africa. Explore the political, military, cultural and social changes that shaped the Roman Republic and Empire, from the Punic Wars to the fall of Rome.
Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. Among the many legacies of Roman dominance are the widespread use of the Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian) derived from Latin, the modern Western alphabet and calendar and the emergence of Christianity as a major world religion.
After 450 years as a republic, Rome became an empire in the wake of Julius Caesar’s rise and fall in the first century B.C. The long and triumphant reign of its first emperor, Augustus, began a golden age of peace and prosperity; by contrast, the Roman Empire’s decline and fall by the fifth century A.D. was one of the most dramatic implosions in the history of human civilization.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Adversarial Attention Modeling for Multi-dimensional Emotion Regression.pdf
Rome & christianity
1. The World of Rome
& The Rise of Christianity
750 BCE-400 CE
HI 101
2. Major Themes of Roman History
1. Create a Republic and achieve domination
over Italy south of the Po River by the early
fourth century BC
2. Achieve domination over the Mediterranean
world and Europe to the Rhine and Danube
Rivers by AD 100
3. Created institutions and a legal system (code
of law) that allowed Rome to govern this
empire effectively
3. Major Themes of Roman History
4. Crisis of the Third Century almost brought
about the collapse of Rome
5. Rome recovered and was converted to
Christianity
6. Explaining the fall of Rome in 476 has
interested thinkers every since.
5. Timeline of Roman History 753-27 BC
(Roman Civilization to end of the Republic)
• Early Italy and the Roman Monarchy, 753-509
BCE.
• The Roman Republic, 509-27 BCE
• The Creation of the Republic and the
Conquest of Italy, 509-264 BCE
• The Punic Wars (with Carthage) and the
Overseas Expansion of Rome, 264-146 BCE
• The Crisis of the Late Republic, 133-27 BCE
6. Timeline of Roman History 27 BCE-476 CE
(Creation of Empire to Fall of Empire)
• The Principate (Early Empire), the Pax
Romana, and the Five Good Emperors, 27
BCE-CE 180.
• The Crisis of the Third Century, 180-284 CE.
• Late Antiquity, 284-610 CE
7. Roman Conquest of Italy & Creation of the
Roman Republic
• People from Rome (Romans) took over the Italian Peninsula
through a series of wars with the Etruscans (1st
settlers to the
Italian Peninsula)
• A Republic and a System of Government was created for the
captured Lands within Italy.
– Based on an unwritten constitution and controlled by the Patrician
elite (the landowning aristocracy)
• Social classes within the Republic:
– Patricians at top—held most of the social and political advantages
– Plebeians (free citizens who could vote)
8.
9. The Roman Republic
• Led by 2 Consuls:
– 2 elected executive officials from Patrician class
– Advised by a senate
• The senate: (300-600 Patricians)
– Advised the Consuls (but over time, the senate became the real force
behind the law)
– Controlled finances & foreign affairs
• The Assembly—Plebeians
– Legislative branch
– All citizens could cast ballots for or against legislation
10. Republican Government
• Flexible
– over time the Plebeian class gained a measure of
political, legal, and social equality, including the:
• creation of the office of Tribune (had a veto to protect
the Plebeians)
• the Law of the 12 Tablets (450 BCE)—achieved by
Plebeians walking out Rome & refusing to serve in Army
• and the opening of the office of consul to the Plebeians.
– Captured lands were allowed independence and
autonomy in exchange for loyalty
• rebels received swift and brutal punishment
11. Ruins of the Roman Curia (place of
Senate meetings)
13. Overseas Expansion of Rome
• 264-146 BCE
– Rome fought the three Punic Wars with Carthage
• Carthage: a powerful city-state on the northern African
coast, was a Mediterranean trading empire challenged
by Roman power
• the high point for the Carthagians was the campaign of
Hannibal during the second war
• by the end of the Punic Wars, Rome dominated the
Mediterranean world.
– Rome had to develop a system of government for the new
territories
– also Roman civilization transformed by contact with Hellenic
and Hellenistic culture (Greek)
15. The Crisis of the Late Republic,
146-27 BCE.
• Republican government proved incapable of
transforming itself into a government for an
empire
– the result was a struggle for power between the
Patrician and Plebeian classes.
• Powerful generals with private armies emerged and
fought openly for power
– one of the most successful was Julius Caesar (49-44 BCE), who
"crossed the Rubicon" and became dictator in 49 BCE.
» Within five years, he was dead. The civil wars went on
until Octavian defeated the last of his rivals, Mark Antony
and Cleopatra (Queen of Egypt) at Actium in 31 BC.
18. Creation of the Roman Empire
• Octavian (after 27 BCE: Augustus)
– restored peace, provided fair, orderly, and efficient
government, and peace within Rome and its
territories
– his government was a monarchy with a republican
façade—formed Empire
– the army was professionalized (20 year enlistment;
good pay and pensions).
– Augustus pushed for Roman expansion into Europe
and established a network of roads that linked
Roman settlements together.
24. • Four emperors after Augustus were members
of his family (the Julians); none were great,
and some, like Caligula, were so bad that
they were assassinated. Evident was a key
problem: succession.
25. • Reign of the Five Good Emperors (96-180 CE):
– temporarily solved the succession problem
– the Senate became an effective legislative and
administrative body
– an imperial bureaucracy administered the
empire
– Roman culture spread throughout the empire
– the empire ceased expanding and began building
defenses (Hadrian's Wall in Britain).
28. Roman Civilization
• Law:
– an early codification was the Law of the Twelve
Tablets (c. 450 BCE)
• supplemented over the centuries by edicts and judicial
decisions
– also a "law of the peoples" for those conquered;
two systems combined in 212CE
– notable codifications: Theodosian Code (438 CE)
and the Justinian Code (6th century CE).
29. Roman Civilization
• Science and Engineering:
– favored compilations of encyclopedias, like the
Pliny the Elder's Natural Science, over original
research.
– Engineering: roads, bridges, aqueducts like the
Pont du Gard (France), which brought millions of
gallons of fresh water into Roman cities.
– Romans also excelled at urban planning
32. Roman Civilization
• Architecture:
– Much borrowed from the Greeks, i.e. form of the
temple
– excelled in the use of concrete
• the arch, the vault, and the dome
• important buildings: the basilica, the Colosseum (sat
50,000), the Pantheon (a domed temple to all the
gods), public baths and theaters, triumphal arches and
columns, such as Trajan's Column.
– The Roman style emphasized: grandeur,
magnificence, size, and solidity.
37. The Crisis of the Third Century, 180-284 CE.
• Characterized by succession crises:
– civil war (between 235-284 CE, there were 22 emperors, and all but
two were murdered)
– economic hardship, including declining production, inflation, and high
taxes
– threats on Rome's frontiers from the Goths and others; and the
growing popularity and spread of Christianity.
38. The World of Late Antiquity, 284-
610 CE
• The slow, almost unnoticeable transition from the classical
civilization of Rome to the emergence of separate barbarian
kingdoms following the collapse of the Roman Empire
• It thus includes the transformation of the Roman Empire by
the emperors Diocletian and Constantine
• the shift in the governing center of the Empire east to cities
like Constantinople, the legalization and triumph of
Christianity (Emperor Constantine and the Edict of Milan, AD
313),
39. • the barbarian invasions by Visigoths, the
Vandals, the Ostrogoths
• the "fall of Rome”
– traditionally assigned the date of 476 CE
– and the replacement of the political unity imposed
by the Roman Empire with separate and often
warring Germanic kingdoms like the Franks.
• From the ambitions of these latter kingdoms emerged
the nations of modern Western Europe
– urban decline, decline of government and culture.
– Meanwhile, Christianity emerged as a unifying and
civilizing force.
41. The Coming of Christianity
Factors Behind the Rise of Christianity
•1. The Jews began to organize opposition to Rome’s authority. A group identified as the
Zealots fought to rid Judaea of Roman control.
•2. The failure of pagan religions (many gods) to satisfy many people’s spiritual needs
helped pave the way for the rise of Christianity.
The Life and Teachings of Jesus:
•1. Born c. 4 BCE, from Nazareth, His message was based on Jewish moral traditions, He
was an apocalyptic Jew
– Meaning that he thought & taught that the world would soon end, and God’s kingdom would appear on
earth
•His teachings aroused the Jewish population, which caused Roman concern.
•Roman authorities were concerned about insurrection throughout the empire.
– Pontius Pilate (local Roman leader) was in charge of maintaining peace in Jerusalem.
– Pilate condemned Jesus to death in an effort to avoid outbreaks of violence.
• According to Jesus’s followers, on the third day after his crucifixion Jesus rose from the
dead. The resurrection became the cornerstone for the newly developing faith
recognized as Christianity.
43. Christianity Following the
Crucifixion:
• Followers of Jesus, believing that he was the
Son of God and had risen from the dead, set
out to convert the Roman Empire
– they created a theology (=systematic body of
religious belief)
– and broadened the appeal of Christianity by
proclaiming it a universal religion, not just a
Jewish religion
44. – key role played by the convert Paul
• who-as author of the epistles [letters] -may be called
the founder of Christian theology
• many converts, especially among the urban population
of the eastern Empire
• Paul beheaded in Rome during one of Nero's (Roman
Emperor) persecutions of Christians
45. Christianity after Paul
• Church develops as an institution
– the sacraments (baptism and the Eucharist)
– a separate priesthood to administer the
sacraments
– the organization of a church hierarchy modeled
on the government of the Roman Empire
• office of bishop; over time, the Bishop of Rome
recognized as head of the church, or Pope.
• This organization allowed the Church to survive the
collapse of Rome and helped it to convert the
barbarian Germans.
Editor's Notes
I. The Romans in Italy
B. The Roman Conquest of Italy
1. There are several myths about the founding of Rome. The most popular myth centers on Romulus and Remus, twin brothers who were descended from a god. Later historians told of an Etruscan king’s son who raped a virtuous Roman wife; the woman killed herself out of shame, and her suicide caused the Romans to rise up and overthrow their Etruscan ruler.
2. The removal of the last Etruscan king allowed the Romans to establish the Roman republic. A series of wars allowed the Romans to dominate the Italian peninsula.
I. The Romans in Italy
C. The Distribution of Power in the Roman Republic
1. Early Roman social divisions consisted of the patricians, who were the landowning aristocracy, and the plebeians, free citizens with a voice in political affairs. The patricians held most of the social and political advantages.
2. The senate was an important part of the Roman government. Two elected government executives, identified as consuls, were advised by the senators, but over time, the senate became the real force behind the law.
3. Roman civil law consisted of statutes, customs, and regulations placed on Roman society. Later, a “natural law” based partly on Stoic beliefs came to govern Roman behavior.
III. The Pax Romana
A. Political and Military Changes in the Empire
1. Some of the emperors that followed Augustus maintained a stable bureaucracy. Others were ruthless and unbalanced, and on occasion their rule led to military rebellion.
2. Protection and fortifications were established to maintain military security, while the network of Roman roads was expanded to supply military outposts.
B. Life in Rome
1. Classic Roman construction included palaces and elaborate buildings, an elaborate sewage system, and aqueducts to serve all citizens.
2. Roman emperors entertained the public with gladiatorial contests and chariot races.
IV. The Coming of Christianity
A. Factors Behind the Rise of Christianity
1. The Jews began to organize opposition to Rome’s authority. A group identified as the Zealots fought to rid Judaea of Roman control.
2. The failure of pagan religions to satisfy many people’s spiritual needs helped pave the way for the rise of Christianity.
B. The Life and Teachings of Jesus
1. The Gospels are records of Jesus’s life and teachings. Jesus spoke of obtaining eternal life after death through a devotion to God. His message was based on Jewish moral traditions.
2. Jesus departed from Jewish orthodoxy when he identified himself as the Messiah, or the Christ. Jesus preached that he would establish a heavenly kingdom rather than an earthly one. His teachings aroused the Jewish population, which caused Roman concern.
3. Roman authorities were concerned about insurrection throughout the empire. Pontius Pilate was in charge of maintaining peace in Jerusalem. Pilate condemned Jesus to death in an effort to avoid outbreaks of violence.
4. According to Jesus’s followers, on the third day after his crucifixion Jesus rose from the dead. The resurrection became the cornerstone for the newly developing faith recognized as Christianity.
IV. The Coming of Christianity
C. The Spread of Christianity
1. Paul of Tarsus initially persecuted Christians but then was converted and began to promote Jesus’s teachings. Paul wrote numerous letters to various communities informing them about Jesus. Many of Paul’s letters were included in the New Testament.
2. Among Paul’s main targets in his effort to spread Christianity were non-Jewish populations, identified as Gentiles. Christian teachings became popular in part because they offered to many the possibility of eternal life and the prospect of forgiveness.
D. The Growing Acceptance and Evolution of Christianity
1. Pagans in the Roman Empire viewed Christianity as a threat because there was the chance its followers would consider Jesus a rival to Caesar. Christians experienced some persecution, though they exaggerated the extent of pagan hostility. The emperor Trajan finally began the end of the persecution of Christians.
2. Organization of the religion began as the numbers of converts increased. Churches were established, and a hierarchy of official leadership was fashioned after the system of Roman government.