Corruption is a major issue in India that adversely affects its economy. Some key points from the document:
- Transparency International studies from 2005 and 2008 found that over 60% of Indians had paid bribes to get jobs done in public offices.
- Corruption is prevalent in many areas of public life including government programs, bureaucracy, politics, land/property, and medicine.
- Common forms of corruption include bribery, nepotism, tax evasion, and illegal mining/resource allocation.
- Factors contributing to corruption include excessive regulations, low salaries for government workers, and lack of accountability.
what is Corruption? Corruption in India,CORRUPT STATES IN INDIA, DIFFERENT AREAS OF CORRUPTION, Causes of Corruption in India, Consequences of Corruption , Ways To Reduce Corruption, Anti-Corruption Efforts
,
Combating corruption in india some suggestionsShantanu Basu
The document discusses strategies for combating corruption in India's established democracy. It aims to analyze corruption in seven key public sectors and suggest reforms. Unlike newer nations, India has well-established governance institutions but corruption has hindered development. The research will examine corruption levels and their impact on economic growth. It argues comprehensive reforms are needed across government, politics, and society to substantially reduce corruption.
Corruption takes various forms including political, judicial, and police corruption. Political corruption involves elected officials gaining personal benefits through bribes. Judicial corruption occurs when judges receive bribes or show bias in their rulings. Police corruption involves officers accepting bribes in exchange for ignoring illegal activities. Corruption has significant negative consequences for a country like loss of wealth, hindered development, and increased crime and poverty. While India has enacted laws against corruption, it remains a persistent problem and reducing it will require strong enforcement of anti-corruption laws as well as efforts to increase transparency, accountability and civic participation.
This document discusses corruption in India, defining it as the misuse of power or lack of integrity for dishonest gain. It outlines several major corruption scandals in India involving politicians and bureaucrats, such as the 2G spectrum scam and Commonwealth Games scam, estimating billions of rupees lost. The types and impacts of corruption on the economy are described. Steps taken by the Indian government to reduce corruption are also summarized, including the Right to Information Act and actions of anti-corruption organizations.
Corruption is widespread in India according to Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, though India's score has improved over time. Corruption exists at all levels of Indian politics, administration, and judiciary. It leads to loss of funds for the government and creates an unhealthy environment for investment. Efforts to reduce corruption have included right to information acts and computerization of records, but more work remains to curb corruption in India.
Corruption undermines a country's development by impacting education, employment, living standards, and humanity. India ranks 94th out of 176 countries on corruption according to a 2012 index. Corruption occurs through political, administrative, and professional channels and leads to a lack of proper systems, economic stability, and effective leadership. It results in a loss of national wealth and hinders development. Solutions include promoting value education, transparency, strict legislation, and effective vigilance. Several major corruption scandals have occurred in India such as the 2G spectrum scam and Commonwealth Games scandal. The Prevention of Corruption Act of 1988 aims to curb corruption by punishing public officials through fines and imprisonment.
This document discusses corruption in Indian society. It begins with an introduction that defines corruption and notes that India ranks 84th on a global corruption index. It then lists some major areas of corruption concerns in India like politics, land, and various public services. Some of the largest corruption scams in India are also summarized like the 2G spectrum scam. The causes and consequences of corruption in India are outlined as well as some potential cures like education, legislation, and transparency. The document concludes by suggesting actions like implementing the Lokpal bill and establishing anti-corruption organizations to help address the issue of corruption in India.
what is Corruption? Corruption in India,CORRUPT STATES IN INDIA, DIFFERENT AREAS OF CORRUPTION, Causes of Corruption in India, Consequences of Corruption , Ways To Reduce Corruption, Anti-Corruption Efforts
,
Combating corruption in india some suggestionsShantanu Basu
The document discusses strategies for combating corruption in India's established democracy. It aims to analyze corruption in seven key public sectors and suggest reforms. Unlike newer nations, India has well-established governance institutions but corruption has hindered development. The research will examine corruption levels and their impact on economic growth. It argues comprehensive reforms are needed across government, politics, and society to substantially reduce corruption.
Corruption takes various forms including political, judicial, and police corruption. Political corruption involves elected officials gaining personal benefits through bribes. Judicial corruption occurs when judges receive bribes or show bias in their rulings. Police corruption involves officers accepting bribes in exchange for ignoring illegal activities. Corruption has significant negative consequences for a country like loss of wealth, hindered development, and increased crime and poverty. While India has enacted laws against corruption, it remains a persistent problem and reducing it will require strong enforcement of anti-corruption laws as well as efforts to increase transparency, accountability and civic participation.
This document discusses corruption in India, defining it as the misuse of power or lack of integrity for dishonest gain. It outlines several major corruption scandals in India involving politicians and bureaucrats, such as the 2G spectrum scam and Commonwealth Games scam, estimating billions of rupees lost. The types and impacts of corruption on the economy are described. Steps taken by the Indian government to reduce corruption are also summarized, including the Right to Information Act and actions of anti-corruption organizations.
Corruption is widespread in India according to Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, though India's score has improved over time. Corruption exists at all levels of Indian politics, administration, and judiciary. It leads to loss of funds for the government and creates an unhealthy environment for investment. Efforts to reduce corruption have included right to information acts and computerization of records, but more work remains to curb corruption in India.
Corruption undermines a country's development by impacting education, employment, living standards, and humanity. India ranks 94th out of 176 countries on corruption according to a 2012 index. Corruption occurs through political, administrative, and professional channels and leads to a lack of proper systems, economic stability, and effective leadership. It results in a loss of national wealth and hinders development. Solutions include promoting value education, transparency, strict legislation, and effective vigilance. Several major corruption scandals have occurred in India such as the 2G spectrum scam and Commonwealth Games scandal. The Prevention of Corruption Act of 1988 aims to curb corruption by punishing public officials through fines and imprisonment.
This document discusses corruption in Indian society. It begins with an introduction that defines corruption and notes that India ranks 84th on a global corruption index. It then lists some major areas of corruption concerns in India like politics, land, and various public services. Some of the largest corruption scams in India are also summarized like the 2G spectrum scam. The causes and consequences of corruption in India are outlined as well as some potential cures like education, legislation, and transparency. The document concludes by suggesting actions like implementing the Lokpal bill and establishing anti-corruption organizations to help address the issue of corruption in India.
This document discusses corruption in India. It defines corruption as the misuse of power or lack of integrity for dishonest gain. The introduction notes that over 50% of Indians reported paying bribes for public services. Politics, police, bureaucracy, land, tendering processes, and the judiciary are all mentioned as areas affected by corruption. Effects include inflation, increased poverty, and an unhealthy climate for investment. Steps taken to reduce corruption include the Right to Information Act and anti-corruption organizations.
This document discusses various corruption scandals that have occurred in India. It begins with an introduction stating that corruption is a major issue in India according to Transparency International studies. It then summarizes several major corruption scandals in India, including the Indian coal allocation scam, 2G spectrum scam, Commonwealth Games scam, Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam, Satyam scam, Saradha Group financial scandal, IPL scam, the fodder scam, and the Bofors scam. It discusses the impact of corruption on the Indian economy and businesses, citing a KPMG India study. Real estate, telecommunications, and public works are perceived as the most corrupt industries.
Criminalization of politics refers to criminals gaining power in politics through elections due to their nexus with politicians. This occurs because election costs are high, leading parties to seek underground financing. The document outlines the history of criminalization in India since 1957 and reasons like self-interest, money and muscle power. It discusses related laws and Supreme Court judgments, and suggests reforms like empowering the Election Commission and fast-track courts to curb the trend.
This document discusses corruption in Indian society. It defines corruption as wrongdoing by those in power through illegitimate or unethical means, often involving bribery. Common forms of corruption include bribery, embezzlement, extortion, abuse of power, nepotism, and improper political contributions. Globalization has increased opportunities for corruption but also for curbing it. The media and independent anti-corruption agencies can play important roles in increasing transparency and accountability. Suggested solutions include implementing anti-corruption laws, establishing anti-corruption police and courts, social awareness campaigns, and encouraging individual responsibility and leadership to reduce corruption in India over time.
The document discusses different types of corruption including grand corruption, petty corruption, and political corruption. It defines these terms and provides examples. The document also outlines various methods of corruption such as bribery, favoritism, embezzlement, theft, fraud, and tax evasion. It discusses sectors impacted by corruption and presents facts about corruption in India, the effects of corruption, and ways to fight corruption.
Black money refers to wealth that is unaccounted for and on which taxes have not been paid. It is estimated that over $1.4 trillion in illegal Indian funds are stored in foreign bank accounts and tax havens. The accumulation of black money has significant negative impacts, including less tax revenue for the government, inflation, poverty, corruption, and distorted economic growth. Proposals to reduce black money include penalties, voluntary disclosure programs, international cooperation, and citizens taking personal responsibility by refusing to pay or accept bribes.
This document discusses definitions of corruption from legal, socio-economic, and anthropological perspectives. It notes that corruption has complex definitions that vary based on context. Corruption is defined broadly by the EU as "the abuse of power for private gain." The document also outlines typologies, forms, causes, and challenges of corruption. Key challenges include the contextual nature of corruption and difficulties assessing and monitoring it.
Power can be used for personal or social gain and comes from various sources like expertise, charisma, or legitimacy. Corruption involves the misuse of power for private gain and takes many forms. In India, corruption is widespread and affects government administration, elections, and public services. Several high-profile corruption scandals in areas like defense deals, sports events, and private companies have been uncovered. Corruption undermines the economy and hurts the poor, though anti-corruption efforts through acts, computerization, and movements aim to reduce it.
The document discusses various ways to curb corruption. It outlines different types of corruption like petty, political, and systemic corruption. It then discusses the effects of corruption like loss of money to the exchequer, unhealthy business climate, and denial of opportunities to merited people. The document recommends measures like strong leadership with integrity, credibility of anti-corruption efforts, public involvement, responsible press, improved institutions, and oversight bodies to effectively curb corruption. It also discusses the Jan Lokpal bill aimed at deterring corruption and protecting whistleblowers.
Corruption involves the misuse of public power for private gain through dishonest means such as bribery. It undermines fair competition, distorts resource allocation, and destroys public trust in government. Corruption comes in many forms like bribery, nepotism, and influencing laws for personal benefit. A corrupt society lacks integrity, virtue and moral principles. Some causes of corruption are greed, lack of ethics, accountability, and management. Reducing corruption requires addressing issues like low wages, accountability, and punishments, as well as an active, informed public.
Corruption takes many forms from petty to grand and systemic. Common types of corruption discussed include political, police, judicial, union, and non-governmental corruption. India faces significant challenges with corruption, ranking 94th on transparency international's corruption index. Major corruption scandals in India include the 2G spectrum scam, Commonwealth Games scam, Telgi scam, Satyam scam, Bofors scam, fodder scam, and Hawala scandal. Bihar has seen the highest increase in corruption over time periods from 1990-2010 according to state-level data.
This document discusses white collar crime. It defines white collar crime as financially motivated nonviolent crimes committed for illegal monetary gain. Some examples of white collar crimes provided include securities fraud, embezzlement, corporate fraud, and money laundering. The document then lists and describes 25 specific types of white collar crimes. It discusses characteristics of white collar crimes such as their nonviolent nature and abuse of power and position. The conclusion summarizes that sociologist Edwin Sutherland first coined the term "white collar crime" and discusses how the definition has evolved over time.
The document discusses economic crimes in India. It defines economic crimes as illegal acts committed by individuals or organizations for financial gain. Examples include fraud, tax evasion, money laundering, and corruption. Data from the National Crime Records Bureau shows that reported economic offenses in India have risen each year from 2016 to 2018. Common economic crimes reported in large cities include forgery, cheating, and fraud. Two case studies of major financial scams in India are provided - the $1.77 billion PNB bank fraud by Nirav Modi, and the illegal collection of over $2 billion by the Sahara India group in unregulated debentures. Laws dealing with different types of economic offenses in India are also outlined.
Corruption is widespread in India and causes significant economic and social issues. Some key points:
1) Corruption equates to misuse of public office for private gain through acts like bribery, fraud, and embezzlement. India ranks poorly on transparency indices.
2) Factors driving corruption include monopolies, discretionary powers without accountability, political instability, and a weak bureaucracy. Billions of dollars have been lost to major scams over the years.
3) Corruption has serious negative implications, including loss of national wealth, hindered development, poverty, rise in crime and terrorism, and psychological/social issues. Unless addressed, the corruption scenario in India is unlikely to change significantly
Corruption in public sphere and its impact pptsudarsan prasad
This document defines and discusses corruption. It begins by defining corruption as the abuse of power for personal gain. It then discusses different types of corruption, including government/political corruption. It explores causes of corruption like bureaucracy and inequality. The impacts of corruption discussed include lower economic growth and foreign investment, greater inequality, and distortion of public spending. Corruption is described as having hidden costs like increased transaction costs and as reducing economic efficiency. The document also examines corruption from several sources.
All aspects of curruption as well as all short of scams,how it occurs,how to deal with it and some slogans to anticipate minds of youth to change the system rather than blame it
This document discusses white collar crime, including definitions, types, notable cases, and issues related to white collar crime in India. It begins by defining white collar crime as financially motivated, nonviolent crimes committed by businesses and professionals. It then discusses Sutherland's definition and provides examples of types of white collar crimes such as fraud, bribery, and embezzlement. Notable cases discussed include Charles Ponzi's Ponzi scheme, Bernie Madoff's fraud, and the Enron scandal. The document also examines causes of white collar crime in India such as corruption, tax evasion, adulteration of goods, and profiteering.
The document discusses three types of challenges to democracy: foundation challenges involving establishing democracy over non-democratic rule; expansion challenges involving giving greater power to local governments and minority groups; and deepening democracy challenges involving strengthening participatory institutions and reducing the control of the powerful over decision making. It also discusses ways to reform Indian politics through carefully crafted laws that empower citizens and encourage transparency, such as the Right to Information Act, in order to strengthen democratic practices and political participation.
Corruption is widespread and systemic in India, costing the country over 6% of GDP annually according to some estimates. Getting basic tasks done often requires bribes, such as when obtaining a driver's license. While India has established many laws and institutions to address corruption, it remains rampant. Civil society organizations have also worked to increase transparency and accountability, but more reforms are still needed to significantly reduce corruption in India.
The document discusses the issue of corruption in India and what constitutes good governance. It notes that India has been involved in several major corruption scandals over the years totaling over $27 billion, and surveys have found India to be one of the most corrupt countries. Good governance is defined as having democratic decentralization, basic infrastructure development, safety, efficient government, reduced inequality, and citizen-centric services. However, corruption negatively impacts all of these and leads to lower investment, economic growth, and development. The document advocates for empowering citizens through initiatives like right to information laws and e-governance to increase transparency and accountability in decision making. It also calls for the youth to take a stand against corruption.
This document discusses corruption in India. It defines corruption as the misuse of power or lack of integrity for dishonest gain. The introduction notes that over 50% of Indians reported paying bribes for public services. Politics, police, bureaucracy, land, tendering processes, and the judiciary are all mentioned as areas affected by corruption. Effects include inflation, increased poverty, and an unhealthy climate for investment. Steps taken to reduce corruption include the Right to Information Act and anti-corruption organizations.
This document discusses various corruption scandals that have occurred in India. It begins with an introduction stating that corruption is a major issue in India according to Transparency International studies. It then summarizes several major corruption scandals in India, including the Indian coal allocation scam, 2G spectrum scam, Commonwealth Games scam, Uttar Pradesh NRHM scam, Satyam scam, Saradha Group financial scandal, IPL scam, the fodder scam, and the Bofors scam. It discusses the impact of corruption on the Indian economy and businesses, citing a KPMG India study. Real estate, telecommunications, and public works are perceived as the most corrupt industries.
Criminalization of politics refers to criminals gaining power in politics through elections due to their nexus with politicians. This occurs because election costs are high, leading parties to seek underground financing. The document outlines the history of criminalization in India since 1957 and reasons like self-interest, money and muscle power. It discusses related laws and Supreme Court judgments, and suggests reforms like empowering the Election Commission and fast-track courts to curb the trend.
This document discusses corruption in Indian society. It defines corruption as wrongdoing by those in power through illegitimate or unethical means, often involving bribery. Common forms of corruption include bribery, embezzlement, extortion, abuse of power, nepotism, and improper political contributions. Globalization has increased opportunities for corruption but also for curbing it. The media and independent anti-corruption agencies can play important roles in increasing transparency and accountability. Suggested solutions include implementing anti-corruption laws, establishing anti-corruption police and courts, social awareness campaigns, and encouraging individual responsibility and leadership to reduce corruption in India over time.
The document discusses different types of corruption including grand corruption, petty corruption, and political corruption. It defines these terms and provides examples. The document also outlines various methods of corruption such as bribery, favoritism, embezzlement, theft, fraud, and tax evasion. It discusses sectors impacted by corruption and presents facts about corruption in India, the effects of corruption, and ways to fight corruption.
Black money refers to wealth that is unaccounted for and on which taxes have not been paid. It is estimated that over $1.4 trillion in illegal Indian funds are stored in foreign bank accounts and tax havens. The accumulation of black money has significant negative impacts, including less tax revenue for the government, inflation, poverty, corruption, and distorted economic growth. Proposals to reduce black money include penalties, voluntary disclosure programs, international cooperation, and citizens taking personal responsibility by refusing to pay or accept bribes.
This document discusses definitions of corruption from legal, socio-economic, and anthropological perspectives. It notes that corruption has complex definitions that vary based on context. Corruption is defined broadly by the EU as "the abuse of power for private gain." The document also outlines typologies, forms, causes, and challenges of corruption. Key challenges include the contextual nature of corruption and difficulties assessing and monitoring it.
Power can be used for personal or social gain and comes from various sources like expertise, charisma, or legitimacy. Corruption involves the misuse of power for private gain and takes many forms. In India, corruption is widespread and affects government administration, elections, and public services. Several high-profile corruption scandals in areas like defense deals, sports events, and private companies have been uncovered. Corruption undermines the economy and hurts the poor, though anti-corruption efforts through acts, computerization, and movements aim to reduce it.
The document discusses various ways to curb corruption. It outlines different types of corruption like petty, political, and systemic corruption. It then discusses the effects of corruption like loss of money to the exchequer, unhealthy business climate, and denial of opportunities to merited people. The document recommends measures like strong leadership with integrity, credibility of anti-corruption efforts, public involvement, responsible press, improved institutions, and oversight bodies to effectively curb corruption. It also discusses the Jan Lokpal bill aimed at deterring corruption and protecting whistleblowers.
Corruption involves the misuse of public power for private gain through dishonest means such as bribery. It undermines fair competition, distorts resource allocation, and destroys public trust in government. Corruption comes in many forms like bribery, nepotism, and influencing laws for personal benefit. A corrupt society lacks integrity, virtue and moral principles. Some causes of corruption are greed, lack of ethics, accountability, and management. Reducing corruption requires addressing issues like low wages, accountability, and punishments, as well as an active, informed public.
Corruption takes many forms from petty to grand and systemic. Common types of corruption discussed include political, police, judicial, union, and non-governmental corruption. India faces significant challenges with corruption, ranking 94th on transparency international's corruption index. Major corruption scandals in India include the 2G spectrum scam, Commonwealth Games scam, Telgi scam, Satyam scam, Bofors scam, fodder scam, and Hawala scandal. Bihar has seen the highest increase in corruption over time periods from 1990-2010 according to state-level data.
This document discusses white collar crime. It defines white collar crime as financially motivated nonviolent crimes committed for illegal monetary gain. Some examples of white collar crimes provided include securities fraud, embezzlement, corporate fraud, and money laundering. The document then lists and describes 25 specific types of white collar crimes. It discusses characteristics of white collar crimes such as their nonviolent nature and abuse of power and position. The conclusion summarizes that sociologist Edwin Sutherland first coined the term "white collar crime" and discusses how the definition has evolved over time.
The document discusses economic crimes in India. It defines economic crimes as illegal acts committed by individuals or organizations for financial gain. Examples include fraud, tax evasion, money laundering, and corruption. Data from the National Crime Records Bureau shows that reported economic offenses in India have risen each year from 2016 to 2018. Common economic crimes reported in large cities include forgery, cheating, and fraud. Two case studies of major financial scams in India are provided - the $1.77 billion PNB bank fraud by Nirav Modi, and the illegal collection of over $2 billion by the Sahara India group in unregulated debentures. Laws dealing with different types of economic offenses in India are also outlined.
Corruption is widespread in India and causes significant economic and social issues. Some key points:
1) Corruption equates to misuse of public office for private gain through acts like bribery, fraud, and embezzlement. India ranks poorly on transparency indices.
2) Factors driving corruption include monopolies, discretionary powers without accountability, political instability, and a weak bureaucracy. Billions of dollars have been lost to major scams over the years.
3) Corruption has serious negative implications, including loss of national wealth, hindered development, poverty, rise in crime and terrorism, and psychological/social issues. Unless addressed, the corruption scenario in India is unlikely to change significantly
Corruption in public sphere and its impact pptsudarsan prasad
This document defines and discusses corruption. It begins by defining corruption as the abuse of power for personal gain. It then discusses different types of corruption, including government/political corruption. It explores causes of corruption like bureaucracy and inequality. The impacts of corruption discussed include lower economic growth and foreign investment, greater inequality, and distortion of public spending. Corruption is described as having hidden costs like increased transaction costs and as reducing economic efficiency. The document also examines corruption from several sources.
All aspects of curruption as well as all short of scams,how it occurs,how to deal with it and some slogans to anticipate minds of youth to change the system rather than blame it
This document discusses white collar crime, including definitions, types, notable cases, and issues related to white collar crime in India. It begins by defining white collar crime as financially motivated, nonviolent crimes committed by businesses and professionals. It then discusses Sutherland's definition and provides examples of types of white collar crimes such as fraud, bribery, and embezzlement. Notable cases discussed include Charles Ponzi's Ponzi scheme, Bernie Madoff's fraud, and the Enron scandal. The document also examines causes of white collar crime in India such as corruption, tax evasion, adulteration of goods, and profiteering.
The document discusses three types of challenges to democracy: foundation challenges involving establishing democracy over non-democratic rule; expansion challenges involving giving greater power to local governments and minority groups; and deepening democracy challenges involving strengthening participatory institutions and reducing the control of the powerful over decision making. It also discusses ways to reform Indian politics through carefully crafted laws that empower citizens and encourage transparency, such as the Right to Information Act, in order to strengthen democratic practices and political participation.
Corruption is widespread and systemic in India, costing the country over 6% of GDP annually according to some estimates. Getting basic tasks done often requires bribes, such as when obtaining a driver's license. While India has established many laws and institutions to address corruption, it remains rampant. Civil society organizations have also worked to increase transparency and accountability, but more reforms are still needed to significantly reduce corruption in India.
The document discusses the issue of corruption in India and what constitutes good governance. It notes that India has been involved in several major corruption scandals over the years totaling over $27 billion, and surveys have found India to be one of the most corrupt countries. Good governance is defined as having democratic decentralization, basic infrastructure development, safety, efficient government, reduced inequality, and citizen-centric services. However, corruption negatively impacts all of these and leads to lower investment, economic growth, and development. The document advocates for empowering citizens through initiatives like right to information laws and e-governance to increase transparency and accountability in decision making. It also calls for the youth to take a stand against corruption.
India's economy today is largely dependent on black money that has accumulated due to tax evasion and a failure to curb illegal activities by departments like Customs, Central Excise, and Income Tax. Entire industries like film and parts of construction operate on black money. Implementing zero tolerance for corruption means swiftly and effectively punishing corrupt officials. Corruption in India grew as institutions became corrupted, followed by institutionalization of corruption. An effective anti-corruption program has three elements - education about integrity, investigating corruption, and enforcing penalties.
Corruption is widespread in India according to the document. India ranks 84th out of 180 countries in transparency. The economy was subject to extensive regulation and public ownership from the 1950s to 1980s, leading to corruption. A 1993 report found criminal networks connected to politicians were virtually running a parallel government. Computerization and right to information laws have helped reduce corruption, but it remains a significant problem, especially in certain states and sectors like the police and judiciary.
This document discusses extortionary corruption in India. It defines extortionary corruption as corruption imposed by government bodies and enforcement agencies that forces citizens to pay bribes. It affects the middle class and poor the most. Some examples provided include bribes for driver's licenses or certificates. The causes are discussed as imbalance between demand and supply as well as addiction to easy money. Government and citizens share responsibility, and professions like revenue, medical, and judiciary see high levels. Effects include political, economic, and social impacts. Education, e-governance, transparency, and stronger anti-corruption laws are recommended to reduce extortionary corruption.
Corruption is widespread in India according to the document. India ranks 84th out of 180 countries on transparency international's corruption index, though its score has improved over time. Corruption is pervasive in Indian politics and bureaucracy according to the text. Various states are ranked from least to most corrupt, with Kerala as the least and Bihar as the most corrupt. Efforts to reduce corruption have included acts promoting transparency, computerization of services, and vigilance commissions.
Corruption is a major issue in Indian politics that has hindered India's development. Some key points made in the document include: Corruption exists in many forms, from small bribes to large scams. Major scams in India have included the 2G spectrum scam and coal allocation scam, causing losses of over $30 billion each. Corruption persists due to complex government processes, greed, and lack of accountability. Stronger laws and social awareness campaigns are needed to effectively address the corruption problem in India.
Corruption is widespread in India according to the document. India ranks 84th out of 180 countries in transparency. Corruption has been a persistent problem throughout India's history and is present across many levels of government and society, including politics, bureaucracy, judiciary, police, and public services. While anti-corruption efforts have been made through acts like Right to Information, computerization of services, and vigilance commissions, corruption remains pervasive, especially in certain states like Bihar which is considered the most corrupt. Whistleblowers play a role in fighting corruption but lack strong legal protections.
India is a fast developing country in the world where our systems are weak. So there is always a chance of corruption. Who is responsible for this? What action should be taken? What we must keep in the mind is “Nothing is impossible”. If we join our hands together there can be an end to this deep rooted evil. The only thing is it takes time. A little progress everyday leads to a big result one day ……… may be tomorrow. Be GOOD and DO GOOD
Corruption exists in many forms across both the public and private sectors in India. It is widespread in government offices, politics, healthcare, education, and public works projects. Common types of corruption include bribery, nepotism, skimming of public funds, and abuse of power for private gain. This corruption has significant negative effects, including poor services, unequal treatment, reduced investment and growth, and lack of trust in government. Several efforts have been made to reduce corruption in India, but it remains a persistent and complex issue.
India’s position – corruption and briberyAnu Damodaran
India faces significant problems with corruption and bribery. These illegal practices are common across both public and private sectors, as well as in daily life. There are several reasons why corruption and bribery have flourished in India. These include the desire to gain advantages from development efforts, the use of money in politics, unaffordable social expectations, rising consumerism, the loss of reputation in earning money ethically, and an inequitable social structure. To truly address the problem, India must change social values, ethics, attitudes and morals through education, rather than just relying on government enforcement and legal solutions. Each Indian must feel responsible for acting with integrity rather than passing blame.
The document discusses corruption in various government departments in Pakistan including education, police, taxation, health, and others. It notes that corruption is widespread and impacts these departments through non-merit based admissions, low salaries leading to bribe-taking, and lack of accountability. Corruption poses major obstacles to economic growth and development in Pakistan. Some of the largest corruption scandals in Pakistan are also summarized such as related to Hajj operations, a housing scheme, and misappropriation of funds in Balochistan. Steps needed to reduce corruption include improving transparency, accountability, and salaries while establishing the rule of law.
Political Corruption brings negative effect to macroeconomics growth of a cou...Elya Dayana
Corruption exists in many parts of the world and has negative impacts. It occurs when legitimate means of obtaining power, influence or other gains are circumvented through illegitimate means like bribery. Some key causes of corruption include poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and weak governance. Effects include lack of quality public services, unemployment, poor health, pollution, and accidents. It also decreases foreign investment and economic growth. Proposed solutions involve creating jobs, increasing wages of public employees, implementing anti-corruption bodies and technology, and reducing drug use to curb related corruption. Corruption is difficult to eliminate and a concerted effort is needed from governments and citizens.
CORRUPTION- AN EVIL OF THE INDIAN SOCIETY Sarath Thomas
Corruption takes many forms and occurs at different levels of government and society. In India, petty corruption is common in interactions with public servants, while grand corruption usually involves high-level government officials. Some common forms of corruption in India include bribery in social welfare programs and tax evasion which funds black money. Despite anti-corruption laws and agencies, corruption remains a major issue due to factors such as bureaucratic red tape, lack of transparency, and low accountability. Increased use of right to information laws and computerization of services has helped reduce corruption but more still needs to be done.
The document discusses the concept of corruption, its various types, causes in India, and statistics related to corruption in India. It defines corruption as the misuse of public office for private gain. The main types of corruption discussed are bribery, trading influence, graft, nepotism, embezzlement, and kickbacks. Some of the cited causes of corruption in India include the emergence of a political elite class, extensive regulation and license raj, and change in ethical values. Transparency International surveys have found Bihar, J&K, MP, UP, and others to be highly or moderately corrupt states. The document also summarizes two of India's major corruption scams: the 2G spectrum scam and Commonwealth
This document discusses corruption in Trinidad and Tobago and why it seems to be increasing despite codes of ethics. It notes that corruption undermines development in developing countries by creating an uneven distribution of wealth. While Trinidad and Tobago has many codes of ethics for professionals and public officials, corruption has still increased over the past 14 years as measured by Transparency International's Corruption Perception Index. The document analyzes factors contributing to endemic corruption in Trinidad and Tobago such as weaknesses in political systems, lack of accountability, influence of the drug trade, and failure to properly educate citizens on ethics. It concludes that strengthening institutions to prevent corruption and empowering citizens is needed to curb corruption in the long run.
This document discusses corruption in India on multiple levels. It begins by summarizing India's constitution and founding principles of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. It then discusses both India's achievements and ongoing problems like unemployment, illiteracy and poverty exacerbated by population growth. It notes a "pathetic contempt of rule of law and ethics in public life." The document also examines corruption indexes, definitions and typologies of corruption, as well as examples of recent corruption scandals in India. It discusses the role of groups like the CVC, CBI and proposed Lokpal in addressing corruption. Overall, the document provides a wide-ranging overview of corruption challenges in India from different perspectives.
Corruption exists in many forms, from bribery to embezzlement, and has many negative effects like undermining democracy and distorting policymaking. Political corruption specifically involves misuse of power by government officials for private gain, through acts like trading political influence for personal benefits. The document discusses various causes of corruption in India and ways to reduce it, like implementing controls on electoral expenses and having more honest leaders committed to reform.
The document discusses several shocking revelations about the process of selecting the 5 shortlisted symbols for the Indian rupee symbol:
- Over 3300 designs were submitted but jurors only spent around 18 seconds reviewing each design.
- One of the shortlisted symbols was submitted by a person involved in the selection process.
- The selection process was not properly documented or transparent.
- It reveals corruption in how a prestigious national task was mishandled by government officials.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Leaders are often faced with ethical conundrums(a confusing and difficult problem or question). So how can they determine when they’re inching toward dangerous territory? There are three main psychological dynamics that lead to crossing moral lines.
There’s omnipotence: when someone feels so aggrandized and entitled that they believe the rules of decent behavior don’t apply to them.
Consider cultural numbness: when others play along and gradually begin to accept and embody deviant norms.
Finally, when people don’t speak up because they are thinking of more immediate rewards, we see justified neglect.
Generally most people mean well, but simply execute their job poorly sometimes and sometimes, there are BAD bosses. We must learn “to Work "on Bad Boss
According to dictionary.com, “to work” something or someone is to put them into effective operation, to operate that thing or person for productive purposes.
Put your Bad Boss into effective operation to get whatever you want in your job or career by learning your boss’s secret desire and secret fear
Two biggest issues of Bad Boss are:
They can negatively impact our work performance.
They can make life miserable
We often hear “being difficult.” about Bad Boss. It’s hard to know exactly where the difficulty lie. All we know is it is difficult to work successfully with this person.
An incompetent person is someone who is
Functionally inadequate or
Insufficient in Knowledge, Skills, Judgment, or Strength
Mindset is a mental attitude that determines how we interpret and respond to situations.
Dweck has found that it is your mindset that plays a significant role in determining achievement and success.
A mindset refers to whether you believe qualities such as intelligence and talent are fixed or changeable traits.
People with a fixed mindset believe that these qualities are inborn, fixed, and unchangeable.
Those with a growth mindset, on the other hand, believe that these abilities can be developed and strengthened by way of commitment and hard work.
Story of Katalin Karikó, a researcher who won the Nobel prize for medicine for her work on modifying the RNA molecule to avoid triggering a harmful immune response is a classical example of mindset.
Yet, her life was full of rejection and doubt.
Her achievement had much to do with her mindset.
A theory is a based upon a hypothesis and backed by evidence.
A theory presents a concept or idea that is testable.
In science, a theory is not merely a guess.
A theory is a fact-based framework for describing a phenomenon.
In psychology, theories are used to provide a model for understanding human thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Hence study of Psychology theory is essential for SSB and all types of Interviewas it helps us to understand our own developmental psychology.k
Personality theorists should study normal individuals
All behavior is interactive
The person must be studied in terms of interactions with their environment
The brain is the locus of personality
There is a biological basis to personality
Definition of Personality
1- Personality is an abstraction formulated by a theorist.
2- It refers to series of events that ideally span over life time from childhood to adulthood
3-It reflects novel, unique, recurrent and enduring patterns of behaviours – his education and training .
4- Personality is located in brain- imagination, perception
5.Personality comprises the person’s central organizing and governing processes, whose function is to
Resolve conflicts,
Satisfy needs, and
Plan for future goals.
There are three components to emotions: subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral response. Regarding subjective experience, emotions can vary in intensity between individuals and be mixed. Physiological responses are regulated by the autonomic nervous system and brain areas like the amygdala. Behavioral responses involve facial expressions and body language, which can be interpreted and expressed differently across cultures. There are several theories of emotion, such as those proposed by Darwin, James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer. Ekman identified six universal emotions - happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise - while Plutchik developed a wheel to show how emotions can be combined. Emotions differ from
Anger is an intense emotion you feel when
Something has gone wrong or
Someone has wronged you.
It is typically characterized by feelings of
Stress,
Frustration, and
Irritation.
Anger is a perfectly normal response to frustrating or difficult situations.
Anger only becomes a problem when
It’s excessively displayed and
Begins to affect your daily functioning and the way you relate with people.
Anger can range in intensity, from a slight annoyance to rage.
It can sometimes be excessive or irrational.
In these cases, it can be hard to keep the emotion in check and could cause you to behave in ways you wouldn’t otherwise behave.
Cognitive distortions are negative or irrational patterns of thinking that reinforce negative self-perceptions. Common cognitive distortions include all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, mental filters, discounting the positive, jumping to conclusions, magnification, emotional reasoning, 'should' statements, labeling, and personalization. These distortions can contribute to problems like anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. To cope, people can recognize distortions, challenge irrational thoughts, seek therapy which uses techniques like cognitive behavioral therapy to change distorted thinking patterns. Addressing cognitive distortions can improve mental health and well-being.
Trauma Bonding is the attachment an abused person feels for their abuser, specifically in a relationship with a cyclical pattern of abuse.
Is created due to a cycle of abuse and positive reinforcement
After each circumstance of abuse, the abuser professes love, regret, and trying to make the relationship feel safe and needed for the abused person.
Hence Abused
Finds leaving an abusive situation confusing and overwhelming
Involves positive and/or loving feelings for an abuser
Also feel attached to and dependent on their abuser.
Emotional abuse involves controlling another person by using emotions to Criticize , Embarrass ,Shame ,Blame or
Manipulate .
To be abusive there must be a consistent pattern of abusive words and bullying behaviours that Wear down a person’s Self-esteem and Undermine Their mental health.
Most common in married relationships,
Mental or emotional abuse can occur in any relationship—including among
Friends
Family members and
Co-workers
Attachment-related patterns that differ between individuals are commonly called "attachment styles."
There seems to be an association between a person’s attachment characteristics early in life and in adulthood, but the correlations are far from perfect.
Many adults feel secure in their relationships and comfortable depending on others (echoing “secure” attachment in children).
Others tend to feel anxious about their connection with close others—or prefer to avoid getting close to them in the first place (echoing “insecure” attachment in children).
Borderline personality disorder, characterized by a longing for intimacy and a hypersensitivity to rejection, have shown a high prevalence and severity of insecure attachment.
Attachment styles in adulthood (similar to attachment patterns in children):
Secure
Anxious-preoccupied (high anxiety, low avoidance)
Dismissing-avoidant (low anxiety, high avoidance)
Fearful-avoidant (high anxiety, high avoidance)
Conduct disorder is an ongoing pattern of behaviour marked by emotional and behavioural problems.
Ways in which Children with conduct disorder behave are
Angry,
Aggressive,
Argumentative, and
Disruptive ways.
It is a diagnosable mental health condition that is characterized by patterns of violating
Societal norms and
Rights of others
It's estimated that around 3% of school-aged children have conduct disorder and require professional treatment .
It is more common in boys than in girls.
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a psychiatric disorder that typically emerges in childhood, between ages 6 and 8, and can last throughout adulthood.
ODD is more than just normal childhood tantrums
Frequency and severity of ODD causes difficulty at home and at school.
Children with ODD also struggle with learning problems related to their behavior.
Two types of oppositional defiant disorder:
Childhood-onset ODD:
Present from an early age
Requires early intervention and treatment to prevent it from progressing into a more serious conduct disorder
Adolescent-onset ODD:
Begins suddenly in the middle- and high-school years, causing conflict at home and in school
There have been at least 13 different types of intelligence that have been identified so far.
These different ways of being smart can help people perform in different areas from their personal life, business, to sports and relationships.
Attachment is an emotional bond with another person. John Bowlby described attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.“
Earliest bonds formed by children (with caregivers) have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life and Attachment so developed
Serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's chances of survival.
Are innate drive Children are born with and is a product of evolutionary processes
Emerges and are regulated through the process of natural selection,
Are characterized by clear behavioural and motivation patterns.
Nurturance and responsiveness were the primary determinants of attachment.
Children who maintained proximity to an attachment figure were more likely to
Receive comfort and protection, and
More likely to survive to adulthood.
This document discusses two defense mechanisms: splitting and projective identification. Splitting involves viewing oneself or others in an all-good or all-bad way without integrating both positive and negative qualities. It serves to minimize anxiety about how others may view one. Projective identification involves projecting one's own unacceptable feelings onto others and perceiving them as the source, while still being aware of the original feelings. It often induces the feelings in others that were initially projected. Both defenses allow avoidance of anxiety but maintain inflexible and distorted perceptions.
e-RUPI is a cashless and contactless digital payment solution launched by NPCI in partnership with several entities. It involves the generation of an e-voucher that is shared with beneficiaries via SMS or QR code to enable them to redeem the voucher value for a specific good or service without cards, apps or accounts. e-RUPI streamlines targeted delivery of benefits, reduces costs associated with physical voucher distribution, and maintains user privacy by avoiding the need for personal details during redemption at participating merchant locations.
The term ‘Moonlighting’ became popular in America when people started working a second job in addition to their regular 9-to-5 jobs. Since the rise of the work-from-home concept during the pandemic, employees got free time after work hours. While some took up their hobby in their free time, others started searching for part-time jobs. Especially in the IT industry, employees took up two jobs simultaneously and took advantage of the remote working model. This concept of working for two companies/organisations is referred to as moonlighting.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
1. Corruption In India
All luxury corrupts either the morals or the state.
- Joubert
Corruption in the Indian society has prevailed from time immemorial in one form or the other.
The basic inception of corruption started with our opportunistic leaders who have already done
greater damage to our nation. People who work on right principles are unrecognized and
considered to be foolish in the modern society. Corruption in India is a result of the connection
between bureaucrats, politicians and criminals. Earlier, bribes were paid for getting wrong things
done, but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right time. Further, corruption has
become something respectable in India, because respectable people are involved in it. Social
corruption like less weighing of products, adulteration in edible items, and bribery of various
kind have incessantly prevailed in the society.
In today's scenario, if a person wants a government job he has to pay lakhs of rupees to the
higher officials irrespective of satisfying all the eligibility criteria. In every office one has either
to give money to the employee concerned or arrange for some sources to get work done. There is
adulteration and duplicate weighing of products in food and civil supplies department by
unscrupulous workers who cheat the consumers by playing with the health and lives of the
people. In the assessment of property tax the officers charge money even if the house is built
properly according to the Government rules and regulations.
Political corruption is worst in India. The major cause of concern is that corruption is weakening
the political body and damaging the supreme importance of the law governing the society.
Nowadays politics is only for criminals and criminals are meant to be in politics. Elections in
many parts of the country have become associated with a host of criminal activities. Threatening
voters to vote for a particular candidate or physically prevent voters from going in to the polling
booth – especially weaker sections of the society like tribals, dalits and rural woman occurs
frequently in several parts of the country. Recently, the Government increased the salary of the
M.P.'s from Rs.16, 000 to Rs.50, 000, that is 300% increase to the existing salary. But many of
them are unhappy with rise and want the Government to increase the salary to a much more
extent. This clearly shows how the politicians are in constant thirst for monetary benefits and not
caring about the welfare of the people. Tax evasion is one of the most popular forms of
corruption. It is mostly practiced by Government officials and politicians who lead to the
accumulation of black money which in turn spoils the moral of the people.
Major Factors Responsible For Corruption:
1. The most important factor is the nature of the human being. People in general, have a
great thirst for luxuries and comforts and as a result of which they get themselves
involved in all unscrupulous activities that result in monetary or material benefits.
2. Moral and spiritual values are not given utmost importance in educational system, which
is highly responsible for the deterioration of the society.
2. 3. The salary paid to employees is very less and as a result of which they are forced to earn
money by illegal ways.
4. The punishments imposed on the criminals are inadequate.
1. The political leaders have spoiled the society completely. They lead a luxurious
life and do not even care about the society.
2. People of India are not awakened and enlightened. They fear to raise their voice
against anti-social elements prevailing in the society.
Measures To Control Corruption:
There are some specific measures to control increasing corruption.
1. The Right to Information Act (RTI) gives one all the required information about the
Government, such as what the Government is doing with our tax payments. Under this
act, one has the right to ask the Government on any problem which one faces. There is a
Public Information Officer (PIO) appointed in every Government department, who is
responsible for collecting information wanted by the citizens and providing them with the
relevant information on payment of a nominal fee to the PIO. If the PIO refuses to accept
the application or if the applicant does not receive the required information on time then
the applicant can make a complaint to the respective information commission, which has
the power to impose a penalty up to Rs.25, 000 on the errant PIO.
2. Another potent check on corruption is Central Vigilance Commission (CVC). It was
setup by the Government to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the areas
of vigilance. If there are any cases of corruption or any complaints thereof, then that can
be reported to the CVC. CVC also shoulders the responsibility of creating more
awareness among people regarding the consequences of giving and taking of bribes and
corruption.
3. Establishment of special courts for speedy justice can be a huge positive aspect. Much
time should not elapse between the registration of a case and the delivery of judgment.
4. Strong and stringent laws need to be enacted which gives no room for the guilty to
escape.
5. In many cases, the employees opt for corrupt means out of compulsion and not by choice.
Some people are of the opinion that the wages paid are insufficient to feed their families.
If they are paid better, they would not be forced to accept bribe.
The one thing that needs to be ensured is proper, impartial, and unbiased use of various anti-
social regulations to take strong, deterrent, and timely legal action against the offenders,
irrespective of their political influences or money power. Firm and strong steps are needed to
curb the menace and an atmosphere has to created where the good, patriotic, intellectuals come
forward to serve the country with pride, virtue, and honesty for the welfare of the people of India
Corruption in India
3. Corruption in India is a major issue that adversely affects its economy. A study conducted by
Transparency International in year 2005 found that more than 62% of Indians had first hand
experience of paying bribes or influence peddling to get jobs done in public offices successfully.
In its study conducted in year 2008, Transparency International reports about 40% of Indians had
firsthand experience of paying bribes or using a contact to get a job done in public office.
In 2014 India ranked 85th out of 175 countries in Transparency International's Corruption
Perceptions Index, compared to its neighbors Bhutan (30th), Bangladesh (145th), Myanmar
(156th), China (100th), Nepal (126th), Pakistan (126th) and Sri Lanka (85th). In 2013, India was
ranked 94th out of 175 countries.
Most of the largest sources of corruption in India are entitlement programmes and social
spending schemes enacted by the Indian government. Examples include Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and National Rural Health Mission. Other daily
sources of corruption include India's trucking industry which is forced to pay billions in bribes
annually to numerous regulatory and police stops on its interstate highways.
Indian media has widely published allegations of corrupt Indian citizens stashing trillions of
dollars in Swiss banks. Swiss authorities, however, deny these allegations.
The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing
systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary
powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery,
and the lack of transparent laws and processes. There are significant variations in level of
corruption as well as in state government efforts to reduce corruption across India.
Politics
As of December 2009, 120 of India's 523 parliament members were accused of crimes, under
India's First Information Report procedure wherein anyone can allege another of committing a
crime. Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved very high level government
officials, including Cabinet Ministers and Chief Ministers, such as in the 2G spectrum scam (
₹1.76 lakh crore, $28bn ), the 2010 Commonwealth Games scam ( ₹70 thousand crore, $11bn ),
the Adarsh Housing Society scam, the Coal Mining Scam (₹1.86 lakh crore, $30bn ), the Mining
Scandal in Karnataka and the Cash for Vote scam.
Bureaucracy
A 2005 study done by Transparency International in India found that more than 62% of the
people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a
public office. Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International
estimates that truckers pay annually ₹ 222 billion (US$ 4.5 billion) in bribes.
Government regulators and police share in bribe money, each to the tune of 43% and 45%
respectively. The en route stoppages including those at checkpoints and entry-points take up to
4. 11 hours in a day. About 60% of these (forced) stoppages on road by concerned authorities such
as government regulators, police, forest, sales and excise, octroi, weighing and measuring
department are for extorting money. The loss in productivity due to these stoppages is an
important national concern. The number of truck trips could increase by 40%, if forced delays
are avoided. According to a 2007 World Bank published report, the travel time for a Delhi-
Mumbai trip can be reduced by about 2 days per trip if the corruption and associated regulatory
stoppages to extract bribes was eliminated.
A 2009 survey of the leading economies of Asia, revealed Indian bureaucracy to be not only the
least efficient out of Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan,
Vietnam, China, Philippines and Indonesia, but also that working with India's civil servants was
a "slow and painful" process
Land and property
Officials are alleged to steal state property. In cities and villages throughout India, consisting of
municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, judicial officers, real estate
developers and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways.
Tendering processes and awarding contracts
A 2006 report claimed state-funded construction activities in Uttar Pradesh, such as road
building, were dominated by construction mafias, which are groupings of corrupt public works
officials, materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors.
Corruption caused problems in government funded projects are not limited to the state of Uttar
Pradesh. According to The World Bank, aid programmes are beset by corruption, bad
administration and under-payments. As an example, the report cites only 40% of grain handed
out for the poor reaches its intended target. The World Bank study finds that the public
distribution programmes and social spending contracts have proven to be a waste due to
corruption.
As an example, the government implemented the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on 25 August 2005. The Central government outlay for this
welfare scheme is ₹400 billion (US$6.3 billion) in FY 2010–2011. After 5 years of
implementation, in 2011, the programme was widely criticised as no more effective than other
poverty reduction programmes in India. Despite its best intentions, MGNREGA faces the
challenges of corrupt officials reportedly pocketing money on behalf of fake rural employees,
poor quality of the programme's infrastructure, and unintended destructive effect] on poverty.
Medicine
In Government Hospitals, corruption is associated with non-availability/duplication of
medicines, getting admission, consultations with doctors and availing diagnostic services.
5. National Rural Health Mission is another health care-related government programme that has
been subject to large scale corruption allegations. This social spending and entitlement
programme hoped to improve health care delivery across rural India. The programme has been
managed since 2005 by the Ministry of Health of the Indian government. The Indian government
mandated a spending of INR 277 billion in 2004–05, and increased it annually to be about 1% of
India's gross domestic product. The National Rural Health Mission programme has been clouded
by a large-scale corruption scandal in which top government appointed officials were arrested,
several of whom died under mysterious circumstances including one in prison. Corruption, waste
and fraud-related losses from this government programme has been alleged to be ₹ 100 billion
(US$2 billion).
Science and technology
CSIR, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, has been flagged in ongoing efforts to
root out corruption in India. Despite being established with the directive to do translational
research and create real technologies, CSIR has been accused of transforming into a ritualistic,
overly-bureaucratic organisation that does little more than churn out papers.
There are many issues facing Indian scientists, with some - such as MIT systems scientist VA
Shiva Ayyadurai - calling for transparency, a meritocratic system, and an overhaul of the
bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology. Sumit Bhaduri stated, "The
challenges of turning Indian science into part of an innovation process are many. Many
competent Indian scientists aspire to be ineffectual administrators [due to administrative power
and political patronage], rather than do the kind of science that makes a difference". Prime
minister Manmohan Singh spoke at the 99th Indian Science Congress and commented on the
state of the sciences in India, after an advisory council informed him there were problems with
"the overall environment for innovation and creative work" and a 'warlike' approach was needed.
Income tax department
There have been several cases of collusion of officials of the income tax department of India for
preferential tax treatment and relaxed prosecutions in exchange for bribes.
Preferential award of mineral resources
In August 2011, an iron ore mining scandal became a media focus in India. In September 2011,
Janardhana Reddy – an elected member of Karnataka's legislative assembly – was arrested on
charges of corruption and illegal mining of iron ore in his home state of Karnataka. It was
alleged that his company received preferential allotment of resources, organised and exported
billions of dollars worth of iron ore to China in recent years, without paying any royalty to the
state government exchequer of Karnataka or the central government of India, and these Chinese
companies made payment to shell companies controlled by Reddy and registered in Caribbean
and north Atlantic tax havens.
It was also alleged that corrupt government officials cooperated with Reddy, starting from
government officials in charge of regulating mining to government officials in charge of
6. regulating port facilities and shipping. These officials received monthly bribes in exchange for
enabling the illegal export of illegally mined iron ore to China. Such scandals have led to a
demand in India for consensually driven action plan to eradicate the piracy of India's mineral
resources by an illegal-political-corrupt government officials-business nexus, removal of
incentives for illegal mining, creation of incentives for legal mining and domestic use of iron ore
and steel manufacturing.
Driver Licensing
A study conducted between 2004 and 2005 found that India's driver licensing procedure was a
hugely distorted bureaucratic process and allows drivers to be licensed despite their low driving
ability through promoting the usage of agents. Individuals with high willingness to pay make a
significant payment above the official fee and most of these extra payments are made to agents,
who act as an intermediary between bureaucrats and applicants.[39]
The average licensee paid Rs 1080, approximately 2.5 times the official fee of Rs 450, in order to
obtain a license. On average, those who hired agents had a lower driving ability, with agents
helping unqualified drivers obtain licenses and bypass the legally required driving examination.
Among the surveyed individuals, approximately 60% of the license holders did not take the
licensing exam and 54% of those license holders failed an independent driving test.
Agents are the channels of corruption in this bureaucratic driver licensing system, facilitating
access to licenses among those who are unqualified to drive. Some of the failures of this
licensing system are caused by corrupt bureaucrats who collaborate with agents by creating
additional barriers within the system against those who did not hire agents.
Trends
Professor Bibek Debroy and Laveesh Bhandari claim in their book Corruption in India: The
DNA and RNA that the public officials in India may be cornering as much as ₹ 921 billion
($18.42 billion), or 1.26 per cent of the GDP, through corruption. The book claims most bribery
is in the transport industry, real estate and government delivered services.
Bribery and corruption are pervasive, but some sectors tend to witness a relatively higher degree
of such instances. A 2013 EY(Ernst & Young) Study reports following sectors, perceived as the
most vulnerable to corruption: Infrastructure & Real Estate, Metals & Mining, Aerospace &
Defense, Power & Utilities. There are a range of specific factors that make a sector more
susceptible to bribery and corruption risks than others. Factors like high use of middlemen, large
value contracts, liasioning activities etc. drive the depth, volume and frequency of corrupt
practices in vulnerable sectors.
A 2011 KPMG study reports India's real estate, telecommunications and government-run social
development projects as the three top most corruption plagued sectors. The study found India's
defence, information technology industry and energy sectors are the most competitive and least
corruption prone sectors.
7. CMS India claims in its 2010 India Corruption Study report that socio-economically weaker
section of the Indian society is most adversely affected by government corruption – these include
the rural and urban poor. The study additionally claims that corruption perception nationwide has
decreased between 2005 to 2010. Over the 5-year period, significantly more number of people
from the middle class as well as the poorest segments of Indian society surveyed, in all parts of
the India, claimed government corruption had dropped over time, and they had lesser direct
experiences with demands for bribes.
The table below compares the perceived anti-corruption effort across some of the major states in
India. A rising index implies higher anti-corruption effort and falling corruption. According to
this table, the states of Bihar and Gujarat have experienced significant improvements in their
anti-corruption efforts, while the conditions have worsened in the state of Assam and West
Bengal. Consistent with the results in this table, in 2012, a BBC News report claimed the state of
Bihar has transformed in recent years to become the least corrupt state in India.
Index trends in major states by respective anti-corruption effort
State 1990–95 1996-00 2001–05 2006–10
Bihar 0.41 0.30 0.43 0.88
Gujarat 0.48 0.57 0.64 0.69
Andhra Pradesh 0.53 0.73 0.55 0.61
Punjab 0.32 0.46 0.46 0.60
Jammu & Kashmir 0.13 0.32 0.17 0.40
Haryana 0.33 0.60 0.31 0.37
Himachal Pradesh 0.26 0.14 0.23 0.35
Tamil Nadu 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.29
Madhya Pradesh 0.23 0.22 0.31 0.29
Karnataka 0.24 0.19 0.20 0.29
Rajasthan 0.27 0.23 0.26 0.27
Kerala 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.27
Maharashtra 0.45 0.29 0.27 0.26
Uttar Pradesh 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.21
Orissa 0.22 0.16 0.15 0.19
Assam 0.21 0.02 0.14 0.17
West Bengal 0.11 0.08 0.03 0.01
Black money
Black money refers to money that is not fully or legitimately the property of the 'owner'. A white
paper on black money in India by the Government of India suggests two possible sources of
black money in India. The first includes activities not permitted by the law, such as crime, drug
trade, terrorism, and corruption, all of which are illegal in India. The second, more likely source
is that the wealth may have been generated through a lawful activity but accumulated by failing
8. to declare income and pay taxes. Some of this black money ends up in illicit financial flows
across international borders, such as deposits in tax haven countries.
A November 2010 report from the Washington-based Global Financial Integrity estimates that
over a 60-year period, India lost US$213 billion in illicit financial flows beginning in 1948;
adjusted for inflation, this is estimated to be 462 billion in 2010 dollars, or about $8 billion per
year ($7 per capita per year). The report also estimated the size of India's underground economy
at approximately US$640 billion at the end of 2008 or roughly 50% of the nation's GDP.
Black Money in Switzerland
According to a 2010 The Hindu article, unofficial estimates indicate that Indians had over
US$1456 billion in black money stored in Swiss banks (approximately US$1.4 trillion). While
some news reports claimed that data provided by the Swiss Banking Association Report (2006)
showed India has more black money than the rest of the world combined, a more recent report
quoted the SBA's Head of International Communications as saying that no such official Swiss
Banking Association statistics exist.
Another report said that Indian-owned Swiss bank account assets are worth 13 times the
country's national debt. These allegations have been denied by Swiss Bankers Association.
James Nason of Swiss Bankers Association in an interview about alleged black money from
India, holds that "The (black money) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in
Indian opposition circles, and circulated as gospel truth. However, this story was a complete
fabrication. The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report. Anyone claiming to
have such figures (for India) should be forced to identify their source and explain the
methodology used to produce them."
In a separate study, Dev Kar of Global Financial Integrity concludes, "media reports circulating
in India that Indian nationals held around US$1.4 trillion in illicit external assets are widely off
the mark compared to the estimates found by his study." Kar claims the amounts are significantly
smaller, only about 1.5% of India's GDP on average per annum basis, between 1948 and 2008.
This includes corruption, bribery and kickbacks, criminal activities, trade mispricing and efforts
to shelter wealth by Indians from India's tax authorities.
According to a third report, published in May 2012, Swiss National Bank estimates that the total
amount of deposits in all Swiss banks, at the end of 2010, by citizens of India were CHF 1.95
billion (₹ 92.95 billion, US$2.1 billion). The Swiss Ministry of External Affairs has confirmed
these figures upon request for information by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs. This
amount is about 700 fold less than the alleged $1.4 trillion in some media reports. The report also
provided a comparison of the deposits held by Indians and by citizens of other nations in Swiss
banks. Total deposits held by citizens of India constitute only 0.13 per cent of the total bank
deposits of citizens of all countries. Further, the share of Indians in the total bank deposits of
citizens of all countries in Swiss banks has reduced from 0.29 per cent in 2006 to 0.13 per cent in
2010.
Business and Corruption
9. Public servants have very wide discretionary powers offering the opportunity to extort undue
payments from companies and ordinary citizens. The awarding of public contracts is notoriously
corrupt, especially at the state level. Scandals involving high-level politicians have highlighted
the payment of kickbacks in the healthcare, IT and military sectors. The deterioration of the
overall efficiency of the government, protection of property rights, ethics and corruption as well
as undue influence on government and judicial decisions has resulted in a more difficult business
environment.
Judiciary
According to Transparency International], judicial corruption in India is attributable to factors
such as "delays in the disposal of cases, shortage of judges and complex procedures, all of which
are exacerbated by a preponderance of new laws". Over the year there have been numerous
judges who have faced allegations of corruption, however in 2011, Soumitra Sen, a former judge
at the Kolkata High Court became the first judge in the India to be impeached by the Rajya
Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament for misappropriation of funds.
Armed forces
The Indian Armed Forces have witnessed corruption involving senior armed forces officers from
the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. A number of scandals in the 2000–2010
period damaged the military's reputation; such scandals included skimming of armed forces
money, re-selling of government property, and faking combat missions.
Anti-corruption efforts
Right to Information Act
The 2005 Right to Information Act required government officials to provide information
requested by citizens or face punitive action, as well as the computerisation of services and the
establishment of vigilance commissions. This considerably reduced corruption and opened up
avenues to redress grievances.
Right to public services legislation
Right to Public Services legislation, which has been enacted in 19 states of India, guarantee time
bound delivery of services for various public services rendered by the Government to citizen and
provides mechanism for punishing the errant public servant who is deficient in providing the
service stipulated under the statute. Right to Service legislation are meant to reduce corruption
among the government officials and to increase transparency and public accountability.
Anti-corruption laws in India
Public servants in India can be penalised for corruption under the
10. Indian Penal Code, 1860
Prosecution section of Income Tax Act, 1961
The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 to prohibit benami transactions.
Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
India is also a signatory to the United Nations Convention against Corruption since 2005 (ratified
2011). The Convention covers a wide range of acts of corruption and also proposes certain
preventive policies.
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 which came into force from 16 January 2014, seeks to
provide for the establishment of the institution of Lokpal to inquire into allegations of corruption
against certain public functionaries in India.
Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011, which provides a mechanism to investigate alleged
corruption and misuse of power by public servants and also protect anyone who exposes alleged
wrongdoing in government bodies, projects and offices, has received the assent of the President
of India on 9 May 2014, and (as of 02 August) is pending for notification by the Central
Government.
At present there are no legal provisions to check graft in the private sector in India. Government
has proposed amendments in existing acts and certain new bills for checking corruption in
private sector. Big-ticket corruption is mainly witnessed in the operations of large commercial or
corporate entities. In order to prevent bribery on supply side, it is proposed that key managerial
personnel of companies' and also the company shall be held liable for offering bribes to gain
undue benefits.]
The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 provides that the properties of corrupt public
servants shall be confiscated. However, the Government is considering incorporating provisions
for confiscation or forfeiture of the property of corrupt public servant in the Prevention of
Corruption Act, 1988 to make it more self-contained and comprehensive.
A committee headed by the Chairman of Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), has been
constituted to examine ways to strengthen laws to curb generation of black money in India, its
illegal transfer abroad and its recovery. The Committee shall examine the existing legal and
administrative framework to deal with the menace of generation of black money through illegal
means including inter-alia the following: 1. Declaring wealth generated illegally as national
asset; 2. Enacting/amending laws to confiscate and recover such assets; and 3. Providing for
exemplary punishment against its perpetrators. (Source: 2013 EY report on Bribery &
Corruption)
The Companies Act, 2013, contains certain provisions to regulate frauds by corporations,
including, increased penalties for frauds, giving more powers to Serious Fraud Investigation
Office, mandatory responsibility of auditors to reveal frauds, and increased responsibilities of
independent directors. The Companies Act, 2013 also provides for mandatory vigil mechanism
which allows directors and employees to report concerns and whistleblower protection
11. mechanism for every listed company and any other companies which accepts deposits from
public or has taken loans more than 50 crore rupees from banks and financial institutions. This
intended to avoid accounting scandals such as the Satyam scandal which have plagued India. It
replaces The Companies Act, 1956 which was proven outmoded in terms of handling 21st
century problems.
In 2015, the Parliament passed the Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and
Imposition of Tax Bill, 2015 to curb and impose penalty on black money hoarded abroad. The
Act is pending for assent of the President of India.
Anti-corruption police and courts
The Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation, Central Vigilance Commission and
Central Bureau of Investigation all deal with anti-corruption initiatives. Certain states such as
Andhra Pradesh (Anti-Corruption Bureau, Andhra Pradesh) and Karnataka (Lokayukta) also
have their own anti-corruption agencies and courts.
Andhra Pradesh's Anti Corruption Bureau (ACB) has launched a large scale investigation in the
"cash-for-bail" scam. CBI court judge Talluri Pattabhirama Rao was arrested on 19 June 2012 for
taking a bribe to grant bail to former Karnataka Minister Gali Janardhan Reddy, who was
allegedly amassing assets disproportionate to his known sources of income. Investigation
revealed that India Cements – one of India's largest cement – had been investing in Reddy's
businesses in return for government contracts. A case has also been opened against seven other
individuals under the Indian Penal Code and the Prevention of Corruption Act.
Civic anti-corruption organisations
A variety of organisations have been created in India to actively fight against corrupt government
and business practices. Notable organisations include:
Bharat Swabhiman Trust, established by Ramdev, has campaigned against black money
and corruption for a decade.]
5th Pillar is most known for the creation of the zero rupee note, a valueless note designed
to be given to corrupt officials when they request bribes.]
India Against Corruption was a popular movement active during 2011-12 that received
much media attention. Among its prominent public faces were Arvind Kejriwal, Kiran
Bedi and Anna Hazare. Kejriwal went on to form the Aam Aadmi Party and Hazare
established Jan Tantra Morcha.
Jaago Re! One Billion Votes was an organisation originally founded by Tata Tea and
Janaagraha to increase youth voter registration. They have since expanded their work to
include other social issues, including corruption.
Association for Social Transparency, Rights and Action (ASTRA) is an NGO focused on
grass-roots work to fight corruption in Karnataka.
The Lok Satta Movement, has transformed itself from a civil organisation to a full-
fledged political party, the Lok Satta Party. The party has fielded candidates in Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Bangalore. In 2009, it obtained its first elected post, when
12. Jayaprakash Narayan won the election for the Kukatpally Assembly Constituency in
Andhra Pradesh.
Factors contributing to corruption in India
In a 2011 report on Corruption in India, one of the world's largest audit and compliance firms
KPMG notes several causes that encourage corruption in India. The report suggests high taxes
and excessive regulation bureaucracy as a major cause. India has high marginal tax rates and
numerous regulatory bodies with the power to stop any citizen or business from going about their
daily affairs.
This power of Indian authorities to search and question individuals creates opportunities for
corrupt public officials to extract bribes - each individual or business decides if the effort
required in due process and the cost of delay is worth not paying the bribe demanded. In cases of
high taxes, paying off the corrupt official is cheaper than the tax. This, claims the report, is one
major cause of corruption in India and 150 other countries across the world. In real estate
industry, the high capital gains tax in India encourages large-scale corruption. The correlation
between high real estate taxes and corruption, claims the KPMG report, is high in India as well
as other countries including the developed economies; this correlation has been true in modern
times as well as for centuries of human history in numerous cultures.
The desire to pay lower taxes than those demanded by the state explains the demand side of
corruption. The net result is that the corrupt officials collect bribes, the government fails to
collect taxes for its own budget, and corruption grows. The report suggests regulatory reforms,
process simplification and lower taxes as means to increase tax receipts and reduce causes of
corruption.
In addition to tax rates and regulatory burden, the KPMG report claims corruption results from
opaque process and paperwork on the part of the government. Lack of transparency allows room
for maneuver for both the demanders and suppliers of corruption. Whenever objective standards
and transparent processes are missing, and subjective opinion driven regulators and
opaque/hidden processes are present, the conditions encourage corruption.
Vito Tanzi in an International Monetary Fund study suggests that in India, like other countries in
the world, corruption is caused by excessive regulations and authorisation requirements,
complicated taxes and licensing systems, mandated spending programmes, lack of competitive
free markets, monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government controlled
institutions, bureaucracy, lack of penalties for corruption of public officials, and lack of
transparent laws and processes. A Harvard University study finds these to be some of the causes
of corruption and underground economy in India.
Impact of corruption
Loss of credibility
13. A study on Bribery and Corruption in India conducted in 2013 by one of the largest global
professional services firms Ernst & Young (EY), a majority of the survey respondents from PE
firms said that a company operating in a sector which is perceived as highly corrupt, may lose
ground when it comes to fair valuation of its business, as investors bargain hard and factor in the
cost of corruption at the time of transaction.
According to a report by KPMG, "high-level corruption and scams are now threatening to derail
the country's its credibility and [its] economic boom".
Economic loss
Corruption may lead to further bureaucratic delay and inefficiency as corrupted bureaucrats may
introduce red tape in order to extort more bribes. Such inadequacies in institutional efficiency
could affect growth indirectly by lowering the private marginal product of capital and investment
rate growth.
Lower corruption, higher growth rates
If corruption levels in India were reduced to levels in developed economies such as Singapore or
the United Kingdom, India's GDP growth rate could increase at a higher rate annually. C. K.
Prahalad estimates the lost opportunity caused by corruption, in terms of investment, growth and
jobs for India is over US$50 billion a year.