This document summarizes a presentation on electric vehicles given on November 19, 2009. It discusses the benefits of electric vehicles over gasoline vehicles, including lower emissions, reduced fuel costs, and lower maintenance costs. It provides details on the energy efficiency and costs of operating electric vehicles compared to gasoline vehicles. It also covers topics like electric vehicle range, battery technology, and the need for charging infrastructure to support electric vehicles.
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1. Electric Vehicles: What’s in Your Garage?
CleanTALK San Diego
in partnership with
San Diego Regional Clean Fuels Coalition
November 19, 2009
2. • Disclosure • Objectives
– My own opinions based – Increase awareness and
upon science and understanding for
engineering estimates making better informed
and various available personal and business
references choices
– If you like it you can hire – Start a dialog for public
me consensus and support
– If you don’t like it, I’m on key issues
happy to help you get – Capture a little of your
started on your own imagination
quest
3.
4. • Imagination and Future Vision
– Read the 23 pages of Chapter 10 in Thomas Friedman’s
book, “Hot, Flat , and Crowded”
– Energy and transportation will be more closely connected
– Changes are going to affect the way we live, our children
live and the way our grandchildren live
• Lessons from history
– Transportation has been one of the most significant
influences in the development in civilization, life style, and
the economy
– Transportation is 64% of San Diego’s energy consumption
5. San Diego County Energy Consumption
Units Electricity Natural Gas Petroleum Fuels Total
Gallons 1,880,000,000
BTU 2.162E+14
MMTh 581
GWh 18,648 17,027 63,362 99,037
% of Total 18.8% 17.2% 64.0%
Electricity
19%
Natural Gas
17%
Petroleum Fuels
64%
7. Reasons for Alternative and Renewable Fuels
• Air Quality • Climate Change
– NOX – GHG
– HC – Carbon caps and taxes
– Particulates are coming
• Healthcare Costs • International trade
• National Security policies
– Global Economy
– Reliable Energy for the
Economy – New Business and
Employment Sectors
– Follow the Money
28. Energy Efficiency of Operation
Vehicle Range Energy Energy Net
(Miles) Storage Storage Efficiency
(kWh) (Gallons) to
Propulsion
Gasoline 300 366 10 20%
ICE
BEV-Grid 100 24 0.66 22%
BEV- Local 100 24 0.66 72%
34. BEV vs. 30 MPG ICE
• BEV Advantages • 30 MPG ICE Advantages
– Home fueling – Range and fueling
– Zero emissions infrastructure traditional
– Minimal service – Time to refuel
• No oil, belts, filters – Slightly less expensive
• >3x brake life • Disadvantages
– Local storage for grid – Oil, air quality, GHG
• Disadvantages – Service cost, time
– Needs infrastructure and – Time and distance to
PUC tariffs for sustainability fuel station
– Time to refuel
– Needs noise
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. Battery Basics
• Chemistry • Packs
– Individual cells – Series cells to minimize
– Reversible wasted heat
electrochemical energy – Need heat rejection
– Unique characteristics design for safety and
• Power long life
• Energy – Equalization
• Life – Balancing
• Charge rate
– Battery Management
• Resistance
System
• Cost
– High capital for
• Toxicity
economies of scale
41. Desired Battery Characteristics
• Safety in operation • Long shelf life
• Light weight (power and • High operation cycle life
energy density) • Easily manufactured
• Quick charge/discharge • Easily recycled
• High power • Environmentally safe
• High energy • Available materials
• Wide temperature • High Quality, Fast
operation Delivery, Cheap –Pick
• Inexpensive two!
42. Some Battery Observations
• Cycle life exponentially • High rate charges and
increases with discharges can shorten
decreasing depth of the battery life and
discharge (DoD) waste more energy due
• Energy capacity (range) to heat generation-
may significantly efficiencies can easily
decease in extremely drop 30%-increasing the
cold temperatures – cost of usable kWh
needs to be managed
43. More Battery Observations
• Avoiding “empty” and • Heat is the enemy of
“full” can be the best batteries, inverters, and
thing you do for your electric motors.
battery life. • Each cell in a series
• Charging is not linear- pack gets exactly the
85% in half the time for same current.
a full charge. • BMS is required
• Braking regeneration because cells are
saves fuel, but uses different and age
some battery life differently.
44. Power and Energy
• Power • Energy
– Capacity – Power over time
– Up front cost – What you pay for
– Limits – Range
charging/discharging
– Acceleration
– Load
– Slope
45. Energy Path
• Fuel or battery into vehicle (1/2 mv²)
• Vehicle into brakes
• Vehicle into hill climb (30 feet = 30mph)
– Design highways to go up for deceleration and go down for
acceleration
• Brakes into heating air and wearing brakes
– Over 2,000 MWh/day in San Diego
• Alternatively, brakes into regeneration, storage, and
reuse
46. References
• “Hot, Flat, and Crowded,” Thomas Friedman, New
York Times Journalist
• “Deep Hot Biosphere,” Thomas Gold deceased
• CARB ZEV Presentations
• EPA
• DoE
– EERE
– NREL
– ANL