This document summarizes information about chickpeas, including their history, cultivation, nutritional value, and major diseases. Key points:
- Chickpeas originated in the Fertile Crescent around 9,500 years ago and are now cultivated in over 50 countries. They are high in protein and nutrition.
- India is the world's largest producer of chickpeas. However, average yields are low at 25-30 quintals per hectare due to diseases, pests, and lack of modern farming techniques.
- Major diseases that impact chickpea production include dry root rot caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia bataticola, which is the most important and widespread soil-borne disease
This document discusses mushroom cultivation in India. It covers the types of mushrooms grown, the cultivation process involving compost preparation and spawning, site selection factors, management techniques during crop growth, uses and health benefits of different mushrooms, the economics of production, and conclusions about mushrooms providing protein-rich food from agricultural waste. India could produce 3 million tons of mushrooms and 15 million tons of compost annually by diverting just 1% of agricultural waste to mushroom cultivation.
Evaluation of agricultural wastes for growth and yield of oyster mushroom (Pl...suraj soni
Suraj Soni conducted research on using different agricultural wastes to grow oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus florida). He found that wheat straw supported the fastest growth and highest yields of the mushrooms. Rice straw also performed well as a substrate. While other materials like wheat straw/rice straw mixtures, mustard straw, and maize straw can grow oyster mushrooms, wheat straw was determined to be the most suitable and productive agricultural waste for cultivating P. florida mushrooms commercially.
Production technology and processing of Mushroom in Bangladesh by Sheikh sala...Sheikh Salam
The document discusses mushroom cultivation, production, and processing technology. It provides an overview of different mushroom varieties commonly grown in Bangladesh, including oyster mushroom, button mushroom, and shiitake. It describes the ideal agro-climatic conditions for mushroom farming, noting temperatures between 18-35°C and 85-90% humidity are most suitable. The document also outlines the basic lifecycle and growth rates of mushrooms.
The document discusses the cultivation of four medicinally important mushrooms - Reishi, Shiitake, Oyster and Maitake mushrooms. It describes the substrates, spawning and fruiting conditions required for successful cultivation of each mushroom. Precautions during cultivation like maintaining proper temperature, humidity and avoiding contamination are also summarized.
Spawn and spawning strategies for the cultivation ofDr. siddhant
The document discusses research on different spawn and spawning strategies for cultivating the mushroom Pleurotus eous. The key findings were:
- Spawn developed on oat and barley grains produced the highest yields of 340g and 339g respectively, with biological efficiencies of 68% and 67.8%.
- Among agricultural wastes tested as alternative spawn substrates, hulled corn cob yielded 330g with 66% biological efficiency and proved the best alternative to grain spawn.
- All three spawning techniques tested (top, thorough, and layer spawning) produced similar yields, though thorough spawning had slightly shorter colonization and fruiting times.
The document provides information on leguminous vegetable cultivation and seed production. It discusses that legumes have been cultivated for over 6,000 years and are a major source of protein worldwide. It then describes several important legumes including beans, peas, mungbeans, soybeans and gives details on their origin, botanical characteristics, improved varieties developed in different countries. Controlled hybridization procedures that have been used to develop new varieties with higher yields and disease resistance are also summarized.
Mushrooms provide many nutritional and health benefits. They are a good source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Some mushrooms have compounds that may help fight cancer and support immune function. Mushroom production technology involves preparing compost, sterilizing the compost to prevent competing microorganisms, adding mushroom spawn, and carefully monitoring environmental conditions as the mushrooms grow. Mushrooms can be commercially grown on agricultural waste materials. Festivals aim to educate the public about mushrooms and promote their consumption for health and nutrition.
This document discusses mushroom cultivation in India. It covers the types of mushrooms grown, the cultivation process involving compost preparation and spawning, site selection factors, management techniques during crop growth, uses and health benefits of different mushrooms, the economics of production, and conclusions about mushrooms providing protein-rich food from agricultural waste. India could produce 3 million tons of mushrooms and 15 million tons of compost annually by diverting just 1% of agricultural waste to mushroom cultivation.
Evaluation of agricultural wastes for growth and yield of oyster mushroom (Pl...suraj soni
Suraj Soni conducted research on using different agricultural wastes to grow oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus florida). He found that wheat straw supported the fastest growth and highest yields of the mushrooms. Rice straw also performed well as a substrate. While other materials like wheat straw/rice straw mixtures, mustard straw, and maize straw can grow oyster mushrooms, wheat straw was determined to be the most suitable and productive agricultural waste for cultivating P. florida mushrooms commercially.
Production technology and processing of Mushroom in Bangladesh by Sheikh sala...Sheikh Salam
The document discusses mushroom cultivation, production, and processing technology. It provides an overview of different mushroom varieties commonly grown in Bangladesh, including oyster mushroom, button mushroom, and shiitake. It describes the ideal agro-climatic conditions for mushroom farming, noting temperatures between 18-35°C and 85-90% humidity are most suitable. The document also outlines the basic lifecycle and growth rates of mushrooms.
The document discusses the cultivation of four medicinally important mushrooms - Reishi, Shiitake, Oyster and Maitake mushrooms. It describes the substrates, spawning and fruiting conditions required for successful cultivation of each mushroom. Precautions during cultivation like maintaining proper temperature, humidity and avoiding contamination are also summarized.
Spawn and spawning strategies for the cultivation ofDr. siddhant
The document discusses research on different spawn and spawning strategies for cultivating the mushroom Pleurotus eous. The key findings were:
- Spawn developed on oat and barley grains produced the highest yields of 340g and 339g respectively, with biological efficiencies of 68% and 67.8%.
- Among agricultural wastes tested as alternative spawn substrates, hulled corn cob yielded 330g with 66% biological efficiency and proved the best alternative to grain spawn.
- All three spawning techniques tested (top, thorough, and layer spawning) produced similar yields, though thorough spawning had slightly shorter colonization and fruiting times.
The document provides information on leguminous vegetable cultivation and seed production. It discusses that legumes have been cultivated for over 6,000 years and are a major source of protein worldwide. It then describes several important legumes including beans, peas, mungbeans, soybeans and gives details on their origin, botanical characteristics, improved varieties developed in different countries. Controlled hybridization procedures that have been used to develop new varieties with higher yields and disease resistance are also summarized.
Mushrooms provide many nutritional and health benefits. They are a good source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Some mushrooms have compounds that may help fight cancer and support immune function. Mushroom production technology involves preparing compost, sterilizing the compost to prevent competing microorganisms, adding mushroom spawn, and carefully monitoring environmental conditions as the mushrooms grow. Mushrooms can be commercially grown on agricultural waste materials. Festivals aim to educate the public about mushrooms and promote their consumption for health and nutrition.
This document provides an overview of oyster mushroom cultivation. It discusses the nutritional benefits of oyster mushrooms, including their high protein content. The document outlines the history of oyster mushroom cultivation, noting it was introduced in Nepal in 1981. Pleurotus sajor-caju is well-suited for cultivation in Nepal. The life cycle of oyster mushrooms is described involving monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelium stages before fruiting. China is currently the world's largest producer of oyster mushrooms.
Since after the introduction of the potato in India in the early seventeenth century by the Portuguese traders, the potato has been widely grown and consumed in the country. These tuberous nutritious crops known as the king of vegetables is ranked as the fourth largest food crop in the world. A variety of processed products can be achieved that enhances the market value, marketability, and desirability of the product. In this review, we will discuss on the potato, current global and Indian scenario, scope and potential of processing market, health-related issues of potato. And discuss popular potato processed products and future outlook to improve the processing industry.
This document discusses agronomic strategies for enhancing seed potato production. It begins by providing background on potato as a crop, including its origins and importance. It then covers taxonomy and morphology of potato, as well as current area, production and productivity statistics globally and for India. The rest of the document discusses best practices for seed potato production, including the system of seed certification and standards, importance of disease-free seed, and effect of various agronomic practices like seed treatment, spacing, fertilizer and irrigation management, on seed potato quality and yield. Tables provide data on the effect of mechanical and chemical seed treatments, plant growth regulators, biofertilizers, and nitrogen levels on seed potato germination, growth and yield.
production technilogy on cucurblts by MD. RAMJANmohammad ramjan
This document provides information on the domestication, importance, botanical description, sex forms, flowering, pollination, and improved cultivars of several cucurbit crops including cucumber, pumpkin, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, snake gourd, pointed gourd, and ash gourd. It discusses the origin, botanical name, family, chromosome number, and important cultivars that have been developed for each crop through selection and hybridization. The document also covers sexual modification through environmental factors and plant growth regulators as well as pollination mechanisms in cucurbits.
Nutritive compounds from leaves of Moringa oleifera L. and beans of Vigna ung...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - The nutritive compounds of the shoots of Borassus aethiopum M. consumed in Côte d'Ivoire is not yet revealed whereas popularization of this plant’s basis food recipes is planned. The current study investigates the nutritive parameters of new shoots of Borassus aethiopum M., leaves of Moringa oleifera L. and beans of Vigna unguiculata W. in order to improve their valorization. Initially, samples of Palmyra are processed into meal, while powders are produced from those of Moringa and Cowpea. Then, seven nutritive traits performed from these derived products allow comparison of the studied food resources. The work showed a great divergence (P<.01) between the samples relating to the whole parameters. Thus, the leaflets powder of Moringa is more provided in ash (4.19±.05 g/100 g), lipids (8.35±.01 g/100 g) and fibers (5.74±.01 g/100 g) than samples resulting from Cowpea and Palmyra. On the other hand, the powder of Cowpea beans highlights the greatest proteins content (27.24±.13 g/100 g); whereas the meal deriving from shoots of Palmyra represents the most significant source of carbohydrates, either fermented (84.10±.11 g/100 g) or unfermented (83.79±.10 g/100 g). The meal of Palmyra is also richer in soluble sugars (5.19±.01 to 5.23±.01 g/100 g), moister (9.90±.03% to 10.03±.04%) and has the most significant caloric energy value (315.03±.10 to 315.41±.10 kcal/100 g).
The new shoots tubers, leaves and beans of respective Palmyra, Cowpea and Moringa plants are with diverse nutritive composition. Their uses in composite food formulations could contribute in preservation of the biodiversity, to ensure food safety for populations and to address the poverty and wilderness concerns.
34. Mushroom economic potential, A Series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Kha...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Master Trainer in Mushroom Technology Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
The potential use of rice waste lignocellulose and its amendments as substrat...Nii Korley Kortei
This document discusses using rice lignocellulose waste as a substrate for cultivating the oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous. It finds that amendment or supplementation of the rice straw substrate with rice bran or composting did not significantly enhance mushroom yield. Yields on unfermented rice straw and straw composted for 4-8 days were comparable, with biological efficiencies of 53.3-72.8% and 67.1-75.1%, respectively. The fruiting bodies from different substrates contained varying levels of nutrients but met recommended mineral levels. While heavy metals were detected, they were below safe limits. Overall, rice lignocellulose showed potential as an alternative substrate for P. eous cultivation.
This document provides information on various cucurbit crops including cucumber, melons, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, and pumpkin. It discusses the uses, nutritional value, breeding objectives, and popular varieties of these crops. The document also describes the botanical and genetic characteristics of cucurbits as a group and highlights their importance as vegetables in tropical and subtropical regions.
Organic farming involves producing crops and livestock without synthetic chemicals or fertilizers. It works with nature rather than against it. Organic farming was originally practiced for thousands of years and has seen a revival movement. Methods like composting, crop rotation, mulching and green manures are used to nourish soil and provide nutrients to crops. Biodiversity is important for controlling pests naturally. Weeds are managed through cultural practices rather than chemicals. Natural pest and disease control aims to restore balance rather than eradicate pests.
Bio-fertilizers are being essential component of organic farming are the preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing or cellulolytic micro-organisms used for application to seed, soil or composting areas with the objective of increasing number of such micro-organisms and accelerate those microbial processes which augment the availability of nutrients that can be easily assimilated by plants. Biofertilizers play a very significant role in improving soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, both, in association with plant roots and without it, solubilise insoluble soil phosphates and produces plant growth substances in the soil.
See more
https://goo.gl/QSRrth
https://goo.gl/8IWEuQ
https://goo.gl/fPbtJc
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Advantages of biofertilizers, Become an Organic Farmer, Bio Fertilizer Business Opportunities, Bio fertilizer manufacturing process, Bio Fertilizer Process Plants, Bio fertilizer production line, Biofertilizer and Organic Farming Business, Biofertilizer Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biofertilizer Business Plan, Biofertilizer Manufacturing Business Ideas, Biofertilizer Processing Industry in India, Biofertilizer Processing Profitable Projects, Biofertilizer Processing Projects, Bio-Fertilizer Processing unit, Biofertilizer Production and Application, biofertilizer production process, biofertilizer production unit, biofertilizer production, Biofertilizer Small Business Manufacturing, Bio-Fertilizers and Bio-Pesticides Unit, Bio-fertilizers in organic agriculture, Biofertilizers Technology, Biogas Production from Organic Biofertilizer, Book on Biofertilizer and Organic Farming, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Formulation of Biopesticides, Great Opportunity for Startup, How to make bio fertilizer, How to manufacture bio fertilizer, How to Start a Biofertilizer business?, How to Start a Biofertilizer Production Business, How to Start a Fertilizer Business Startup Business, How to start a successful Biofertilizer business, How to start an organic farm business Startup Business, How to Start an Organic Farm, How to Start Biofertilizer Processing Industry in India, How to start fertilizer business in India, How to Start Organic Farming business in India, How to start organic farming, Industrial Project Report, Manufacture of Biofertilizer and Organic Farming, Manufacturers of Bio-Fertilizers and Organic Farming, Most Profitable Biofertilizer Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Biofertilizer processing industry, Organic agriculture produce, Organic crops, Organic Farm Start Up, Organic farming and food production,
This document provides an overview of mushroom cultivation as a commercial enterprise. It discusses the largest known organism, categories of mushrooms including edible, poisonous and medicinal varieties. It then covers the historical significance of mushroom cultivation in China dating back to 600 AD. Key commercially cultivated mushrooms worldwide and in India are described, including paddy straw mushroom and oyster mushroom. The cultivation processes for these two mushrooms are explained in detail, covering substrates, climate requirements, cultivation methods and materials needed. Their nutritional value and uses are also highlighted.
Importance of Tuber Crops for Food and Nutritional Security by Arshni S Shand...apaari
This document summarizes the importance of root and tuber crops for food security in Oceania. It discusses how the Pacific Community (SPC) promotes these crops through their Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees (CePaCT), which operates a gene bank and conducts research on climate-resilient and nutritious varieties. CePaCT distributes pathogen-tested materials to countries in the region and provides technical support and training. The document also outlines challenges to food security in the Pacific like population growth and cyclones, and opportunities through SPC's assistance to countries in developing policies and strategies.
This document discusses the herbicide Metribuzin 70% WP. It is a selective systemic herbicide that is absorbed by both roots and leaves and translocated through the xylem. It inhibits photosynthesis and provides pre- and post-emergence control of many grass and broadleaf weeds in several crops including soybeans, potatoes, tomatoes, sugarcane, alfalfa, and cereals. The document lists some weed species that Metribuzin controls and recommends application doses ranging from 100-1200 gm per acre depending on the crop.
Mushrooms are healthy diet for sugar patients because they need of low calories and fat. Various types of mushrooms are available in the market. So growing mushrooms at home is the easiest way to get these health benefits.
Rice is the most important staple food for over half the world's population. It is the second largest grain crop produced worldwide after maize. China and India collectively account for over half of global rice production. There are two domesticated species of rice - Oryza sativa, Asian rice, and Oryza glaberrima, African rice. Golden rice was genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm by introducing genes for enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway to help address vitamin A deficiency.
This document summarizes the micropropagation of sugarcane through tissue culture. It discusses the importance of sugarcane as a crop and the need for tissue culture to rapidly produce disease-free, new varieties. The key steps of sugarcane tissue culture protocols are explained in brief, including explant source, medium, callus induction, shoot regeneration, rooting, environmental conditions, and acclimatization. The optimal conditions and plant growth regulator concentrations for each step are outlined. The overall goal of the protocols described is to efficiently regenerate new sugarcane plants through biotechnology that can then be commercialized.
46. Mushroom opportunities and challenges , A Series of Presentation By Mr Al...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Master Trainer in Mushroom Technology Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar
Legumes are members of the Fabaceae family and are a rich source of protein and nutrients. They contain nitrogen-fixing root nodules that enrich the soil. Some common edible legumes include beans, peas, lentils, soybeans, peanuts. Legumes have been cultivated for thousands of years by ancient civilizations and were an important crop for the Romans and Greeks. They are used widely around the world in soups, stews, and other dishes.
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of 2010/11 batch of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition
An ICRISAT groundnut variety called ICGV 91114 resists drought and diseases, has good fodder quality, and replaces varieties grown for over 60 years in India. ICGV 91114 yields 23% higher than previous varieties, with 30% less variability in yields and 36% higher incomes for farmers. It is estimated that full adoption of ICGV 91114 by 2020 could generate over $500 million annually for farmers in the drought-prone Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, India, where it has already been planted on 25,000 hectares. ICGV 91114 provides hope for millions of poor farmers in drought-prone areas.
Effect of climate change effects on anthropodsICRISAT
Global warming is projected to increase temperatures by 1°C by 2025 and 3°C by 2100, while CO2 levels will double between 2025-2070. This document discusses how climate change will impact arthropods, pest distributions, insect development and populations, plant-insect interactions, and pest management technologies. Several examples are provided showing how temperature and rainfall influence pest insects like Helicoverpa armigera and sorghum pests. Climate factors like temperature and rainfall can also affect the expression of host plant resistance to pests like spotted stem borer. The emergence of new pests under climate change is discussed.
This document provides an overview of oyster mushroom cultivation. It discusses the nutritional benefits of oyster mushrooms, including their high protein content. The document outlines the history of oyster mushroom cultivation, noting it was introduced in Nepal in 1981. Pleurotus sajor-caju is well-suited for cultivation in Nepal. The life cycle of oyster mushrooms is described involving monokaryotic and dikaryotic mycelium stages before fruiting. China is currently the world's largest producer of oyster mushrooms.
Since after the introduction of the potato in India in the early seventeenth century by the Portuguese traders, the potato has been widely grown and consumed in the country. These tuberous nutritious crops known as the king of vegetables is ranked as the fourth largest food crop in the world. A variety of processed products can be achieved that enhances the market value, marketability, and desirability of the product. In this review, we will discuss on the potato, current global and Indian scenario, scope and potential of processing market, health-related issues of potato. And discuss popular potato processed products and future outlook to improve the processing industry.
This document discusses agronomic strategies for enhancing seed potato production. It begins by providing background on potato as a crop, including its origins and importance. It then covers taxonomy and morphology of potato, as well as current area, production and productivity statistics globally and for India. The rest of the document discusses best practices for seed potato production, including the system of seed certification and standards, importance of disease-free seed, and effect of various agronomic practices like seed treatment, spacing, fertilizer and irrigation management, on seed potato quality and yield. Tables provide data on the effect of mechanical and chemical seed treatments, plant growth regulators, biofertilizers, and nitrogen levels on seed potato germination, growth and yield.
production technilogy on cucurblts by MD. RAMJANmohammad ramjan
This document provides information on the domestication, importance, botanical description, sex forms, flowering, pollination, and improved cultivars of several cucurbit crops including cucumber, pumpkin, bottle gourd, bitter gourd, snake gourd, pointed gourd, and ash gourd. It discusses the origin, botanical name, family, chromosome number, and important cultivars that have been developed for each crop through selection and hybridization. The document also covers sexual modification through environmental factors and plant growth regulators as well as pollination mechanisms in cucurbits.
Nutritive compounds from leaves of Moringa oleifera L. and beans of Vigna ung...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - The nutritive compounds of the shoots of Borassus aethiopum M. consumed in Côte d'Ivoire is not yet revealed whereas popularization of this plant’s basis food recipes is planned. The current study investigates the nutritive parameters of new shoots of Borassus aethiopum M., leaves of Moringa oleifera L. and beans of Vigna unguiculata W. in order to improve their valorization. Initially, samples of Palmyra are processed into meal, while powders are produced from those of Moringa and Cowpea. Then, seven nutritive traits performed from these derived products allow comparison of the studied food resources. The work showed a great divergence (P<.01) between the samples relating to the whole parameters. Thus, the leaflets powder of Moringa is more provided in ash (4.19±.05 g/100 g), lipids (8.35±.01 g/100 g) and fibers (5.74±.01 g/100 g) than samples resulting from Cowpea and Palmyra. On the other hand, the powder of Cowpea beans highlights the greatest proteins content (27.24±.13 g/100 g); whereas the meal deriving from shoots of Palmyra represents the most significant source of carbohydrates, either fermented (84.10±.11 g/100 g) or unfermented (83.79±.10 g/100 g). The meal of Palmyra is also richer in soluble sugars (5.19±.01 to 5.23±.01 g/100 g), moister (9.90±.03% to 10.03±.04%) and has the most significant caloric energy value (315.03±.10 to 315.41±.10 kcal/100 g).
The new shoots tubers, leaves and beans of respective Palmyra, Cowpea and Moringa plants are with diverse nutritive composition. Their uses in composite food formulations could contribute in preservation of the biodiversity, to ensure food safety for populations and to address the poverty and wilderness concerns.
34. Mushroom economic potential, A Series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Kha...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Master Trainer in Mushroom Technology Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
The potential use of rice waste lignocellulose and its amendments as substrat...Nii Korley Kortei
This document discusses using rice lignocellulose waste as a substrate for cultivating the oyster mushroom Pleurotus eous. It finds that amendment or supplementation of the rice straw substrate with rice bran or composting did not significantly enhance mushroom yield. Yields on unfermented rice straw and straw composted for 4-8 days were comparable, with biological efficiencies of 53.3-72.8% and 67.1-75.1%, respectively. The fruiting bodies from different substrates contained varying levels of nutrients but met recommended mineral levels. While heavy metals were detected, they were below safe limits. Overall, rice lignocellulose showed potential as an alternative substrate for P. eous cultivation.
This document provides information on various cucurbit crops including cucumber, melons, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, and pumpkin. It discusses the uses, nutritional value, breeding objectives, and popular varieties of these crops. The document also describes the botanical and genetic characteristics of cucurbits as a group and highlights their importance as vegetables in tropical and subtropical regions.
Organic farming involves producing crops and livestock without synthetic chemicals or fertilizers. It works with nature rather than against it. Organic farming was originally practiced for thousands of years and has seen a revival movement. Methods like composting, crop rotation, mulching and green manures are used to nourish soil and provide nutrients to crops. Biodiversity is important for controlling pests naturally. Weeds are managed through cultural practices rather than chemicals. Natural pest and disease control aims to restore balance rather than eradicate pests.
Bio-fertilizers are being essential component of organic farming are the preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing or cellulolytic micro-organisms used for application to seed, soil or composting areas with the objective of increasing number of such micro-organisms and accelerate those microbial processes which augment the availability of nutrients that can be easily assimilated by plants. Biofertilizers play a very significant role in improving soil fertility by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, both, in association with plant roots and without it, solubilise insoluble soil phosphates and produces plant growth substances in the soil.
See more
https://goo.gl/QSRrth
https://goo.gl/8IWEuQ
https://goo.gl/fPbtJc
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Fax: +91-11-23841561
Website : www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Advantages of biofertilizers, Become an Organic Farmer, Bio Fertilizer Business Opportunities, Bio fertilizer manufacturing process, Bio Fertilizer Process Plants, Bio fertilizer production line, Biofertilizer and Organic Farming Business, Biofertilizer Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Biofertilizer Business Plan, Biofertilizer Manufacturing Business Ideas, Biofertilizer Processing Industry in India, Biofertilizer Processing Profitable Projects, Biofertilizer Processing Projects, Bio-Fertilizer Processing unit, Biofertilizer Production and Application, biofertilizer production process, biofertilizer production unit, biofertilizer production, Biofertilizer Small Business Manufacturing, Bio-Fertilizers and Bio-Pesticides Unit, Bio-fertilizers in organic agriculture, Biofertilizers Technology, Biogas Production from Organic Biofertilizer, Book on Biofertilizer and Organic Farming, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business start-up, Formulation of Biopesticides, Great Opportunity for Startup, How to make bio fertilizer, How to manufacture bio fertilizer, How to Start a Biofertilizer business?, How to Start a Biofertilizer Production Business, How to Start a Fertilizer Business Startup Business, How to start a successful Biofertilizer business, How to start an organic farm business Startup Business, How to Start an Organic Farm, How to Start Biofertilizer Processing Industry in India, How to start fertilizer business in India, How to Start Organic Farming business in India, How to start organic farming, Industrial Project Report, Manufacture of Biofertilizer and Organic Farming, Manufacturers of Bio-Fertilizers and Organic Farming, Most Profitable Biofertilizer Processing Business Ideas, New small scale ideas in Biofertilizer processing industry, Organic agriculture produce, Organic crops, Organic Farm Start Up, Organic farming and food production,
This document provides an overview of mushroom cultivation as a commercial enterprise. It discusses the largest known organism, categories of mushrooms including edible, poisonous and medicinal varieties. It then covers the historical significance of mushroom cultivation in China dating back to 600 AD. Key commercially cultivated mushrooms worldwide and in India are described, including paddy straw mushroom and oyster mushroom. The cultivation processes for these two mushrooms are explained in detail, covering substrates, climate requirements, cultivation methods and materials needed. Their nutritional value and uses are also highlighted.
Importance of Tuber Crops for Food and Nutritional Security by Arshni S Shand...apaari
This document summarizes the importance of root and tuber crops for food security in Oceania. It discusses how the Pacific Community (SPC) promotes these crops through their Centre for Pacific Crops and Trees (CePaCT), which operates a gene bank and conducts research on climate-resilient and nutritious varieties. CePaCT distributes pathogen-tested materials to countries in the region and provides technical support and training. The document also outlines challenges to food security in the Pacific like population growth and cyclones, and opportunities through SPC's assistance to countries in developing policies and strategies.
This document discusses the herbicide Metribuzin 70% WP. It is a selective systemic herbicide that is absorbed by both roots and leaves and translocated through the xylem. It inhibits photosynthesis and provides pre- and post-emergence control of many grass and broadleaf weeds in several crops including soybeans, potatoes, tomatoes, sugarcane, alfalfa, and cereals. The document lists some weed species that Metribuzin controls and recommends application doses ranging from 100-1200 gm per acre depending on the crop.
Mushrooms are healthy diet for sugar patients because they need of low calories and fat. Various types of mushrooms are available in the market. So growing mushrooms at home is the easiest way to get these health benefits.
Rice is the most important staple food for over half the world's population. It is the second largest grain crop produced worldwide after maize. China and India collectively account for over half of global rice production. There are two domesticated species of rice - Oryza sativa, Asian rice, and Oryza glaberrima, African rice. Golden rice was genetically engineered to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm by introducing genes for enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway to help address vitamin A deficiency.
This document summarizes the micropropagation of sugarcane through tissue culture. It discusses the importance of sugarcane as a crop and the need for tissue culture to rapidly produce disease-free, new varieties. The key steps of sugarcane tissue culture protocols are explained in brief, including explant source, medium, callus induction, shoot regeneration, rooting, environmental conditions, and acclimatization. The optimal conditions and plant growth regulator concentrations for each step are outlined. The overall goal of the protocols described is to efficiently regenerate new sugarcane plants through biotechnology that can then be commercialized.
46. Mushroom opportunities and challenges , A Series of Presentation By Mr Al...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Master Trainer in Mushroom Technology Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar
Legumes are members of the Fabaceae family and are a rich source of protein and nutrients. They contain nitrogen-fixing root nodules that enrich the soil. Some common edible legumes include beans, peas, lentils, soybeans, peanuts. Legumes have been cultivated for thousands of years by ancient civilizations and were an important crop for the Romans and Greeks. They are used widely around the world in soups, stews, and other dishes.
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of 2010/11 batch of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable Cultivation”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition
An ICRISAT groundnut variety called ICGV 91114 resists drought and diseases, has good fodder quality, and replaces varieties grown for over 60 years in India. ICGV 91114 yields 23% higher than previous varieties, with 30% less variability in yields and 36% higher incomes for farmers. It is estimated that full adoption of ICGV 91114 by 2020 could generate over $500 million annually for farmers in the drought-prone Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh, India, where it has already been planted on 25,000 hectares. ICGV 91114 provides hope for millions of poor farmers in drought-prone areas.
Effect of climate change effects on anthropodsICRISAT
Global warming is projected to increase temperatures by 1°C by 2025 and 3°C by 2100, while CO2 levels will double between 2025-2070. This document discusses how climate change will impact arthropods, pest distributions, insect development and populations, plant-insect interactions, and pest management technologies. Several examples are provided showing how temperature and rainfall influence pest insects like Helicoverpa armigera and sorghum pests. Climate factors like temperature and rainfall can also affect the expression of host plant resistance to pests like spotted stem borer. The emergence of new pests under climate change is discussed.
Insect pests of pearlmillet, pennisetum glaucumICRISAT
The document lists 8 major insect pests that affect pearlmillet crops: shoot fly, spittle bug, stink bug, blister beetles, head miner, head caterpillar, stem borer, and white grub. It also notes that the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) studies these pests, with contact information for HC Sharma provided.
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi that can contaminate crops, processed foods, and animal feed in some regions. This document discusses developing strategies to manage mycotoxin contamination in the semi-arid tropics, in order to enhance food safety, protect human and animal health, and prevent interactions between mycotoxins and other pathogens. It proposes an integrated strategy using genetic and natural resource management to improve food quality, safety, and control of mycotoxins in food and feed.
This document is a contingency plan for Fusarium wilt diseases that affect chickpea, lentil, and lupin crops. It provides information on the pest and disease, including life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, and control methods. The plan describes survey and tracing procedures, as well as quarantine and destruction protocols that would be implemented if an outbreak occurs in order to rapidly detect and eradicate the disease. Appendices include standard diagnostic protocols, contact information for experts and facilities, communications strategy, and potential market impacts. The overall goal is to have measures in place to effectively respond and prevent establishment and spread if Fusarium wilt is detected in Australia.
This document lists and describes several common insect pests that damage sorghum crops, including the shoot bug, stem borer, spider mite, shoot fly, midge, head bug, and head caterpillar. It notes that the sorghum crop can be damaged by the shoot fly but normal growing plants are protected by the insecticide thiamethoxam. The document is authored by HC Sharma of ICRISAT, which is part of the CGIAR Consortium.
The document lists several insect pests that affect pigeonpea crops, including the aphid Aphis craccivora, pod bug Clavigralla gibbosa, mealybugs, pod fly Melanagromyza obtusa, blister beetle Mylabris pustulata, plume moth Exelastis atomosa, thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis, lima bean pod borer Etiella zinckenella, pod borer Helicoverpa armigera, and spotted pod borer Maruca vitrata. The document was written by HC Sharma of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
ICRISAT’s holistic approach to the agricultural R4D value chain - AfricaICRISAT
ICRISAT takes a holistic approach to agricultural research for development along the entire value chain from analyzing key problems and opportunities in soil, water, and crop improvement, to diversifying farms with improved on-farm practices and technologies, and introducing processing to facilitate greater market access and development. Their approach focuses on cross-cutting issues of mainstreaming nutrition, empowering women, and attracting youth to agriculture, and adoption through participatory and partnered approaches, capacity building, integrated communications, monitoring and evaluation, and policy support.
Insect pests of groundnut, arachis hypogea ICRISAT
The document lists several major insect pests that affect groundnut (peanut) crops, including the tobacco caterpillar, gram pod borer, red hairy caterpillar, leaf miner, black bean aphid, thrips, jassids, termites, whitegrub, and ash weevil. It also notes that ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium focused on researching ways to combat these pests affecting groundnut production.
Natural predators help control insect pests without the need for pesticides. Some common natural enemies of insects mentioned in the document include assassin bugs, spiders, lacewings, ladybird beetles, and predatory bugs that feed on aphids, whiteflies, and other pests. The document also lists researchers from the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics who study these natural enemies of insects.
This presentation, discussing some concepts of ecological based pest management and vegetable entomology research findings, was given by Dr. Ayanava Majumdar at the Alabama Food and Farm Forum, 2010, in Selma, AL (USA). Please acknowledge the author and Alabama Cooperative Extension System when using the data for education and training. The research data is preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. For further information about this or other slideshows contact Dr. A at 251-331-8416.
The document discusses several useful insects including honeybees, silkworms, and lac insects. Honeybees produce honey and beeswax. Silkworms are used to produce silk. Lac insects produce lac, a resinous substance. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is a member of the CGIAR Consortium and conducts research on these useful insects.
This document lists several common insect pests that can infest stored grains, including the rice weevil, cigarette beetle, groundnut beetle, red flour beetle, lesser grain borer, khapra beetle, Indian meal moth, rice moth, Angoumois grain moth, and potato tuber moth. It also notes that the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) studies these pests and is a member of the CGIAR Consortium.
Insect Pests of sorghum and pearl millet in the semi-arid tropics and their...ICRISAT
This document summarizes insect pests that affect sorghum and pearl millet crops in semi-arid tropical regions and their management strategies. It identifies major pests such as shoot flies, stem borers, midges, head bugs, and caterpillars. Management approaches include using resistant varieties, seed treatments, foliar insecticide sprays timed with pest life cycles, and granular applications to control larvae in plant whorls. Plates provide images of each pest and damage symptoms to help with identification.
Microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa can cause plant diseases. The study of plant diseases is called plant pathology. Pathogens are the microorganisms that cause diseases, and they can spread from infected to healthy plants through contact, water droplets, or vectors. Common plant diseases include rice leaf blight caused by bacteria, rice blast caused by fungi, wheat rust caused by fungi, red rot of sugarcane caused by fungi, and tikka disease of groundnut caused by fungi. Managing diseases involves using resistant varieties, treating seeds, removing infected plants, and applying fungicides.
Power point presentation plant diseasesroshni17890
This document discusses several common plant diseases, their causes, symptoms, and prevention methods. It describes diseases that affect coconut (bud rot and root wilt caused by bacteria), paddy (blight disease caused by bacteria), rubber (decay disease caused by fungus), pepper (quick wilt caused by fungus), and plantain (bunchy top disease caused by a banana bunchy top virus spread by aphids). The concluding paragraphs emphasize that plant disease management aims to reduce economic and aesthetic damage by applying our growing scientific understanding of pathogen-host interactions and developing control measures tailored to specific diseases.
ADVANCES IN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF SWEET POTATOpavanknaik
This document provides information on sweet potato production technology and crop improvement. It discusses the botanical details of sweet potato, describes popular varieties from different research institutes in India, and outlines cultivation practices. It also summarizes some research studies that evaluated the effects of fertilizers, bio-regulators, and post-harvest techniques on sweet potato growth and yield.
Salinity is a common stress factor in agricultural areas that causes osmotic stress and reduces plant growth and crop productivity. The document examines the effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) salt concentrations on germination and morphological attributes of maize. Laboratory experiments showed that higher salt concentrations (150mM - 250mM) significantly decreased germination rates and attributes like root and shoot length, mass, and number of leaves compared to the control. Similar inhibitory effects were observed in pot culture experiments. The study concludes that the maize variety tested is sensitive to NaCl salinity.
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
This document provides information on the cultivation of several edible mushroom varieties. It discusses the nutritional and medicinal value of mushrooms, which include protein, fiber, vitamins, minerals, and low levels of fat. It then describes the cultivation processes for common varieties like button mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, and milky mushrooms. The key steps are spawn production, compost/substrate preparation, spawning, spawn running, casing, fruiting, cropping, and harvesting. Details are given for each variety on suitable substrates, temperature and humidity needs during incubation and fruiting, and yield expectations.
The document discusses cotton production and its risks to the environment and human health. It notes that China is the world's largest cotton producer, harvesting 4.6 million tons annually, while India has the largest area under cotton cultivation. Cotton production contributes to various environmental problems like pollution from pesticides, soil salinization from irrigation, and greenhouse gas emissions. It also presents health risks as many cotton farmers in developing countries lack safety awareness and protections when handling highly toxic pesticides. Improper disposal of pesticide containers also leads to water contamination. The document analyzes major pesticides used in cotton and their toxicity classifications from the WHO. It suggests various measures for safer pesticide use and storage.
quinoa crop introduction by siddique ahmad ( agriculture university of peshwarSiddiqueAhmad7
Quinoa is an emerging crop in Pakistan that was introduced in 2008. It is nutritious and high in protein compared to other grains like rice and wheat. It can grow in saline soils and marginal lands, requiring low water. Production is increasing in Pakistan as more farmers cultivate it and its seed price decreases. Quinoa has many uses as a food grain and its saponins have industrial uses. It shows potential to improve food security and farmers' incomes in Pakistan.
Solid state fermentation of Lathyrus sativus and sugarcane bagasse by Pleurot...Innspub Net
This research paper investigates the solid state fermentation of Lathyrus sativus (khesari plant) and sugarcane bagasse by Pleurotus sajor-caju. The researchers pretreated the substrates with lime and alkali to increase their digestibility. They found that lime treatment and presoaking increased the accumulation of reducing sugars and soluble proteins during the 8-week fermentation. The highest levels of reducing sugars (22.15 mg/g) and soluble proteins (22.80 mg/g) were observed in the lime treated and presoaked mixture of khesari plant and sugarcane bagasse. Pretreatment also enhanced the cellulolytic enzyme activity of the fungal
The document discusses single cell protein (SCP) as a solution to the global shortage of protein in human diets. It describes how SCP can be produced from algae like Spirulina and fungi like yeast. Spirulina is cultivated in large outdoor ponds and harvested to produce a powder rich in protein, vitamins, and minerals. Yeast is grown using agricultural and industrial wastes as a carbon source. SCP offers economic and environmental benefits and can be used as a protein supplement for humans and animal feed. While microbes like Spirulina and yeast are a viable source of protein, some concerns around acceptability of SCP must still be addressed.
This study evaluated the effects of endomycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria on the growth, productivity and biochemical properties of cowpea plants under salt stress. The results showed that mycorrhizal colonization of roots decreased as salinity increased. Cowpea plants irrigated with tap water and inoculated with both endomycorrhizae and P. fluorescens exhibited the highest growth in leaf weight, pod length, seed number and protein content. Under higher salt concentrations, inoculation with P. fluorescens led to increased seed weight, while endomycorrhizae inoculation boosted proline, sugar and carotenoid levels in leaves. Thus, the dual
New trends in livestock feeding include using hydroponics to grow fodder, producing azolla as a protein-rich feed supplement, and creating total mixed ration feed blocks. Hydroponic fodder production provides fresh, green fodder year-round and more efficiently uses water. Azolla is a fast-growing aquatic fern rich in protein, vitamins and minerals that can be used to supplement livestock diets. Total mixed ration blocks provide a balanced feed by compacting forages, concentrates and molasses into a portable block form.
1) Fusarium oxysporum, isolated from mangrove sediments, was found to produce the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CyA) through solid state fermentation using wheat bran as a substrate.
2) Maximum CyA production of 176.83 mg/100g was achieved after 14 days of fermentation at pH 8. Wheat bran was the best substrate for both fungal growth and CyA production.
3) Ethyl acetate was determined to be the most effective solvent for CyA extraction, yielding 163.28 mg/100g. Purification was accomplished by column chromatography and structural identification was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
The document discusses the isolation and mass multiplication of Azospirillum bacteria for use as a biofertilizer. It describes the isolation process from plant roots using selective media. Mass multiplication is done by growing the bacteria in large fermenters with controlled temperature and agitation. The cultured bacteria are then mixed with an inert carrier like peat soil or lignite to produce packaged biofertilizer products containing approximately 109 cells/g. The document also outlines the benefits of using Azospirillum and other biofertilizers like Azotobacter for improving soil fertility and sustainability.
This document discusses sugarcane and its byproducts as alternative feed resources for livestock in India. It notes that livestock productivity is currently low in India, partly due to fodder deficits from limited land. Sugarcane and its byproducts like bagasse, trash, and molasses provide opportunities as supplemental feeds. Total mixed rations incorporating these resources in optimized proportions along with other ingredients can provide balanced nutrition to increase livestock yields. Using sugarcane feeds helps address fodder scarcity while utilizing agricultural waste.
32.Mushroom culturing A Series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Master Tr...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A Series of Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Master Trainer in Mushroom Technology Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan
Mushroom cultureing By Tariq Tanveer sent by Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Mushrooms provide many nutritional and health benefits. They are a good source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Some mushrooms have compounds that may help fight cancer and support immune function. Mushroom production starts with preparing compost and spawn, then sterilizing the growing medium, inoculating it with spawn, and maintaining proper temperature and humidity for fruiting bodies to form. Oyster and button mushrooms are commonly cultivated commercially in Pakistan. Spent mushroom substrate can be reused to enrich soil. National mushroom festivals in Pakistan aim to educate consumers and the industry to promote the growth of mushroom cultivation.
Pigeon peas are one of the most important legume crops grown in India and other parts of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It is a rich source of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and fiber. India contributes over 96% of global pigeonpea production, with Gujarat being a major production region. Pigeon peas grow well in hot, dry climates and tolerate drought. They are commonly consumed as split peas or in dishes like sambar. Processing methods like soaking, dehulling, splitting and drying improve nutritional value and reduce cooking time. Pigeon peas can be used to develop weaning foods, composite flours, and bakery products to enhance protein intake.
Comparative Study of Production of Single Cell Protein from Different Agricul...ijtsrd
Single cell protein SCP also referred as microbial protein is defined as protein derived from cells of microorganisms such as yeast, fungi, algae, and bacteria, which are grown on various carbon sources for synthesis. The dried cells of microorganisms or the whole organism is harvested and consumed. In this work SCP was produced from different agricultural waste substrates like food and vegetable waste, rice husk, pulses husk, bagasse and wheat straw using Aspergillus niger. These substrates not only act as nutritive supplement but also ensure good waste management. Also, carbohydrate content of each sample was determined. For maximizing the yield of SCP, some factors were optimized. Various buffers were used like phosphate buffer, carbonate bicarbonate buffer and 0.1N NaOH. The sample that shows the best result for SCP was identified to be MCD and fruit and vegetable waste in 50 50 ratio and rice husk. In the future SCP could be produced to not only be used to produce protein but multiple products rich in carbohydrate, vitamins, lipids and other amino acids. Also yield could be increased by genetically modifying SCP organisms. Abhishikta Dasgupta | Jasmine Chughasrani "Comparative Study of Production of Single Cell Protein from Different Agricultural Waste Substrates using Aspergillus Niger" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38339.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-biotechnology/38339/comparative-study-of-production-of-single-cell-protein-from-different-agricultural-waste-substrates-using-aspergillus-niger/abhishikta-dasgupta
The Growth of Microalgae in Shrimp Hatchery: Impact of Environment on Nutriti...iosrjce
The document discusses the growth of microalgae in shrimp hatcheries and the impact of environmental factors on the nutritional values of microalgae. It describes techniques for culturing microalgae, including isolation, stock and mass culture methods. Environmental parameters like temperature, salinity, light intensity and pH that regulate microalgal growth are discussed. The composition of a common culture medium (Guillard's F/2 medium) is provided. Methods to quantify microalgal biomass include cell counting using a haemocytometer and determining dry weight. The document finds that culturing microalgae under different environmental conditions and media can impact cell count. Essential amino acids identified in cultured algae and Artemia include lysine
Spirulina is a type of blue-green algae that is high in protein and nutrients. It can be consumed as a dietary supplement or used as an animal feed additive. Spirulina has 50-70% protein, more than beef or chicken, as well as fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and phycocyanin pigment. It is commercially produced through cultivation in open ponds or closed photobioreactors. Proper temperature, lighting, water, and nutrients are needed for growth. The production process involves inoculation, cultivation, harvesting, dewatering, and drying the algal biomass. Operating parameters like light intensity, pH, and temperature must be carefully controlled.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
1. INTRODUCTION
Chickpea, an ancient crop of modern times, was first cultivated at least 9500 years ago
in the Fertile Crescent, from Turkey to Iran, at the beginning of agriculture. Chickpea
cultivation in the Indian subcontinent dates back at least 4000 years. Chickpea is
cultivated in nearly 50 countries around the world. Due to its high nutritional value, it is
an integral part of the daily dietary system for millions of people. Chickpea dominates
international markets over other legume crops and its trading is more than $8 billion
annually. The consumers’ preferences for extra-large seed size have provided an
excellent opportunity for its premium price and higher profitability. Therefore, this
ancient crop has been accepted as the crop of modern management.
Chick pea (Cicer arietinum L.) is, after soyabean and pea, the most important grain
legume crop in the world. This plant is native of Syria, South-Eastern-Turkey and
around the Mediterranean Basin, and constitutes a very important legume crop in
North Africa. In developing countries, it is an important source of high quality
protein for the proper inhabitants. Chick pea is able to grow under poor soil
conditions and can therefore be grown on marginal lands; where, owing to its
capacity to fix nitrogen, it improves soil fertility. The plant is erect and
freestanding, ranging in height from 15 to 60 cm although well- grown plants may
reach 80 cm. They have a fibrous tap root system, a number of woody stems
forming from the base, upper secondary branches and fine, froud like leaves.
Each leaflet has a thick covering of glandular hairs that secrete a strong acid
(malic) particularly during pod-set, and this provides some protection from
insects. The plant can derive more than 70% of its nitrogen from symbiotic
nitrogen fixation. Yields are best in areas with reliable seasonal rainfall and mild
spring conditions during seed filling. They are well suited to well-drained, non-
acidic soils of a medium to heavy texture. Gram husks, green or dried stems and
leaves are used for stock feed; whole seeds may be milled directly for feed. Gram
is one of the best legumes for human consumption as the seeds are very
nutritive. It furnishes an important food for lower classes and the flour is quite
nutritious. Among the food legumes, chick pea is most nutritive pulse extensively
used as protein adjunct to starchy diet (Sastri , 1950). Chickpea is traditionally a
low-input crop and is grown extensively in the moisture stress environments. The global
chickpea production has increased only marginally, unlike the manifold increase in
cereal production over the last 40 years. There are many constraints to production from
diseases, insects-pests, soil problems, environmental stresses and non-adoption of
modern management techniques. The high protein and low fat content of chick
peas makes them attractive to vegetarians, dieters and others interested in a
healthy lifestyle. When combined with other healthy foods, such as grains, nuts
or eggs, chick peas can be used to provide your body with the complete profile of
amino acids needed to make the protein that it needs for proper health. Chick pea
occupies more than 10 million hectares of the cultivated areas in the world, with a
total production of approximately 8 million tons and an average yield of 858
kg/ha. The average production of chick pea is 25-30 quintals per hectare which is
low inspite of high yielding varieties and new agronomic practices. Low yields are
attributed to different factors, among which pathogenic micro-organisms and
2. insect attacks are considered the most serious. The reasons of low yield are so
many apart from other reasons; the main cause of low yield of this crop is the
incidence of diseases. India is the world leader in chick pea production followed
by Pakistan. The chick pea crop is attacked by 172 pathogens (67 fungi, 22
viruses, 3 bacteria, 80 nematodes and Mycoplasma) from all over the world.
Among all, only a few of them have the potential to devastate the crops. Some of
the serious disease in order of their importance are dry root rot (Rhizoctonia
bataticola), wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Ciceri), wet root rot (Rhizoctonia
solani), Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) and collar rot (Sclerotium rolfsie).
The fungus Rhizoctonia bataticola is the major biotic constraint in the successful
cultivation of this important crop. It is most important and widespread soil borne
disease of chick pea grown between latitudes 20 N and 20 S, Where the climate is
relatively dry and warm.
COLLECTION OF DISEASED MATERIAL:-
Naturally infected Chick pea plants, showing characteristic symptoms of dry root rot
were collected from the field of pulse section, Bihar Agriculture University (BAU),
Sabour, Bhagalpur which were surveyed. Such Rhizoctonia bataticola affected plants
were brought to the laboratory. Dry Root Rot disease caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola
was observed on variety PUSA-256/PG-256 in Sabour, Bhagalpur during March-
April 2013.Considering the importance of the disease and crop, the present
investigation were undertaken to know the nutritional quality in terms of a
protein, carbohydrate of a normal and infected chick pea cultivar , to understand
the carbohydrate metabolism of normal and infected chick pea , to identify the
proteins responsible for the nutritional deficiency caused by Rhizoctonia
bataticola and to evaluate the changes in enzymatic activities of normal and
infected chick pea cultivar from germination to growth phase.
PUSA-209: It was developed at I.A.R.I, New Delhi, from a cross P-827 and C-235 and
was released for general cultivation in 1980 for Rajasthan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh,
Haryana and Punjab. The crop matures in about 145-165 days. Plant height is about 65
cm. Seeds are attractive and medium bold (135 g/1000 seeds) and light brown in color.
Its yield potential is about 25-30 quintals per hectare.
3. Total Soluble Sugars
The dried plant materials stem, root, leaf, and callus (50 mg each) were homogenized
separately in a mortar and pestle with 20 ml of 80% ethanol and left overnight. Each of
the sample was centrifuged at 1200 rpm for 15 min, the supernatants were collected
separately and concentrated on a water bath using method of Loomis and Shull (1973).
Distilled water was added to make up the volume up to 50 ml and processed further for
quantitative analysis.
Starch
The residual mass obtained after extraction of total soluble sugars of each of the
test samples was suspended in 5.0 ml of 52% perchloric acid (Mc Cready et al,
1950). Later, 6.5 ml of water was added to each sample and the mixture was
shaken vigorously for 5 min.
Quantitative Estimation of sugar
1 ml aliquot of each sample was used for the estimation of carbohydrates using the
phenol-sulphuric acid method of Dubois et al, (1951). A standard regression curve of
standard sugar (glucose) was prepared. A stock solution of glucose 100 μg / ml was
prepared in distilled water. From this solution, 0.1 to 0.8 ml was pipette out into eight
separate test tubes and volume was made up to 1 ml with distilled water. These tubes
were kept on ice; 1 ml of 5% phenol was added in each tube and shaken gently. 5 ml of
conc. sulphuric acid was rapidly poured so that the steam hits the liquid and tubes were
gently shaken during the addition of the acid. Finally the mixture was allowed to stand
on a water bath at 26-30o
C for 20 min. The characteristic yellow orange colour was
developed. The optical density was measured at 490 nm using spectrometer (Carlzeiss,
Jena DDR, VSU 2 P) after setting for 100% transmission against a blank (distilled
water). Standard regression curve was computed between the known concentrations of
glucose and their respective optical density, which followed Beer’s Law.
4. All samples were analyzed in the same way as described above and contents of the
total soluble sugars and starch were calculated by computing optical density of each of
the samples with standard curve.
Proteins
Extraction
The test samples (50 mg each) were separately homogenized in 10 ml of cold 10%
trichloroacetic acid (TCA) for 30 min and kept at 4o
C for 24 hr. These mixtures were
centrifuged separately and supernatants were discarded. Each of the residues was
again suspended in 10 ml of 5% TCA and heated at 80o
C on a water bath for 30 min.
The samples were cooled, centrifuged and the supernatants discarded. The residue
was then washed with distilled water, dissolved in 10 ml of 1N NaOH, and left overnight
at room temperature (Osborne, 1962).
Quantitative Estimation
Each of the above samples (1ml) was taken and the total protein content was estimated
using the spectrophotometer and method of Lowry et al, (1951). A regression curve of
the standard protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) was prepared. A stock solution of
BSA (Sigma Chem. Co., St. Louis, USA) was prepared in 1N NaOH (1mg/ml). Eight
concentrations (ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 mg/ml) were separately measured in test tubes
and the volume of each was made up to 1ml by adding distilled water. To each, 5ml of
freshly prepared alkaline solution (Prepared by mixing 50 ml of 2% Na2CO3 in 0.1 N
NaOH and 1 ml of 0.5% CuSO4.5H2O in 1% Sodium potassium tartarate) was added
and kept at room temperature for 10 min. In each sample 0.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteau
reagent (commercially available reagent was diluted with equal volume of distilled water
just before use) was added rapidly with immediate mixing and optical density of each
sample was measured after 30 min at 750 nm using spectrophotometer against the
blank (Lowry et al, 1951). Five replicates of each concentration were taken and the
average value was plotted against their respective concentrations to compute a
regression curve.
5. All samples were processed in the same manner and the concentration of the total
protein content in each sample was calculated by referring the optical density of each
sample with standard curve. Five replicate samples were taken in each case and mean
value was calculated.
Results of primary metabolites of normal Cicer arietinum L. Seeds
S. No. Plant parts Carbohydrates
mg/gdw
Starch
mg/gdw
Protein
mg/gdw
1 Seed 8.65 9.12 45.41
6. 8.65 9.12
45.41
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Carbohydrates mg/gdw Starch mg/gdw Protein mg/gdw
SEED
Primary metabolites of normal Cicer arietinum L. Seeds
Results of primary metabolites of infected Cicer arietinum L. Seeds
S. No. Plant
parts
Carbohydrates
mg/gdw
Starch
mg/gdw
Protein
mg/gdw
1 Seed 8.20 8.89 44.88
7. 8.2 8.89
44.88
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Carbohydrates
mg/gdw
Starch mg/gdw Protein mg/gdw
SEED
Results of primary metabolites of infected Cicer arietinum L. Seeds
Primary metabolites of normal Cicer arietinum L. Seedlings (Germinated seeds
15 days old)
S.
No.
Plant parts Carbohydrate
s
mg/gdw
Starch
mg/gdw
Protein
mg/gdw
1 Leaf 7.65 5.12 37.41
2 Stem 4.61 4.94 29.13
3 Roots 4.17 5.67 33.73
8. 7.65
4.61 4.175.12 4.94 5.67
37.41
29.13
33.73
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Leaf Stem Roots
Carbohydrate
Starch
Protein
Primary metabolites of normal Cicer arietinum L. Seedlings (Germinated seeds
15 days old)
Primary metabolites of infected Cicer arietinum L. Seedlings (Germinated seeds
15 days old)
S. No. Plant
parts
Carbohydrates
mg/gdw
Starch
mg/gdw
Protein
mg/gdw
1 Leaf 7.13 5.00 36.90
2 Stem 4.12 4.60 29.03
3 Roots 4.00 5.18 32.96