This document discusses correlational research methods. It describes correlational research as non-experimental, backward-looking, and dynamic. There are three types of correlational research: positive correlation, where increases in one variable correspond to increases in another; negative correlation, where increases in one variable correspond to decreases in another; and zero correlation, where changes in one variable do not correspond to changes in the other. Data can be collected through naturalistic observation, archival data, or surveys. Understanding correlation coefficients and multivariate analyses is also important for correlational research.

1. CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
Presented by: Ms. Kristal Juno Dotado
METHODS OF

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Presenter
Name
KRISTAL JUNO DOTADO,LPT
BORN AND RAISED
IN THE PH
currently working in
THAILAND
FLD Instructor
part-time visual artist

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essential
key words

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T T

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A N G
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19. THE STRATEGY OF CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
TACTICS: COLLECTING DATA
TACTICS: READING ABOUT AND
UNDERSTANDING MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES
STRATEGY:
THREE TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
***CONDUCTING CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH MAGNITUDE,
SCATTERPLOTS, AND TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS
MISINTERPRETING CORRELATIONS
1
2
3
4
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
METHODS OF
***PREDICTION AND CORRELATION STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS
ADVANCED CORRELATIONAL TECHNIQUES: REGRESSION ANALYSIS

20. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:

21. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS NON-EXPERIMENTAL
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS BACKWARD-LOOKING
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS DYNAMIC

22. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS
NON-EXPERIMENTAL
Correlational research is non-experimental as it does not involve
manipulating variables using a scientific methodology in order to
agree or disagree with a hypothesis. In correlational research,
the researcher simply observes and measures the natural
relationship between 2 variables; without subjecting either of the
variables to external conditioning.

23. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS
NON-EXPERIMENTAL

24. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH: CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS
NON-EXPERIMENTAL

25. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH: CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS
BACKWARD-LOOKING
Correlational research doesn't take the future into consideration as it only
observes and measures the recent historical relationship that exists between 2
variables. In this sense, the statistical pattern resulting from correlational
research is backward-looking and can cease to exist at any point, going
forward.
Correlational research observes and measures historical patterns between 2
variables such as the relationship between high-income earners and tax
payment. Correlational research may reveal a positive relationship between the
aforementioned variables but this may change at any point in the future.

26. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS
BACKWARD-LOOKING

27. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS
BACKWARD-LOOKING

28. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS DYNAMIC
Statistical patterns between 2 variables that result from correlational
research are ever-changing. The correlation between 2 variables changes
on a daily basis and as such, it cannot be used as fixed data for further
research.
For example, the 2 variables can have a negative correlational relationship
for a period of time, maybe 5 years. After this time, the correlational
relationship between them can become positive; as observed in the
relationship between bonds and stocks.

29. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS DYNAMIC

30. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH IS DYNAMIC

31. GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
THE STRATEGY OF
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH:
PURPOSE
USED TO TEST
THE STRENGTH
OF ASSOCIATION
BETWEEN VARIABLES
VARIABLES
VARIABLES ARE ONLY
OBSERVED WITH NO
MANIPULATION OR
INTERVENTION BY
RESEARCHERS
CONTROL
LIMITED CONTROL IS
USED, SO OTHER
VARIABLES MAY PLAY
A ROLE IN THE
RELATIONSHIP

32. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:

33. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
POSITIVE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
NEGATIVE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
ZERO CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

34. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
POSITIVE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Positive correlational research is a research method involving
2 variables that are statistically corresponding where an increase or
decrease in 1 variable creates a like change in the other.
An example is when an increase in workers' remuneration results in an
increase in the prices of goods and services and vice versa.

35. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
POSITIVE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
The more hours you spend in direct sunlight, the more severe your sunburn.
As the temperature goes up, ice cream sales also go up.
When an employee works more hours his paycheck increases proportionately.
The more gasoline you put in your car, the farther it can go.
High school students who had high grades also had high scores on the SATs.
As attendance at school drops, so does achievement.
When enrollment at college decreases, the number of teachers decreases.
Common Examples of Positive Correlations

36. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
NEGATIVE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Negative correlational research is a research method involving
2 variables that are statistically opposite where an increase
in one of the variables creates an alternate effect or decrease
in the other variable. An example of a negative correlation
is if the rise in goods and services causes a decrease
in demand and vice versa.

37. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
NEGATIVE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
A student who has many absences has a decrease in grades.
As the weather gets colder, air conditioning costs decrease.
If a train increases speed, the length of time to get to the final point
decreases.
If a chicken increases in age, the number of eggs it produces
decreases.
As the temperature decreases, more heaters are purchased.
As a biker's speed increases, his time to get to the finish line
decreases.
Common Examples of Negative Correlation

38. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
ZERO CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Zero correlational research is a type of correlational research that involves 2
variables that are not necessarily statistically connected. In this case, a change
in one of the variables may not trigger a corresponding or alternate change in
the other variable.
Zero correlational research caters for variables with vague statistical
relationships. For example, wealth and patience can be variables under zero
correlational research because they are statistically independent.
Sporadic change patterns that occur in variables with zero correlational are
usually by chance and not as a result of corresponding or alternate mutual
inclusiveness.

39. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
ZERO CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
The amount of coffee that individuals consume and their IQ level have a
correlation of zero.
The height of students and their average exam scores have a correlation of
zero. In other words, knowing the height of an individual doesn’t give us an
idea of what their average exam score might be.
The shoe size of individuals and the number of movies they watch per year
have a correlation of zero. In other words, knowing the shoe size of an
individual doesn’t give us an idea of how many movies they watch per
year.
The weight of individuals and their annual income has a correlation of zero.
In other words, knowing the weight of a person doesn’t give us an idea of
what their annual income might be.
Common Examples of Zero Correlation

40. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
POSITIVE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
NEGATIVE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
ZERO CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Correlational research can also be classified based on data collection
methods.
Based on these, there are 3 types of correlational research: Naturalistic
observation research, survey research, and archival research.

41. COLLECTING DATA
TACTICS:

42. COLLECTING DATA
TACTICS:
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
ARCHIVAL DATA
SURVEY METHOD

43. COLLECTING DATA
TACTICS:
NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
Naturalistic observation is a correlational research methodology that involves observing
people's behaviors as shown in the natural environment where they exist, over a period of
time. It is a type of research-field method that involves the researcher paying closing
attention to natural behavior patterns of the subjects under consideration.
This method is extremely demanding as the researcher must take extra care to ensure that
the subjects do not suspect that they are being observed else they deviate from their
natural behavior patterns. It is best for all subjects under observation to remain anonymous
in order to avoid a breach of privacy.
The major advantages of the naturalistic observation method are that it allows the
researcher to fully observe the subjects (variables) in their natural state. However, it is a
very expensive and time-consuming process plus the subjects can become aware of this
act at any time and may act contrary.

44. COLLECTING DATA
TACTICS:
NATURALISTIC
OBSERVATION

45. COLLECTING DATA
TACTICS:
ARCHIVAL DATA
Archival data is a type of correlational research method that involves making use of already
gathered information about the variables in correlational research. Since this method
involves using data that is already gathered and analyzed, it is usually straight to the point.
For this method of correlational research, the research makes use of earlier studies
conducted by other researchers or the historical records of the variables being analyzed.
This method helps a researcher to track already determined statistical patterns of the
variables or subjects.
This method is less expensive, saves time and provides the researcher with more
disposable data to work with. However, it has the problem of data accuracy as important
information may be missing from previous research since the researcher has no control
over the data collection process.

46. COLLECTING DATA
TACTICS:
ARCHIVAL
DATA

47. COLLECTING DATA
TACTICS:
SURVEY METHOD
The survey method is the most common method of correlational research; especially in
fields like psychology. It involves random sampling of the variables or the subjects in the
research in which the participants fill a questionnaire centered on the subjects of interest.
This method is very flexible as researchers can gather large amounts of data in very little
time. However, it is subject to survey response bias and can also be affected by biased
survey questions or under-representation of survey respondents or participants.
These would be properly explained under data collection methods in correlational research.

48. COLLECTING DATA
TACTICS:
SURVEY METHOD

49. READING ABOUT AND
UNDERSTANDING MULTIVARIATE
ANALYSES
TACTICS:

50. READING ABOUT AND
UNDERSTANDING MULTIVARIATE
ANALYSES
TACTICS:
A correlation coefficient is an important value in correlational research that indicates
whether the inter-relationship between 2 variables is positive, negative or non-existent. It is
usually represented with the sign [r] and is part of a range of possible correlation
coefficients from -1.0 to +1.0.
The strength of a correlation between quantitative variables is typically measured using a
statistic called Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient (or Pearson’s r). A positive correlation is
indicated by a value of 1.0, a perfect negative correlation is indicated by a value of -1.0
while zero correlation is indicated by a value of 0.0.
It is important to note that a correlation coefficient only reflects the linear relationship
between 2 variables; it does not capture non-linear relationships and cannot separate
dependent and independent variables. The correlation coefficient helps you to determine
the degree of statistical relationship that exists between variables.

51. READING ABOUT AND
UNDERSTANDING MULTIVARIATE
ANALYSES
TACTICS:

52. READING ABOUT AND
UNDERSTANDING MULTIVARIATE
ANALYSES
TACTICS:

53. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
POSITIVE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
As the temperature goes
up, ice cream sales also
go up.

54. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
NEGATIVE CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
A student who has
many absences
has a decrease in
grades.

55. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
ZERO CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
The amount of
coffee that
individuals
consume and their
IQ level have a
correlation of zero.

56. three TYPES OF
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
STRATEGY:
CURVILINEAR

57. REMEMBER
"CORRELATION
DOES NOT IMPLY
CAUSATION"

58. Conclusion
Correlational research enables researchers to establish the statistical pattern
between 2 seemingly interconnected variables; as such, it is the starting point
of any type of research. It allows you to link 2 variables by observing their
behaviors in the most natural state.
Unlike experimental research, correlational research does not emphasize the
causative factor affecting 2 variables and this makes the data that results from
correlational research subject to constant change. However, it is quicker,
easier, less expensive and more convenient than experimental research.

59. CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH
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METHODS OF