The document discusses C structures. It defines a structure as a user-defined data type that allows combining different data types under a single name. Structures are used to represent records, with examples given of book and employee records. It then covers defining and creating structure variables, accessing structure members, arrays of structures, and passing structures to functions by value and by reference.
Structures in Functions discusses pointers to structures, accessing structure members, passing structures as function arguments by value and by reference, returning structures from functions, arrays of structures, and self-referential structures. Key points include passing a pointer to a structure as a function argument to avoid copying large structures, defining an array of structures to store multiple records, and using a pointer as a member of a structure to create self-referential linked structures like linked lists.
Structures allow grouping of related data and can be used to represent records. A structure defines a template for the format of its members. Structures can contain basic data types and arrays. Structure variables can be initialized, and members accessed using dot operator. Arrays of structures can be used to represent tables of related data. Unions share the same storage location for members, allowing only one member to be active at a time. Both structures and unions can be used as function parameters.
- A structure is a user-defined data type that groups logically related data items of different data types into a single unit. Structures allow related data to be accessed and managed together.
- Structures can contain nested structures as members. Nested structure members are accessed using two period operators (e.g. e1.doj.day).
- Structures can be passed to functions as parameters and returned from functions. Pointers to structures are declared and accessed using arrow (->) operator instead of period operator.
- A union shares the same memory space for multiple data types, allocating only enough space for its largest member. Unions allow different types to share the same memory location.
The document discusses structures in C programming. It defines a structure as a user-defined data type that allows combining different data types under a single name. Structures are used to represent records with multiple attributes. The document explains how to declare and define structures with tags, and access structure members using dot and pointer operators. It provides an example of a nested structure and a program demonstrating the use of functions and pointers with structures.
Programming Fundamentals Functions in C and typesimtiazalijoono
Programming Fundamentals
Functions in C
Lecture Outline
• Functions
• Function declaration
• Function call
• Function definition
– Passing arguments to function
1) Passing constants
2) Passing variables
– Pass by value
– Returning values from functions
• Preprocessor directives
• Local and external variables
The document discusses C structures. It defines a structure as a user-defined data type that allows combining different data types under a single name. Structures are used to represent records, with examples given of book and employee records. It then covers defining and creating structure variables, accessing structure members, arrays of structures, and passing structures to functions by value and by reference.
Structures in Functions discusses pointers to structures, accessing structure members, passing structures as function arguments by value and by reference, returning structures from functions, arrays of structures, and self-referential structures. Key points include passing a pointer to a structure as a function argument to avoid copying large structures, defining an array of structures to store multiple records, and using a pointer as a member of a structure to create self-referential linked structures like linked lists.
Structures allow grouping of related data and can be used to represent records. A structure defines a template for the format of its members. Structures can contain basic data types and arrays. Structure variables can be initialized, and members accessed using dot operator. Arrays of structures can be used to represent tables of related data. Unions share the same storage location for members, allowing only one member to be active at a time. Both structures and unions can be used as function parameters.
- A structure is a user-defined data type that groups logically related data items of different data types into a single unit. Structures allow related data to be accessed and managed together.
- Structures can contain nested structures as members. Nested structure members are accessed using two period operators (e.g. e1.doj.day).
- Structures can be passed to functions as parameters and returned from functions. Pointers to structures are declared and accessed using arrow (->) operator instead of period operator.
- A union shares the same memory space for multiple data types, allocating only enough space for its largest member. Unions allow different types to share the same memory location.
The document discusses structures in C programming. It defines a structure as a user-defined data type that allows combining different data types under a single name. Structures are used to represent records with multiple attributes. The document explains how to declare and define structures with tags, and access structure members using dot and pointer operators. It provides an example of a nested structure and a program demonstrating the use of functions and pointers with structures.
Programming Fundamentals Functions in C and typesimtiazalijoono
Programming Fundamentals
Functions in C
Lecture Outline
• Functions
• Function declaration
• Function call
• Function definition
– Passing arguments to function
1) Passing constants
2) Passing variables
– Pass by value
– Returning values from functions
• Preprocessor directives
• Local and external variables
1) The document discusses different aspects of structures in C programming such as defining a structure, initializing structures, accessing structure members, arrays of structures, nested structures, and pointers to structures.
2) A structure allows grouping of different data types under a single name and is useful for representing records with multiple attributes of an entity.
3) Structures can contain other structures to represent nested relationships between entities. Pointers to structures allow structures to be passed to functions and returned from functions.
Unions allow a variable to hold objects of different types in the same memory location. All members of a union share the same memory location, which is the size of the largest member. This means unions save memory by storing all members in one block, but the programmer must ensure the correct member is being accessed based on the data currently stored. The example program defines a union called Student containing different data types, reads values into members, and displays the members to demonstrate unions share the same memory location.
The document discusses enumerated data types in C programming, which allow the programmer to define their own data type consisting of a set of named constants, and explains how to define an enumerated type using the enum keyword along with syntax examples. It also covers related topics like typedefs which define new names for existing types, bit fields to reduce the size of integer members in a struct, and examples of each.
Introduction, Array of structure, Passing structure to function, Passing array of structure to function, Structure within structure ( Nested Structure), Union, Pointer to structure
Basics of pointer, pointer expressions, pointer to pointer and pointer in fun...Jayanshu Gundaniya
Pointers are a data type in C that contain memory addresses as their values. They allow programs to indirectly access and manipulate the data stored at those addresses. Pointers can be used to pass arguments by reference, return values from functions, access array elements, and link data structures like linked lists. Proper initialization of pointers is important to avoid issues like accessing protected memory or going out of array bounds.
The document discusses structures in C programming. It explains that a structure defines a template to group together different data types under a single name. It demonstrates how to define a structure, create structure variables, and access members of a structure using the dot and arrow operators.
Structures in C allow the user to define a custom data type that combines different data types to represent a record. A structure is similar to an array but can contain heterogeneous data types, while an array only holds the same type. Structures are defined using the struct keyword followed by structure tags and member lists. Structure variables are declared like other variables and members can be accessed using the dot operator. Arrays of structures and nested structures are also supported.
The document discusses unions in C programming. A union is like a structure that allocates space for its members equal to the largest member. Only one member can be accessed at a time. The document provides an example union for employee data and explains memory allocation. Unions allow different variable types to share the same memory space. Structures are used for database management and other applications while unions are useful when variables need to share the same memory location.
A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow functions to modify variables in the caller and are useful for handling arrays and dynamic memory allocation. Pointers contain the address of the memory location they point to. Pointer variables can be declared to hold these memory addresses and can then be used to indirectly access the value at the addressed location.
Let us c (by yashvant kanetkar) chapter 1 solutionHazrat Bilal
This document contains solutions to various questions related to C programming language concepts. It discusses valid and invalid variable names in C, identifies errors in sample C code statements, evaluates expressions and shows the hierarchy of operations, and provides answers to multiple choice questions about C fundamentals. Sample C code is also provided to demonstrate calculating areas and perimeters of shapes, employee salaries, percentages and conversions between measurement units.
Constructors and destructors are special member functions in C++ that are used to initialize objects and perform cleanup operations. There are different types of constructors - default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Constructors are called automatically when an object is created, while destructors are called when an object is destroyed or goes out of scope. Constructors initialize objects, while destructors perform cleanup tasks like deallocating memory. Overloading of constructors allows defining multiple constructors that differ in parameters.
The document discusses arrays in C programming. It defines arrays as fixed-size collections of elements of the same data type that allow storing and processing large amounts of data. Arrays can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional or multi-dimensional. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to identify elements, while two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts to represent rows and columns. The document provides examples of declaring, initializing, and using one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays in C code.
Structures allow grouping of heterogeneous data types into a single unit called a structure. Structures can contain integer, float, double, character data and arrays. Structures are accessed using the dot operator. Unions share the same memory location for different data types and can hold data of only one member at a time. Enumerated data types define user-defined data types using the enum keyword where symbolic constants take on integer values starting from zero.
Strings are arrays of characters that are null-terminated. They can be manipulated using functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp(). The document discusses initializing and reading strings, passing strings to functions, and using string handling functions to perform operations like copying, concatenating, comparing, and reversing strings. It also describes arrays of strings, which are 2D character arrays used to store multiple strings. Examples are provided to demonstrate reading and sorting arrays of strings.
C language is a widely used, mid-level programming language that provides features like simplicity, portability, structured programming, rich libraries, memory management, pointers, recursion, and extensibility. It allows breaking programs into parts using functions, supports dynamic memory allocation using free(), and provides built-in data types like integer, floating point, character, arrays, pointers, structures, unions, enums, and void.
The document provides information about the structure and content of a course on programming languages. The course consists of 5 units covering introduction to programming languages, imperative and procedural programming, object oriented programming in Java, advanced Java, and case studies of various programming languages. It discusses key topics that will be covered, such as what a programming language is, different types of languages, how languages are implemented, factors influencing language design, and categories and examples of languages. Textbooks for the course are also listed.
The document provides an overview of principles of programming languages, including:
- Reasons for studying programming language concepts such as improved ability to learn new languages.
- Categories of programming languages including imperative, functional, logic, and object-oriented languages.
- Factors that influence language design such as computer architecture and programming methodologies.
- Methods of describing syntax including Backus-Naur Form and context-free grammars. Attribute grammars add semantic information to parse trees.
- Implementation methods for languages including compilation, interpretation, and hybrid systems.
1) The document discusses different aspects of structures in C programming such as defining a structure, initializing structures, accessing structure members, arrays of structures, nested structures, and pointers to structures.
2) A structure allows grouping of different data types under a single name and is useful for representing records with multiple attributes of an entity.
3) Structures can contain other structures to represent nested relationships between entities. Pointers to structures allow structures to be passed to functions and returned from functions.
Unions allow a variable to hold objects of different types in the same memory location. All members of a union share the same memory location, which is the size of the largest member. This means unions save memory by storing all members in one block, but the programmer must ensure the correct member is being accessed based on the data currently stored. The example program defines a union called Student containing different data types, reads values into members, and displays the members to demonstrate unions share the same memory location.
The document discusses enumerated data types in C programming, which allow the programmer to define their own data type consisting of a set of named constants, and explains how to define an enumerated type using the enum keyword along with syntax examples. It also covers related topics like typedefs which define new names for existing types, bit fields to reduce the size of integer members in a struct, and examples of each.
Introduction, Array of structure, Passing structure to function, Passing array of structure to function, Structure within structure ( Nested Structure), Union, Pointer to structure
Basics of pointer, pointer expressions, pointer to pointer and pointer in fun...Jayanshu Gundaniya
Pointers are a data type in C that contain memory addresses as their values. They allow programs to indirectly access and manipulate the data stored at those addresses. Pointers can be used to pass arguments by reference, return values from functions, access array elements, and link data structures like linked lists. Proper initialization of pointers is important to avoid issues like accessing protected memory or going out of array bounds.
The document discusses structures in C programming. It explains that a structure defines a template to group together different data types under a single name. It demonstrates how to define a structure, create structure variables, and access members of a structure using the dot and arrow operators.
Structures in C allow the user to define a custom data type that combines different data types to represent a record. A structure is similar to an array but can contain heterogeneous data types, while an array only holds the same type. Structures are defined using the struct keyword followed by structure tags and member lists. Structure variables are declared like other variables and members can be accessed using the dot operator. Arrays of structures and nested structures are also supported.
The document discusses unions in C programming. A union is like a structure that allocates space for its members equal to the largest member. Only one member can be accessed at a time. The document provides an example union for employee data and explains memory allocation. Unions allow different variable types to share the same memory space. Structures are used for database management and other applications while unions are useful when variables need to share the same memory location.
A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Pointers allow functions to modify variables in the caller and are useful for handling arrays and dynamic memory allocation. Pointers contain the address of the memory location they point to. Pointer variables can be declared to hold these memory addresses and can then be used to indirectly access the value at the addressed location.
Let us c (by yashvant kanetkar) chapter 1 solutionHazrat Bilal
This document contains solutions to various questions related to C programming language concepts. It discusses valid and invalid variable names in C, identifies errors in sample C code statements, evaluates expressions and shows the hierarchy of operations, and provides answers to multiple choice questions about C fundamentals. Sample C code is also provided to demonstrate calculating areas and perimeters of shapes, employee salaries, percentages and conversions between measurement units.
Constructors and destructors are special member functions in C++ that are used to initialize objects and perform cleanup operations. There are different types of constructors - default, parameterized, and copy constructors. Constructors are called automatically when an object is created, while destructors are called when an object is destroyed or goes out of scope. Constructors initialize objects, while destructors perform cleanup tasks like deallocating memory. Overloading of constructors allows defining multiple constructors that differ in parameters.
The document discusses arrays in C programming. It defines arrays as fixed-size collections of elements of the same data type that allow storing and processing large amounts of data. Arrays can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional or multi-dimensional. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to identify elements, while two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts to represent rows and columns. The document provides examples of declaring, initializing, and using one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays in C code.
Structures allow grouping of heterogeneous data types into a single unit called a structure. Structures can contain integer, float, double, character data and arrays. Structures are accessed using the dot operator. Unions share the same memory location for different data types and can hold data of only one member at a time. Enumerated data types define user-defined data types using the enum keyword where symbolic constants take on integer values starting from zero.
Strings are arrays of characters that are null-terminated. They can be manipulated using functions like strlen(), strcpy(), strcat(), and strcmp(). The document discusses initializing and reading strings, passing strings to functions, and using string handling functions to perform operations like copying, concatenating, comparing, and reversing strings. It also describes arrays of strings, which are 2D character arrays used to store multiple strings. Examples are provided to demonstrate reading and sorting arrays of strings.
C language is a widely used, mid-level programming language that provides features like simplicity, portability, structured programming, rich libraries, memory management, pointers, recursion, and extensibility. It allows breaking programs into parts using functions, supports dynamic memory allocation using free(), and provides built-in data types like integer, floating point, character, arrays, pointers, structures, unions, enums, and void.
The document provides information about the structure and content of a course on programming languages. The course consists of 5 units covering introduction to programming languages, imperative and procedural programming, object oriented programming in Java, advanced Java, and case studies of various programming languages. It discusses key topics that will be covered, such as what a programming language is, different types of languages, how languages are implemented, factors influencing language design, and categories and examples of languages. Textbooks for the course are also listed.
The document provides an overview of principles of programming languages, including:
- Reasons for studying programming language concepts such as improved ability to learn new languages.
- Categories of programming languages including imperative, functional, logic, and object-oriented languages.
- Factors that influence language design such as computer architecture and programming methodologies.
- Methods of describing syntax including Backus-Naur Form and context-free grammars. Attribute grammars add semantic information to parse trees.
- Implementation methods for languages including compilation, interpretation, and hybrid systems.
This document discusses parameter passing mechanisms in programming languages. It explains different parameter passing techniques like call by value, call by reference, call by name. It also discusses formal and actual parameters, how they are associated during a subprogram call, and how their values are copied or linked during the subprogram entry and exit. Implementation of formal parameters involves storage in the activation record and handling input/output types by copying or using pointers.
This document discusses abstract data types and encapsulation. It explains that abstract data types define a set of objects, operations on those objects, and encapsulate them so the user cannot directly access the hidden data. Encapsulation through subprograms and type definitions is described. Different approaches to static and dynamic storage management like stacks, heaps, and garbage collection are also summarized.
This document discusses data types and data structures. It defines them and describes their key attributes. For data types, it covers specification, implementation, operations and examples of elementary types. For data structures, it discusses composition, organization, representation and implementation of operations. It also addresses type equivalence checking, conversion and lists several common data structures like arrays, records, lists and files.
The document discusses concepts related to sequence control and subprograms in programming languages. It covers conditional statements, loops, exception handling, subprogram definition and activation, and subprogram environments. Key points include implicit and explicit sequence control using statements, precedence and associativity rules for expressions, stack-based implementation of subprogram calls, and static versus dynamic scoping of identifiers through referencing environments.
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to programming languages. It discusses the definition of a programming language and the history and evolution of popular languages from 1951 to present. It covers programming language paradigms like procedural, object-oriented, functional, and logic-based languages. It also discusses factors that influence language design like efficiency, regularity, and issues in language translation. Finally, it summarizes the structure and operation of computers and how different programming models map to underlying computer architectures.
Standing waves can be described by an equation where certain points called nodes have zero amplitude, while points of maximum amplitude are called antinodes. Nodes occur where the function equals zero, while antinodes are between nodes. For a given standing wave diagram, nodes are identified as 0, 180, and 360 degrees, while antinodes are at 90 and 270 degrees. Standing waves on strings have resonant frequencies determined by an equation involving the string length, tension, and linear mass density.
TOOBEEZ has added 12 new products to the EZ-FORT product Line. The addition of the EZ-FORT Town Center and EZ-FORT Vehicles will allow children to reate their very own play places and vehicles! In addition to the new EZ-FORTSwe have added 19 new EZ-TOYS!
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Omar Hanafy is a 24-year-old mechanical engineering student from Cairo, Egypt who is currently studying at Helwan University. He has a high school certificate with a GPA of 4.75 and qualifications in computer programs like Photoshop, web design, AutoCAD, and SketchUp as well as the ICDL certification. Omar speaks Arabic natively and has an upper advanced level of English and an intermediate level of German. During his studies, he has been actively involved with student organizations at Cairo University and Helwan University such as AIESEC, Dimensions Information Technology, and 3C Academic.
This document summarizes the education and work experience of Florina Patranoiu. She received a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from Calgary University in Qatar in 2014. She has over 30 years of experience as a nurse in Romania and Qatar, working in neurosurgery, orthopedics, general surgery and medical wards. Currently, she is a Senior Registered Nurse in Neurosurgery at Hamad General Hospital in Qatar and is licensed to practice nursing in Qatar.
The talk was don at Backend Berlin on December, 21st 2015 at http://www.kaufda.de/ , see http://www.meetup.com/de/backend/events/227266159/
The scripts used during the live data part of the talk are available at https://github.com/sjstoelting/talks/tree/master/no-sql-as-not-only-sql
Survey of Instruction Hotel Management Prof GodbeBill Godbe
The survey report summarizes student feedback for a Hotel/Lodging Management course taught by William Godbe at Normandale Community College in fall 2013. Across 10 metrics measuring various aspects of instruction, an overwhelming majority (75% or higher) of the 17 students in the class strongly agreed that the instructor promoted a supportive learning environment, set high expectations, provided helpful feedback, helped increase curiosity about the topic, connected course material to students' lives, taught clearly and organized, presented material engagingly, demonstrated strong subject matter knowledge, and that students would recommend both the course and instructor to others. Student responses for the class were consistently higher than the average for all Normandale courses.
Marcella Marletta - Vigilanza, sorveglianza del mercato e contraffazioneMarcella Marletta
Documento di presentazione del discorso tenuto dalla dottoressa Marcella Marletta in occasione della IX Conferenza Nazionale sui Dispositivi Medici, 19-20 dicembre 2016, Roma.
Good Manufacturing Practices Awareness PostersSachin Sarkhot
Good manufacturing practices (GMP) are the practices required in order to conform to guidelines recommended by agencies that control authorization and licensing for manufacture and sale of food, drug products, and active pharmaceutical products.
These guidelines provide minimum requirements that a pharmaceutical or a food product manufacturer must meet to assure that the products are of high quality and do not pose any risk to the consumer or public.
Automation can improve businesses by reviewing contracts. AI contract review uses deep analysis to review incoming contracts based on a company's custom rules and approval workflows. This allows legal teams to gain efficiency and consistency while freeing up time previously spent on standard contract reviews.
The document discusses structures in C programming. A structure allows grouping of different data types together under one name to represent a record. It defines a structure called "book" with members like title, author, pages, and price to represent a book database. Structure variables can then be declared of this type to store book records. Members of a structure variable can be accessed using the dot operator and assigned values individually.
The document discusses structures in C programming. It defines a structure as a collection of one or more variables of different data types grouped together under a single name. Structures allow programmers to group related data together. The document covers declaring and initializing structures, defining structure pointers, arrays of structures, and using typedef to define new data types. It provides examples of defining structures to store employee and book data, copying structure contents, passing structures to functions, and more.
C Programming Language is the most popular computer language and most used programming language till now. It is very simple and elegant language. This lecture series will give you basic concepts of structured programming language with C.
Structures in C
What is a structure?
A structure is a user defined data type in C/C++. A structure creates a data type that can be used to group items of possibly different types into a single type.
This document contains a summary of structures in C programming language. It defines what a structure is, how to declare and define a structure with members, and how to access structure members using the dot operator. It also discusses nested structures, arrays of structures, and provides an example of a program that uses a structure to prepare student mark statements. Key points covered include declaring and defining structures, accessing structure members, nested structures, arrays of structures, and an example program to print student marks statements using a structure.
This document discusses structures in C++. It defines a structure as a collection of variables under a single name where the variables can be of different data types. It provides an example of declaring a structure with three variables of different types. It also discusses how to declare a structure variable which allocates memory, and how to access structure members using the dot operator. The document notes that structures can be nested within other structures and that arrays can contain structures or structures can contain arrays. It discusses passing structures to functions by value and by reference. Finally, it briefly introduces typedef, enumerated data types, and practice questions related to structures.
1. A structure is a collection of variables under a single name. Variables within a structure can be of different data types like int, float, etc.
2. To declare a structure, the keyword struct is used followed by the structure name in braces. To define a structure variable, the data type is the structure name followed by the variable name.
3. Structure members are accessed using the dot operator between the structure variable name and member name.
Structures allow grouping of different data types under one name. A structure defines a template for storing multiple data items of different types together. Structure variables can then be declared based on this template to store actual data. Structure members are accessed using the dot operator. Arrays of structures can be used to store information about multiple objects of the same type. Structures can also be nested by defining a structure as a member of another structure. Structures can be passed to functions by value or by reference using pointers.
1. A structure allows grouping of related data as a single unit to organize complex data in a meaningful way. It defines a new user-defined data type.
2. Structures can contain nested structures to group related data. For example, a salary structure may contain an allowance sub-structure.
3. Bit fields allow defining the size of structure members in bits to efficiently utilize memory when member values are small (0 or 1). This reduces the memory used compared to normal integer variables.
This document discusses structures and unions in C programming. It begins by explaining that structures allow elements to differ in data type, unlike arrays where all elements are the same type. Structures are defined with the struct keyword followed by member names. Structure variables can then access members using the period operator. Unions similarly define multiple members but all share the same memory space, for efficient memory usage. Pointers to structures and unions can also be declared and used to access members. Functions can process entire structures by passing structure pointers.
A structure is a collection of variables referenced under one name providing a convenient means of keeping related information together. The structure definition creates a format that may be used to declare structure variables in a program later. data structure in c questions and answer
The document defines and explains structures in C programming. It discusses defining and declaring structures, accessing structure members, initializing structures, arrays of structures, structures within other structures, passing structures to functions, and the sizeof operator for structures. It also covers unions, accessing union members, and using bit fields to compactly store data in structures.
This document discusses C structures, including defining and declaring structures, structure members, arrays of structures, initializing structures, and pointers to structures. Some key points:
- Structures allow combining different data types into a single unit/object. Members can include basic types, arrays, pointers, and other structures.
- Structures are defined using the struct keyword followed by a tag name and a list of members. Variables of the structure type are then declared referring to the tag.
- Individual structure members can be accessed using the dot (.) operator and pointers to structures use arrow (->) operator to access members.
- Arrays of structures define an array where each element is a structure, allowing multiple structure objects
A structure is a collection of variables of different data types grouped together under a single name. A structure declaration defines the format of the structure, while a structure variable allocates memory for it. Structures allow grouping of related data and can be used within other structures or as elements of an array. Pointers to structures can be used to access member variables using the -> operator. Structures can be passed as arguments to functions to organize related data.
The document discusses structures and unions in C. Structures allow organizing related data of different types under a single name, while unions share the same memory location for members. The document covers defining and initializing structures, accessing structure members, arrays of structures, nested structures, and unions. It provides examples of declaring and using structures and unions, as well as comparing and passing structures to functions.
A structure is a collection of variables of different data types grouped under a single name. A structure is declared using the struct keyword followed by the structure tag name within curly braces. Variables within a structure are called members and can be accessed using the dot operator. Structures allow grouping of related data and can be used to represent complex data. Arrays of structures can also be defined to store multiple structures. Pointers to structures allow accessing members of a structure using pointer notation. User defined data types like enum and typedef allow defining custom data types in C.
This document provides an overview of various C++ data types including fundamental, derived, and user-defined data types. It discusses integer, character, float, double, and void fundamental data types. It also covers integer, character, and floating-point type modifiers. Additionally, it summarizes arrays, functions, pointers, references, constants, classes, structures, unions, and enumerations as derived or user-defined data types in C++.
This document discusses structures and unions in C programming. It defines a structure as a user-defined data type that groups elements of different data types together under a single name. Structures allow members to be accessed and processed separately. Unions are similar to structures but all members share the same memory location, whereas structure members each have their own location. The document provides examples of defining, initializing, accessing structure members, passing structures to functions, pointers to structures, arrays of structures, and nested structures. It also compares the differences between structures and unions in terms of memory usage and member access.
Structures allow for grouping together of related data types under a single name. A structure contains members of different data types and can be declared using the keyword "struct". Structure variables are declared by specifying the structure tag name followed by a list of members separated by commas. Individual members can be accessed using the dot operator. Arrays of structures declare multiple structure variables, and structures can also contain array members. Structures can be passed as arguments to functions either by passing each member, passing a copy of the entire structure, or by passing a pointer to the structure.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. 1. INTRODUCTION
C’ Supports a constructed data type known
as STRUCTURE, Which is a method of
packing data of different types.
WHAT IS STRUCTURE ?
A Structure is a convenient tool for handling
a group of logically related data items.
i.e. It can be used to represent a set of
attributes, such as : student_name , roll_no
3. A structure defination creates a
formet that may be used to declare
structure variables.
i.e. Consider a book database
consisting of a book name, Author,
Number of pages and price.
We can define a structure to hold this
information as follows:
5. 1. The template terminated with a semicolon
2. While the entire declarationn considered as a
satement, each member is declared
indepandently for its name and type in a
separate statement inside the teplate.
3. The tag name such as book_bank can be
used to declare structure variables of its
type,letter in the program.
7. The keyword struct declares a structure to
hold the details of four fields, namely
title,author,pages and price.
These fields are called structure elements or
members and each member belong to
different type of data.
Book_bank is the name of the structure and
also called ‘STRUCTURE TAG’.
9. The link between a member and variable is
established using the member operator ‘.’
which is also known as ‘dot operator’ or
‘period operator’.
i.e.
book1.price
Is the variable represnting the price of book1
and can be treated like any other ordinary
variable.
10. Here is how we would assign values to the
members of book1:
strcpy(book1.title, “COMPUTER”);
strcpy(book1.author, “XYZ”);
book1.pages=250;
book1.price=29.99;
We can also use scanf to give the values
through keyboard.
11. A Structure must be declared as static if it is
to be initialized inside a function.
main()
{
static struct
{
int weight;
float height;
}
student = (60,180.75);
…..
}
12. If there are fewer initialization than that of
member variables in the structure. The
remaining member variables are initialized to
zero.
i.e. if we don’t know the number of pages in
book:
struct book b1={“let us
C”,”kanetkar”,0,150.50};
13. We use structure todescribe the format of a
number related variables.
In such cases, we may declare array of
structures,each element of an array represent
a structure variable
i.e. struct class student[100]
This defines an array called student , that
consists of 100 element.
14. Each element is defined to be of the type
struct class.
An array of structure is stored inside the
memory in the same way as a multi-
dimensional array.
15. C permits the use of array as a structure
members.
We can use single or multi-dimensional array
of type int or float.
i.e. Struct marks
{
int number;
float subject[3];
} student[2];
16. The main philosophy of c language is the use
of functions. C supports the passing of
structure values as arguments to function.
There are 3 methods by which the values of a
structure can be transfferd from one function
to another:
1. To pass each member of the structure as an
argument of function call.
17. 2. Passing of a copy of the entire structure to
the called function
3. Pointers to pass the structure as an
argument.
General formet of sending a copy of a
structure to thr called function:
data_type function name(st_name)
srtuct_type st_name;
{
…
return(expression);
}
18. Unions are a concept borrowed from
structures and therefore follow the same
syntax as structures.
Major diffferance in terms of Storage:
In structures each member has its
own storage location
In unions all members use the same
location
19. Union may contain many members of
different type but can handle only one
member at a time.
It can be declared using keyword union as
follows:
union item
{
int m;
float x;
char c;
} code;
22. A union variable can be assigned to another
union variable.
Address of the union variable is obtained
using the address of ‘&’ operator.
It is to pass a union to function and a
function can return a union.
We can use pointer to unions and within
unions.
23. All members share the same storage area in
computers memory.