This document provides information on measuring and verifying energy usage and savings for electric vehicles (EVs). It discusses the importance of accurate data collection and outlines best practices for gathering fuel usage and odometer data from both internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and EVs. Key recommendations include using the trip computer for single vehicles, ensuring the charger can report kilowatt-hours per vehicle, properly identifying drivers and vehicles, and accounting for uncertainties in measurements. The goal is to keep the measurement and verification process simple while still obtaining complete and accurate data for comparing energy usage and costs between ICE vehicles and EVs.

1. 1
Measurement and
Verification for EVs
Conor Molloy - AEMS

2. Energy Efficiency
2

3. Energy efficiency – What’s the aim?
Energy Supply Energy Usage
Pay less per
unit of energy
Reduce energy
consumed
AIM
To achieve organisation objectives with minimum energy cost

4. Horses and kettles
• 1 Horsepower = 745.7 watts
• 1 ‘PS’ = 735.5W (German horse)
Energy = power over time
• 1000W x 1 hr = 1kWh
• 1HP x 1 hr is = .745kWh
© Authentic solutions ltd 2005 - 27/06/2019 4

5. Energy and the Cup of tea
• 2500W (from label on base)
– 5mins to boil?
– 5 ÷ 60 = 0.083 of an hour
– 2500W x 0.083 = 208Whr
– 208Whr ÷ 1,000 = .2kWh
– 20c/kWh = 4c/cup of tea
• How many horsepower is your kettle?
– 2500W ÷ 745.7W = 3.35 🐎🐎🐎

6. 3.5.3 energy efficiency (ISO50001)
• “ratio or other quantitative relationship between an output of
performance, service, goods, commodities, or energy, and an
input of energy”
• Miles per gallon MPG = a measure of energy efficiency
– in Litres/100km [ℓ or L/100km] e.g. 37.7 L/100km = 400kWh/100km
– Magic number = 282.5 (or 282.4859 in Excel) for mpg

7. Measurement &
verification
for EVs
Where to start

8. Protocols & standards
IPMVP – free download ISO50015

9. Keep it simple - KIS

10. • BMW i3 EV Sneem-Fermoy using ECO mode and vehicle sat-nav i.e. ideal route using N, R and L roads, no motorways.
• 185km on roughly 70% of battery, at 11.5kWh /100km (1.13L diesel equiv.), with 3.0kWh recovered per 100km.
• Normal (for this driver) is 16kWh/100km and 2kWh recovered, so driving as I’m told to saved c.30% on this occasion.
• Trip time on Google Maps was 2hrs 10mins, this trip took 2hrs 20mins i.e. 7.4% longer in time
BMW don’t let you screen shot their app, hence the photos of phone.

11. Before (ICE) and after (EV)
Litres to
kWh
Energy in
kWh
kWh to
CO2
kg
CO2e
€
ICE 5.0L/100km x
(30,000km ÷ 100) =
1,500L 10.169 15,254 .2639kg 4,025
€ 1,950
@ 1.30/Litre
EV 15kWh/100km
x (30,000km ÷ 100) =
4,500 .4366kg/ 1,965
€ 540
@ € .12/kwh
Savings per year (in fuel savings only) 2,060 € 1,410
Measuring & verifying savings (M&V)
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[1] Get up to date conversion factors at https://www.seai.ie/resources/seai-statistics/conversion-factors/
[2] The electricity grid gets more efficient each year. be sure to get the latest conversion factor(this one is 2017)

12. Where do I get the L/100km and kWh/100km
• Trip computer on the dashboard
– Diesel @ 4.9L or 49kWh/100km
– EV @ 15kWh/100km
– Or the manufacturers’ phone app for
ICE and EV
• Fuel Card
– Accurate Litres from forecourt fuel
pump
– Can be challenging getting accurate
odometer and km – leading to extra
work
– Ask for Velocity fuel reporting (free)
from your fuel card supplier to
automate
12
www.seai.ie

13. Pitfalls
• Discrepancy between fuel card and trip computer
–Normal!
–One is displaying fuel burnt the other fuel dispensed
–The same applies to electric vehicles as there are
losses in charging and the drive train
• Use one or the other do not mix and be sure to
compare like with like
• Driving style? Has it changed, has work changed?
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14. Planning summary – major projects
• Start early 🌄
– Plan on M+V from outset
– Determine budget
– Engage CMVP at initial project planning stages
• Get 12-18 months historic energy and activity data
– Use the available energy data to get started
– Install counters, record activity, survey people
• Agree Performance Indicators and outcomes early 🌄

15. Costs and data collection
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Planning figures – before you buy
Comparison
Aspect Nissan NV200 Nissan EV200 Like for like compare
Power (kW) 140.0 109.0
NEDC tested (brochure) 4.9 L/100km
kWh/100km kWh/100km Saving %
kWh @ 10.169kWh/L 49.8 16.5 TFE Saving %
Real World NEDC +40% 69.8 23.1 67% Replace WLTP in 2019
PEE [d]@1.1 [e]@ 2.113 76.7 48.8 36%
Other factors
Emissions Euro 6 (discredited) Zero (at roadside)
Noise TBD Silent
Price of van 18,000€ 23,200€ Replace with actual
Resale value after 7 years 3,000€ 6,000€
Total maintence costs (service only) 2,163€ 1,610€
Life of vehicle 7 years 7 years Fleet savings
Fuel Cost per yr 1,784€ 878€ 51% 10 vans
Maintenanace Savings vs diesel per year -€ -€
Saving -€ 906€ 9,058€
Payback for difference 2.43 yrs

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Data
Sources
Complete
& Accurate
data?
⛽
Pump
Activity
🔥
Fuel burn*
Aim for double
entry – like book
keeping.
There’s no fixed
meter!
27/06/201917
*Fuel burn comes via CAN – Bus the vehicle’s controller area network or
J1939 OBD socket

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Do we need to know what vehicles do?
Passive to active safety
Breakdown to limp home mode
Are cars already tracking us?
 On-Board diagnostics (dashboard)
 Proactive maintenance (warning lights)
 Is your car already transmitting?
 Does the Sat-Nav show traffic?
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19. Manage energy for profit & planet www.aems.ie27/06/201919
Sample telematics
report: Shows
reductions in
- L/100km
- Idling
- Over revving
12 months of 2014
• Image courtesy Bluetree
Systems – www.Bluetree.ie

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Organisation: who drives operational fuel use ?
CEO DoS
Areas Services Divisions Out-sourced
Transport /
Yards
• Fuel follows
those driving fuel
use
• Charge users for
fuels/vehicles?

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Accuracy, calibrations, uncertainty
Aspect / input Accuracy
Can it be
calibrated?
Uncertainty Comment / action
Fuel pump (forecourt) 99% Yes +/- 1% Accept as 100% (revenue meter)
Fuel pump (on-site) 99% Yes +/- 1% Seek calibration certificates
Odometer 100% No - 5% Ignore tyre wear
Speed 95% Yes + 5%
Ignore – GPS gives accurate speed
down to 5knots / 9 KPH / 6mph
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Fuel cards: very useful, but imperfect
Normal to see 40+% of
odometer readings
missing, 5% missing is
best you will get.
Use valid readings to
calculate MPG.
Recommend ‘No
mileage no fuel policy’
as fuel saving and anti-
fraud action
Normal to see 40+% of
odometer readings
missing, 5% missing is
best you will get.
Use valid readings to
calculate MPG.
Recommend ‘No
mileage no fuel policy’
as fuel saving and anti-
fraud action

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Presentation, mpg, kpl or L/100km?
L/100km Pro’s
Goes down with improved
efficiency
Body of knowledge/publications
Calculate costs in your head
 Example 74,417ℓ used for 161,648
km
 Litres per 100Km =
 161,648 / 100 = 1616.48
 74,417ℓ / 1616.48 = 46.04 ℓ /
100Km
 Convert to/from mpg using 282.5
Looks like

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Ensure charger reports kWh by vehicle
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Accounting for uncertainty
Math
Fuel pump ±1% (99%
accurate)
1,000,000L x 1% = ±10,000L
100,000L per month ±1,000L
10,000L per month ±100L
Presentation - Excel
123,456
123,000
Which is correct?
Which is more likely to result in
action to save fuel?
Excel?
27/06/2019 25

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Summary M&V and costs control
Keep it simple
• For single vehicles or small numbers of same make & model
use the trip computer
Top tips learnt the hard way . . .
• Be sure to get old ICE vehicle Litres, Odometer and Trip
Computer before you let it go
• Be sure charger can report kWh charged per vehicle
• Not by driver! Driver does not have an odometer - vehicle does.
• Be sure drivers / vehicles can be identified to charger e.g. in
the dark – test this!

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Thank you!
🌍 www.aems.ie
☎ +353 1 230 5018
📧 conor@aems.ie
🐦 @conormolloy
Next Smart Transport Manager Training STMT
26-27th June Dublin Sold out
20-21st August Cork

28. Experts
in energy,
transport &
emissions.
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