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COST & PRODUCT ANALYSIS
PRESENTED BY……….
COST ANALYSIS
IMPORTANCE OF COST ,[object Object]
The concept of cost is central to business decision making.,[object Object]
 Prices are determined by cost in all market structure
To make effective business decisions, the business manager needs to be aware of a number of costs concepts and their respective uses.,[object Object]
ACTUAL COSTS AND OPPORTUNITY COSTS: ,[object Object]
 The books of account generally record this information. The actual costs are also called the outlay costs or acquisition costs or absolute costs. ,[object Object]
 It is the comparison between the policy that was chosen and the policy that was rejected. ,[object Object]
The concept of opportunity cost is useful for manager in decision making.
Opportunity cost or imputed cost are not actually incurred.,[object Object]
Sunk costs are those costs which are incurred in the past or that have to be incurred in the future as result of a contractual agreement.
 The cost of inventory and future rent charges for a warehouse that have to be incurred as a part of a lease agreement are examples of sunk costs.,[object Object]
Historical cost of an asset states the cost of plant, equipment and materials at the price paid originally for them, while the replacement cost states the cost that the from  would have to incur if it wants to replace or acquire the same assets now.
The differences between the historical and replacement costs result from price changes over time. ,[object Object]
All the explicit costs like payment of rent, wages, salaries, interest, transport charges, etc., fall in the category of out-of-pocket costs.
Book costs are those business costs which do not involve any cash payments but for them a provision is made in the books of account to include them in profit and loss accounts and take tax advantages.,[object Object]
Those costs whose postponement does not affect (at least for some time) the operational efficiency of the firm, are: known as postponable costs, e.g., the maintenance of building, renovation of office  etc.
This distinction of cost becomes quite obvious during the period of war or inflation when firms want to produce the maximum and postpone the maintenance of their plants, buildings, etc.,[object Object],[object Object]
 They are associated with the existence of a firm's plant and, therefore, must be paid even if the firm's level of output is zero.
Variable costs are those costs that vary with the level of output.
Variable costs increase but not necessarily in the same proportion as the increase in output.,[object Object]
Average cost is the cost per unit of output, assuming that production of each unit of output incurs the same cost.
Marginal costs are the incremental or additional costs incurred when there is additional to the existing out puts of goods and services. ,[object Object]
All variable costs are incurred in short  run.
Long run cost is one that is incurred by the firm in the long run.
All fixed cost incurred in long cost.,[object Object]
If the decision of a firm to expand its output leads to increase in its costs, this cost will be known as private costs.
 Social costs, on the other hand, are the total costs to the society or account of production of a good

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Cost analysis

  • 1. COST & PRODUCT ANALYSIS
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Prices are determined by cost in all market structure
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. The concept of opportunity cost is useful for manager in decision making.
  • 12.
  • 13. Sunk costs are those costs which are incurred in the past or that have to be incurred in the future as result of a contractual agreement.
  • 14.
  • 15. Historical cost of an asset states the cost of plant, equipment and materials at the price paid originally for them, while the replacement cost states the cost that the from would have to incur if it wants to replace or acquire the same assets now.
  • 16.
  • 17. All the explicit costs like payment of rent, wages, salaries, interest, transport charges, etc., fall in the category of out-of-pocket costs.
  • 18.
  • 19. Those costs whose postponement does not affect (at least for some time) the operational efficiency of the firm, are: known as postponable costs, e.g., the maintenance of building, renovation of office etc.
  • 20.
  • 21. They are associated with the existence of a firm's plant and, therefore, must be paid even if the firm's level of output is zero.
  • 22. Variable costs are those costs that vary with the level of output.
  • 23.
  • 24. Average cost is the cost per unit of output, assuming that production of each unit of output incurs the same cost.
  • 25.
  • 26. All variable costs are incurred in short run.
  • 27. Long run cost is one that is incurred by the firm in the long run.
  • 28.
  • 29. If the decision of a firm to expand its output leads to increase in its costs, this cost will be known as private costs.
  • 30. Social costs, on the other hand, are the total costs to the society or account of production of a good
  • 31.
  • 32. Costs which can be conveniently associated wholly with a particular unit of a final product.
  • 33. Indirect cost means that cost which cannot be allocated but which can be absorbed by , cost unit.
  • 34.
  • 35. Implicit costs are the value of forgone opportunities that does not involve a physical cash payment.
  • 36.
  • 37. It indicates the functional relationship between total cost and total output.
  • 38. If C represents total cost and Q represents the level of output, then the cost function is represented as C = f(Q)
  • 39. It shows that the total cost of the firm depends on the output to be produced.
  • 40.
  • 41. With a particular change in production output, the change in total, average and marginal costs can be determined for a given set of cost functions for a firm.
  • 42. The short run average total costs (SRATC) and average variable costs (AVC) are slightly U-shaped.
  • 43.
  • 44. Marginal costs of nth unit(MCn) is the difference between the total costs of nth unit(TCn) and total costs of (n-1)th unit (TCn-1) i.e., MCn= (TCn-TCn-1) Total costs increases through out at different rates. Average and marginal costs first decline and then rises. Marginal costs rises earlier than average costs.
  • 45. COST OF PRODUCTION Cost analysis plays a very dominant role in managerial economics as it is very much related to the fixation of price. Determinants of Cost: Size of plant Level of production Nature of technology Process of various Inputs Managerial & labour efficiency
  • 46. LEARNING CURVE There are two type of curve:
  • 47.
  • 48. Cost implies that expenses made by the producer for the production of a commodity revenue.
  • 49.
  • 50. TR=PQ Where p = price q = quantity sold
  • 51.
  • 53.
  • 54.