The document discusses referencing and citation styles. It provides definitions of citations and explains their purposes, which include avoiding plagiarism and allowing readers to verify sources. The document outlines several common referencing styles like APA, MLA, Chicago and their origins. It also compares the key differences between APA and MLA formats for formatting papers, in-text citations, references, and citing various sources like books, websites, social media posts etc. Finally, it discusses patterns of in-text citations using ibid and loc. cit. and how to add and customize footnotes.
The document discusses referencing and citation styles. It provides definitions of citations and explains their purposes, which include avoiding plagiarism and allowing readers to verify sources. The document outlines several common referencing styles like APA, MLA, Chicago and their origins. It also compares the key differences between APA and MLA formats for formatting papers, in-text citations, references, and citing various sources like books, websites, social media posts etc. Finally, it discusses patterns of in-text citations using ibid and loc. cit. and how to add and customize footnotes.
The document describes Robert Glaser's basic model of teaching which includes five components: instructional objectives, entering behavior, instructional procedures, performance assessment, and feedback loops. The model shows how performance assessment feeds back to each component to improve the teaching process. The components are then defined in more detail, with entering behavior describing students' prior knowledge and skills, instructional procedures outlining the teaching methods used, and performance assessment evaluating how well students achieved the objectives.
- Introduction skills are used to connect students' prior knowledge to new knowledge being taught through questions, statements, and teaching aids.
- A micro-teaching lesson plan format is provided that includes objectives, components, pupil-teacher statements, student responses, and evaluation.
- The purpose of introduction skills is to motivate students and build their interest and attention in the lesson through properly extending terminology and chaining ideas.
- This document discusses internal and external evaluations of projects and programs.
- Internal evaluations are carried out by project team members, while external evaluations are done by those outside the project team.
- Both types of evaluations have advantages and disadvantages - internal evaluations have better implementation understanding but less impartiality, while external evaluations have greater impartiality but less understanding of implementation issues.
Social sciences and discipline सामाजिक विज्ञान और अनुशासनabhisrivastava11
This document discusses the scope and importance of social sciences. It defines social sciences as the academic disciplines dealing with the study of social life and interactions of groups and individuals. It notes that studying social sciences provides information to help create better societies by understanding how societies work, why they exist, and how they have functioned historically. The document outlines many areas of focus within the core social sciences disciplines of education, politics, economics, law, sociology, psychology, journalism, management, and linguistics that are important to research.
The document describes Robert Glaser's basic model of teaching which includes five components: instructional objectives, entering behavior, instructional procedures, performance assessment, and feedback loops. The model shows how performance assessment feeds back to each component to improve the teaching process. The components are then defined in more detail, with entering behavior describing students' prior knowledge and skills, instructional procedures outlining the teaching methods used, and performance assessment evaluating how well students achieved the objectives.
- Introduction skills are used to connect students' prior knowledge to new knowledge being taught through questions, statements, and teaching aids.
- A micro-teaching lesson plan format is provided that includes objectives, components, pupil-teacher statements, student responses, and evaluation.
- The purpose of introduction skills is to motivate students and build their interest and attention in the lesson through properly extending terminology and chaining ideas.
- This document discusses internal and external evaluations of projects and programs.
- Internal evaluations are carried out by project team members, while external evaluations are done by those outside the project team.
- Both types of evaluations have advantages and disadvantages - internal evaluations have better implementation understanding but less impartiality, while external evaluations have greater impartiality but less understanding of implementation issues.
Social sciences and discipline सामाजिक विज्ञान और अनुशासनabhisrivastava11
This document discusses the scope and importance of social sciences. It defines social sciences as the academic disciplines dealing with the study of social life and interactions of groups and individuals. It notes that studying social sciences provides information to help create better societies by understanding how societies work, why they exist, and how they have functioned historically. The document outlines many areas of focus within the core social sciences disciplines of education, politics, economics, law, sociology, psychology, journalism, management, and linguistics that are important to research.
2. • Correlation is a term that is a measure of the
strength of a linear relationship between two
quantitative variables (e.g., height, weight).
• सहसंबंध एक शब्द है जो दो मात्रात्मक चर (जैसे, ऊं चाई, वजन) के बीच एक
रैखिक संबंध की शखि का माप है।
Definition
3. Correlation is a LINEAR association between two
random variables.
सहसंबंध दो यादृखछिक चर के बीच एक रेिीय पारस्पररक संबंध है।
Correlation analysis show us how to determine both
the nature and strength of relationship between two
variables
सहसंबंध खवश्लेषण हमें खदिाता है खक दो चर के बीच संबंध की प्रकृखत और शखि
दोनों को कै से खनधााररत खकया जाए
Characteristics
4. When variables are dependent on time correlation is
applied
जब चर समय सहसंबंध पर खनर्ार होते हैं तो लागू खकया जाता है
Correlation lies between +1 to -1
सहसंबंध +1 से -1 के बीच है
5. A zero correlation indicates that there is no
relationship between the variables.
एक शून्य सहसंबंध इंखगत करता है खक चर के बीच कोई संबंध नहीं है
+1 का सहसंबंध एक सही सकारात्मक सहसंबंध इंखगत करता है
A correlation of +1 indicates a perfect positive
correlation.
A correlation of –1 indicates a perfect negative
correlation
-1 का सहसंबंध एक पररपूणा नकारात्मक सहसंबंध को इंखगत करता है
9. When plotted on a graph it tends to be a perfect line
जब एक ग्राफ पर प्लॉट खकया जाता है तो यह एक परफेक्ट लाइन बन जाता है
जब एक ग्राफ पर प्लॉट खकया जाता है तो यह एक सीधी रेिा नहीं होती है
When plotted on a graph it is not a straight line
Linear Non – linear
Type-2
12. • Karl Pearson Coefficient Correlation of
Method
• Spearman’s Rank Correlation Method
Methods of Studying Correlation
13. Computation of Rank
Correlation
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
ρ can be calculated when
Actual ranks given
Ranks are not given but grades are given but not
repeated
Ranks are not given and grades are given and
repeated
15. Example
• The scores for nine students in history and algebra
are as follows:
History: 35, 23, 47, 17, 10, 43, 9, 6, 28
Algebra: 30, 33, 45, 23, 8, 49, 12, 4, 31
Compute the Spearman rank correlation.