The document summarizes key information about coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. It discusses the history of major plagues over the last century and describes past coronavirus outbreaks like SARS, MERS, and known human coronaviruses. It also examines the virology of coronaviruses, epidemiology of SARS and MERS, transmission mechanisms, and treatment approaches. Additionally, it explores the origins and evolution of SARS-CoV-2, the link between COVID-19 and pangolins, clinical presentation of COVID-19, and molecular testing recommendations.
Cardiovascular Disease Associated with SARS-CoV-2 and HIV InfectionsInsideScientific
1) The document discusses a study presenting a new mouse model for severe COVID-19 disease.
2) The model shows lung infection and damage, as well as multi-organ impacts including thrombosis.
3) The study finds evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect and dysregulate endothelial cells in the lungs and other organs in this mouse model as well as nonhuman primates and humans.
Some patients experience ongoing symptoms after recovering from the initial acute phase of COVID-19 infection, known as post-COVID syndrome. Symptoms can include fatigue, respiratory issues, and neurological or psychological problems like PTSD. There is risk of long-term lung damage from fibrosis for severe cases, especially those requiring intensive care or ventilation. Extended thromboprophylaxis should be considered after discharge for high risk patients. Regular follow up is important to monitor patients for post-COVID complications.
The document provides information on COVID-19 and ways to protect against it. It discusses what coronaviruses are, details of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, how the disease spreads via respiratory droplets, those most at risk like the elderly and those with pre-existing conditions, common symptoms like fever and cough, and the importance of practices like hand washing, social distancing, and masks to prevent transmission. It aims to fight misinformation by providing an authentic resource on understanding the pandemic and staying safe.
COVID-19:
Introduction
immunosenescence, ARDS,
Hyperinflammation and mortality
Cytokine storm , Inflammatory storm,
Treatment of COVID-19,
Acalabrunitib, Tocilizumab, Anakinra and Itolizumab,
Roleof itolizumab in suppressing the cytokine storm.
Approval status of Itolizumab.
Treatment with the anti-CD6 MAb Itolizumab.
Current status of itolizumab in the treatment of COVID-19,
Common side effects of itolizumab.
Expert opinion
This document discusses the role of antifibrotic agents in treating pulmonary fibrosis post COVID-19 pneumonia. It provides background on COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis. Risk factors for developing pulmonary fibrosis after COVID-19 include older age, illness severity, length of ICU stay and mechanical ventilation. Two main antifibrotic drugs discussed are nintedanib and pirfenidone. Nintedanib works by inhibiting tyrosine kinases and pirfenidone has anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Both drugs show potential for treating or preventing pulmonary fibrosis caused by COVID-19.
This document provides an overview of COVID-19, including:
- Its structure and how it binds to human cells.
- Those most at risk such as the elderly and immunocompromised.
- Its pathogenesis and ability to cause a "cytokine storm".
- Presentation of symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including ARDS.
- Disease management focuses on supportive care like ventilation and investigational drugs.
- The importance of preventive measures like hand washing, social distancing, and proper use of masks.
Cardiovascular Disease Associated with SARS-CoV-2 and HIV InfectionsInsideScientific
1) The document discusses a study presenting a new mouse model for severe COVID-19 disease.
2) The model shows lung infection and damage, as well as multi-organ impacts including thrombosis.
3) The study finds evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect and dysregulate endothelial cells in the lungs and other organs in this mouse model as well as nonhuman primates and humans.
Some patients experience ongoing symptoms after recovering from the initial acute phase of COVID-19 infection, known as post-COVID syndrome. Symptoms can include fatigue, respiratory issues, and neurological or psychological problems like PTSD. There is risk of long-term lung damage from fibrosis for severe cases, especially those requiring intensive care or ventilation. Extended thromboprophylaxis should be considered after discharge for high risk patients. Regular follow up is important to monitor patients for post-COVID complications.
The document provides information on COVID-19 and ways to protect against it. It discusses what coronaviruses are, details of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, how the disease spreads via respiratory droplets, those most at risk like the elderly and those with pre-existing conditions, common symptoms like fever and cough, and the importance of practices like hand washing, social distancing, and masks to prevent transmission. It aims to fight misinformation by providing an authentic resource on understanding the pandemic and staying safe.
COVID-19:
Introduction
immunosenescence, ARDS,
Hyperinflammation and mortality
Cytokine storm , Inflammatory storm,
Treatment of COVID-19,
Acalabrunitib, Tocilizumab, Anakinra and Itolizumab,
Roleof itolizumab in suppressing the cytokine storm.
Approval status of Itolizumab.
Treatment with the anti-CD6 MAb Itolizumab.
Current status of itolizumab in the treatment of COVID-19,
Common side effects of itolizumab.
Expert opinion
This document discusses the role of antifibrotic agents in treating pulmonary fibrosis post COVID-19 pneumonia. It provides background on COVID-19 and pulmonary fibrosis. Risk factors for developing pulmonary fibrosis after COVID-19 include older age, illness severity, length of ICU stay and mechanical ventilation. Two main antifibrotic drugs discussed are nintedanib and pirfenidone. Nintedanib works by inhibiting tyrosine kinases and pirfenidone has anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Both drugs show potential for treating or preventing pulmonary fibrosis caused by COVID-19.
This document provides an overview of COVID-19, including:
- Its structure and how it binds to human cells.
- Those most at risk such as the elderly and immunocompromised.
- Its pathogenesis and ability to cause a "cytokine storm".
- Presentation of symptoms ranging from mild to severe, including ARDS.
- Disease management focuses on supportive care like ventilation and investigational drugs.
- The importance of preventive measures like hand washing, social distancing, and proper use of masks.
The document discusses COVID-19 and how it progresses in the body. It begins by explaining how the virus enters through the nose or throat and makes its way to the lungs, where it attacks the alveoli. This can cause the alveoli to become stuffed with fluid and cells, reducing oxygen intake. The virus or immune response can also damage other organs like the brain, heart, kidneys, and intestines. The document then outlines recommendations from the WHO on treatment and prevention, as well as answering common questions. It concludes by discussing home care and stress management for those recovering from COVID-19.
Manifestations of covid 19 which may mimic rheumatic diseasestarek nasrallah
1) The document discusses potential rheumatic manifestations of COVID-19 that may involve muscles, joints, bones and blood vessels.
2) It notes that the SARS-CoV-2 virus utilizes the ACE2 receptor, which is found in skeletal muscle and synovial tissue, to infect cells in multiple organ systems beyond the lungs.
3) Rare cases of side effects like myositis, arthritis and vasculitis triggered by COVID-19 have been reported.
Covid Pathophysiology and clinical featuresNaveen Kumar
The document summarizes the pathophysiology of COVID-19. It discusses that SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the ACE2 receptor and causes a cytokine storm. This can lead to organ damage and failure. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include fever, cough and shortness of breath. Those at highest risk are the elderly, immunocompromised, and those with pre-existing conditions like heart or lung disease. The clinical severity is classified as mild, moderate or severe based on symptoms and oxygen levels.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.
COVID-19 is a global infectious disease pandemic with high morbidity and mortality for at risk individuals. This slide is intended for the medical students, medical doctors and those in training for masters of medicine (MMED).
The document provides an overview of coronaviruses (CoVs) including COVID-19. It defines CoVs as single-stranded RNA viruses that commonly cause respiratory infections in humans. There are four types of CoVs, with Alpha and Beta CoVs originating from bats and rodents, and Gamma and Delta CoVs originating from birds. The document summarizes the epidemiology of past CoVs like SARS and MERS, and the current COVID-19 pandemic. It then details the virus structure, mechanisms of infection and replication within human cells, host immune response, clinical presentation and diagnosis, and management approaches for COVID-19.
This document summarizes the pathogenesis and morphological features of SARS-CoV-2 in various organs. It begins with an introduction and timeline of the virus. It then discusses the mode of transmission and laboratory handling guidelines. The pathogenesis involves the virus binding to ACE2 receptors in lungs and other organs. This causes cytokine release syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome seen in lungs. Effects in other organs like heart, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney are also discussed based on autopsy findings like thrombi, inflammation and necrosis. Long term sequelae could include altered lipid metabolism and cardiovascular complications.
A broad perspective on COVID-19: a global pandemic and a focus on preventive ...LucyPi1
Abstract Coronavirus 2019 has become a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, a strain of novel coronavirus, which challenges millions of global healthcare facilities. Coronavirus are sub-microscopic, single stranded positive sense RNA viruses that leads to multi organ dysfunction syndrome, severe acute and chronic respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia. The spike glycoprotein structure of the virus causes the viral protein to bind with the receptors on the lung and gut through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. In some cases, the infected patients become hyper to the immune system because of the uncontrolled production of cytokines resulting in “cytokine storm”, a devastating consequence of coronavirus disease 2019. Due to the rapid mutant strain and infective nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, discovering a drug or developing a vaccine remains a global challenge. However, some anti-viral agents, certain protease inhibitor drugs, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs and convalescent plasma treatment were suggested. The containment and social distancing measures only aim at reducing the rate of new infections. In this view, we suggest certain traditional herbs and complementary and alternative medicine as a supporting public healthcare measure to boost the immune system and also may provide some lead to treat and prevent this infection.
Covid 19 (variants+Ro value+when pandemic will over+ how it effects body+its ...alok hridaya
corona virus disease 2019 or covid19 is a critical conditon affecting the whole body, primarily targeting lungs by causing patholoigies such as ARDS and Pneumonia. there are different variants presented till date and most recent one is omicron with Ro=7 while delta variant has the Ro=6.
ultimately it affect the alveolar sac causing the inflammation followed by consolidation, during the whole process different other organ system also get affected due to ventilation perfusion mismatch thus leads to tachycardia followed by multiple organ damage which ultimately causes MOF (multiple organ failure), COVID19 is diagnosed according to history and physical examination of patient presented by the given symptoms, and provided vitals. Nasopharyngeal swab test as well as RT-PCR is counted as Gold standard, though sensitivity is less than NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test) which has more sensitivity but is very expensive for the population. diagnosis is then followed by general blood test to rule out other condition and and critical scenario of the body, finally imaging technique such as CXR, CT-chest or US can be done to find and evaluate lungs and its functioning. finally this presentation will guide you to know the current prevention and treatment option.
TheNeuroSurgeons sponsored the presentation to the Zimbabwe Association of Neurological Surgeons.
we are learning more about the neurological manifestations of the novel coronavirus as we are frantically looking for solution to this formidable pandemic.
1) Diabetes is identified as a risk factor for worse outcomes from COVID-19 based on studies from China. Mortality was 10% in COVID-19 patients with diabetes versus 2.5% for non-diabetic patients.
2) People with diabetes have an increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection due to defects in innate immunity from hyperglycemia and an increased inflammatory response.
3) The interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance, may help explain the link between diabetes, hypertension, and increased COVID-19 severity. The virus relies on binding to ACE2 receptors to infect
This document discusses the role of CT chest imaging in the management of COVID-19. It provides details on the virus, clinical features, imaging findings, diagnostic challenges, and appropriate use of imaging. CT can detect pneumonia in asymptomatic or early cases when PCR may be negative. Imaging is most useful when it could guide management decisions, such as in worsening respiratory status. Avoiding unnecessary imaging is important to minimize exposure risk and conserve PPE during the pandemic.
all details explain about corona virus
corona virus slide
covid19 pandemic
epidemiology
pathogenesis
oral pathology
medicine
history
introduction
outbreak
prevent
drugs
test
steps taken by govt
Karaganda medical university discusses Covid-19 neurological complications. It begins with an introduction to SARS-CoV-2 and its structure. It then discusses the virus's pathogenesis and transmission through ACE2 receptors. Common clinical features are fever, cough and loss of smell or taste. The virus can reach the brain through olfactory neurons or disrupting the blood brain barrier. Neurological complications discussed include anosmia, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, Guillain-Barré syndrome and epilepsy. Diagnosis and treatment of each condition is explained. The conclusion emphasizes prevention of complications and treating underlying conditions.
This document provides a presentation on COVID-19 given by Dr. Shiva Kandel. It includes epidemiological data on COVID-19 cases and deaths in Nepal as of June 9, 2021. It also covers the virology, variants, transmission, prevention, classification, symptoms, investigations, treatment guidelines, complications and long-term effects of COVID-19. Myth busters and guidelines from WHO, IDSA and TUTH on testing, management and thromboprophylaxis are discussed.
This document discusses coronaviruses that cause disease in humans, including SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. It notes that SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are zoonotic viruses that originated in animals like bats and camels before infecting humans. COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China in 2019 and has since spread globally. While SARS-CoV-2 is genetically similar to coronaviruses that cause SARS and MERS, it appears to cause milder infections and spreads more easily between people than SARS and MERS did. The reproductive number of SARS-CoV-2 is estimated to be higher than SARS and MERS, indicating a greater pandemic potential.
The document discusses coronaviruses and COVID-19. It describes coronaviruses as enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that are divided into four genera that infect birds and mammals. It discusses past coronavirus outbreaks including SARS-CoV in 2002-2003 which spread rapidly from China and had a high mortality rate, and MERS-CoV in 2012 in the Middle East which spreads intermittently but has a continued presence and high mutation rate. It notes COVID-19 spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing and lists common symptoms. It recommends preventive measures like hand washing, social distancing, covering coughs and sneezes, and avoiding touching the face to prevent spread.
The document discusses COVID-19 and how it progresses in the body. It begins by explaining how the virus enters through the nose or throat and makes its way to the lungs, where it attacks the alveoli. This can cause the alveoli to become stuffed with fluid and cells, reducing oxygen intake. The virus or immune response can also damage other organs like the brain, heart, kidneys, and intestines. The document then outlines recommendations from the WHO on treatment and prevention, as well as answering common questions. It concludes by discussing home care and stress management for those recovering from COVID-19.
Manifestations of covid 19 which may mimic rheumatic diseasestarek nasrallah
1) The document discusses potential rheumatic manifestations of COVID-19 that may involve muscles, joints, bones and blood vessels.
2) It notes that the SARS-CoV-2 virus utilizes the ACE2 receptor, which is found in skeletal muscle and synovial tissue, to infect cells in multiple organ systems beyond the lungs.
3) Rare cases of side effects like myositis, arthritis and vasculitis triggered by COVID-19 have been reported.
Covid Pathophysiology and clinical featuresNaveen Kumar
The document summarizes the pathophysiology of COVID-19. It discusses that SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the ACE2 receptor and causes a cytokine storm. This can lead to organ damage and failure. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include fever, cough and shortness of breath. Those at highest risk are the elderly, immunocompromised, and those with pre-existing conditions like heart or lung disease. The clinical severity is classified as mild, moderate or severe based on symptoms and oxygen levels.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus.
Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment.
COVID-19 is a global infectious disease pandemic with high morbidity and mortality for at risk individuals. This slide is intended for the medical students, medical doctors and those in training for masters of medicine (MMED).
The document provides an overview of coronaviruses (CoVs) including COVID-19. It defines CoVs as single-stranded RNA viruses that commonly cause respiratory infections in humans. There are four types of CoVs, with Alpha and Beta CoVs originating from bats and rodents, and Gamma and Delta CoVs originating from birds. The document summarizes the epidemiology of past CoVs like SARS and MERS, and the current COVID-19 pandemic. It then details the virus structure, mechanisms of infection and replication within human cells, host immune response, clinical presentation and diagnosis, and management approaches for COVID-19.
This document summarizes the pathogenesis and morphological features of SARS-CoV-2 in various organs. It begins with an introduction and timeline of the virus. It then discusses the mode of transmission and laboratory handling guidelines. The pathogenesis involves the virus binding to ACE2 receptors in lungs and other organs. This causes cytokine release syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome seen in lungs. Effects in other organs like heart, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney are also discussed based on autopsy findings like thrombi, inflammation and necrosis. Long term sequelae could include altered lipid metabolism and cardiovascular complications.
A broad perspective on COVID-19: a global pandemic and a focus on preventive ...LucyPi1
Abstract Coronavirus 2019 has become a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, a strain of novel coronavirus, which challenges millions of global healthcare facilities. Coronavirus are sub-microscopic, single stranded positive sense RNA viruses that leads to multi organ dysfunction syndrome, severe acute and chronic respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia. The spike glycoprotein structure of the virus causes the viral protein to bind with the receptors on the lung and gut through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. In some cases, the infected patients become hyper to the immune system because of the uncontrolled production of cytokines resulting in “cytokine storm”, a devastating consequence of coronavirus disease 2019. Due to the rapid mutant strain and infective nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, discovering a drug or developing a vaccine remains a global challenge. However, some anti-viral agents, certain protease inhibitor drugs, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs and convalescent plasma treatment were suggested. The containment and social distancing measures only aim at reducing the rate of new infections. In this view, we suggest certain traditional herbs and complementary and alternative medicine as a supporting public healthcare measure to boost the immune system and also may provide some lead to treat and prevent this infection.
Covid 19 (variants+Ro value+when pandemic will over+ how it effects body+its ...alok hridaya
corona virus disease 2019 or covid19 is a critical conditon affecting the whole body, primarily targeting lungs by causing patholoigies such as ARDS and Pneumonia. there are different variants presented till date and most recent one is omicron with Ro=7 while delta variant has the Ro=6.
ultimately it affect the alveolar sac causing the inflammation followed by consolidation, during the whole process different other organ system also get affected due to ventilation perfusion mismatch thus leads to tachycardia followed by multiple organ damage which ultimately causes MOF (multiple organ failure), COVID19 is diagnosed according to history and physical examination of patient presented by the given symptoms, and provided vitals. Nasopharyngeal swab test as well as RT-PCR is counted as Gold standard, though sensitivity is less than NAAT (nucleic acid amplification test) which has more sensitivity but is very expensive for the population. diagnosis is then followed by general blood test to rule out other condition and and critical scenario of the body, finally imaging technique such as CXR, CT-chest or US can be done to find and evaluate lungs and its functioning. finally this presentation will guide you to know the current prevention and treatment option.
TheNeuroSurgeons sponsored the presentation to the Zimbabwe Association of Neurological Surgeons.
we are learning more about the neurological manifestations of the novel coronavirus as we are frantically looking for solution to this formidable pandemic.
1) Diabetes is identified as a risk factor for worse outcomes from COVID-19 based on studies from China. Mortality was 10% in COVID-19 patients with diabetes versus 2.5% for non-diabetic patients.
2) People with diabetes have an increased risk of severe COVID-19 infection due to defects in innate immunity from hyperglycemia and an increased inflammatory response.
3) The interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which regulates blood pressure and fluid balance, may help explain the link between diabetes, hypertension, and increased COVID-19 severity. The virus relies on binding to ACE2 receptors to infect
This document discusses the role of CT chest imaging in the management of COVID-19. It provides details on the virus, clinical features, imaging findings, diagnostic challenges, and appropriate use of imaging. CT can detect pneumonia in asymptomatic or early cases when PCR may be negative. Imaging is most useful when it could guide management decisions, such as in worsening respiratory status. Avoiding unnecessary imaging is important to minimize exposure risk and conserve PPE during the pandemic.
all details explain about corona virus
corona virus slide
covid19 pandemic
epidemiology
pathogenesis
oral pathology
medicine
history
introduction
outbreak
prevent
drugs
test
steps taken by govt
Karaganda medical university discusses Covid-19 neurological complications. It begins with an introduction to SARS-CoV-2 and its structure. It then discusses the virus's pathogenesis and transmission through ACE2 receptors. Common clinical features are fever, cough and loss of smell or taste. The virus can reach the brain through olfactory neurons or disrupting the blood brain barrier. Neurological complications discussed include anosmia, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, Guillain-Barré syndrome and epilepsy. Diagnosis and treatment of each condition is explained. The conclusion emphasizes prevention of complications and treating underlying conditions.
This document provides a presentation on COVID-19 given by Dr. Shiva Kandel. It includes epidemiological data on COVID-19 cases and deaths in Nepal as of June 9, 2021. It also covers the virology, variants, transmission, prevention, classification, symptoms, investigations, treatment guidelines, complications and long-term effects of COVID-19. Myth busters and guidelines from WHO, IDSA and TUTH on testing, management and thromboprophylaxis are discussed.
This document discusses coronaviruses that cause disease in humans, including SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. It notes that SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are zoonotic viruses that originated in animals like bats and camels before infecting humans. COVID-19 was first identified in Wuhan, China in 2019 and has since spread globally. While SARS-CoV-2 is genetically similar to coronaviruses that cause SARS and MERS, it appears to cause milder infections and spreads more easily between people than SARS and MERS did. The reproductive number of SARS-CoV-2 is estimated to be higher than SARS and MERS, indicating a greater pandemic potential.
The document discusses coronaviruses and COVID-19. It describes coronaviruses as enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that are divided into four genera that infect birds and mammals. It discusses past coronavirus outbreaks including SARS-CoV in 2002-2003 which spread rapidly from China and had a high mortality rate, and MERS-CoV in 2012 in the Middle East which spreads intermittently but has a continued presence and high mutation rate. It notes COVID-19 spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing and lists common symptoms. It recommends preventive measures like hand washing, social distancing, covering coughs and sneezes, and avoiding touching the face to prevent spread.
This document summarizes key information about COVID-19 and compares it to other human coronaviruses like SARS and MERS. It discusses that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is genetically similar to coronaviruses found in bats. While bats may be the reservoir, the intermediate host that transmitted it to humans is unknown. COVID-19 spreads rapidly between humans through respiratory droplets. There are currently no approved vaccines or antiviral treatments, but some drugs are being clinically tested.
Relationship between SARS CoV, MERS CoV and COVID19.SumitSingh1135
The document discusses the phylogenetic relationship between SARS CoV1, MERS CoV, and SARS CoV2 based on their spike proteins. It provides information on coronaviruses in general and describes the three virus types - SARS CoV, MERS CoV, and SARS CoV2. For each virus type, it discusses symptoms, transmission, prevention, and their respective spike protein sequences. It also briefly discusses COVID-19 vaccines such as Covaxin, Pfizer, and Moderna.
This document discusses human coronaviruses and their effects. It notes that coronaviruses can cause respiratory and intestinal infections in humans with a wide range of clinical manifestations. Some coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV cause severe pneumonia and acute lung injury, while others like HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU typically only cause mild colds. Lung pathology from SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections show diffuse alveolar damage, cellular infiltration, and viral infection of lung cells. Factors that may contribute to severe lung disease include high initial viral loads, infection of lung epithelial cells, and delayed interferon
Several new viral respiratory tract infectious diseases with epidemic potential that threaten global health security have emerged in the past 15 years. A severe viral illness caused by a newly discovered coronavirus was first reported in the 2003. In 2003, WHO issued a worldwide alert for an unknown emerging illness, later named severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) rapidly spread worldwide, Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with plus-stranded RNA genomes of 26-32 kb, the
largest contiguous RNA genomes in nature. Symptoms of SARS include: high fever, cough pneumonia, breathing difficulties headache, chills, muscle aches and sore throat. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), From November 2002 to July 2003 a total of 8098 patients, in 25 countries, were affected by the atypical pneumonia which resulted in 774 deaths globally. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a febrile respiratory illness
primarily transmitted by respiratory droplets or close personal contact. There are several laboratory tests used to detect SARS-CoV and other causes of respiratory illness. Many methods used in the treatment of viral infections have been only partially effective. For example, the standard treatment in HCV (with ribavirin and interferon-alpha) is effective in 50% of cases.
1) Coronaviruses were first identified in 1965 and can infect birds and mammals. They derive their name from crown-like spikes on their surface.
2) A new coronavirus emerged from Wuhan, China called 2019-nCoV which has spread rapidly worldwide, killing many people. It causes respiratory illness and pneumonia.
3) Coronaviruses can be transmitted between humans in rare cases, as with 2019-nCoV, in a process called zoonosis. More research is needed to treat and prevent infection from these viruses.
In contrast, the highly pathogenic
hCoVs (pathogenic hCoVor hCoV
hereafter) infect the lower respiratory
tract and cause severe pneumonia,
which sometimes leads to fatal acute
lung injury (ALI) and acute respira- tory
distress syndrome (ARDS), resulting in
high morbidity and mortality [
Coronaviruses can cause respiratory illnesses ranging from mild to lethal in humans and other animals. COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and was first detected in Wuhan, China in late 2019. It has since caused a global pandemic. India has had over 26 million confirmed cases as of May 2021, second only to the US. COVID-19 spreads mainly through respiratory droplets and can be transmitted from pre-symptomatic or asymptomatic carriers. Symptoms range from mild to severe and include fever, cough and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves PCR or antibody testing. Treatment focuses on symptom relief, and those with mild or no symptoms can recover with home isolation if proper precautions are followed.
Structural Design on Virus and its Diversityijtsrd
The coronavirus disease 19 COVID 19 is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 , which emerged in Wuhan, China and spread around the world. Genomic analysis revealed that SARS CoV 2 is phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome like SARS like bat viruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoir. The intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, the rapid human to human transfer has been confirmed widely. In this document we will analyze the structure and diversity of the pathogen and we will also discuss the previous emergence of human coronaviruses like Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus SARS CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome MERS CoV . Nadia Naseer "Structural Design on Virus and its Diversity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31225.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/31225/structural-design-on-virus-and-its-diversity/nadia-naseer
Coronavirus infections in children including covid 19 an overview of the epid...gisa_legal
This document summarizes epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic findings for common circulating and novel coronaviruses that infect humans, with a focus on infections in children. It discusses four common human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43) that typically cause mild respiratory illness in children. It also describes two novel coronaviruses, SARS-CoV which emerged in 2002 causing severe acute respiratory syndrome, and MERS-CoV which emerged in 2012 causing Middle East respiratory syndrome, both of which have caused outbreaks with higher mortality rates. The document reviews symptoms, treatments, and prevention strategies for coronavirus infections in children.
The document discusses the aetiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentation of COVID-19. It begins by explaining that COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus first identified in China in late 2019. SARS-CoV-2 attaches to cells via the ACE2 receptor and causes respiratory illness. It can be transmitted from person to person through respiratory droplets. The document then details the virus structure, modes of transmission, risk factors for severe disease, and the multi-step process of how the virus infects cells and causes illness, including acute respiratory distress syndrome.
- Three zoonotic coronaviruses have emerged in the past two decades: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and has since caused a global pandemic.
- Genetic evidence indicates that bats were likely the original host for all three viruses, which then spread to intermediate hosts like civets, camels, and possibly pangolins before infecting humans.
- While the specific intermediate host of SARS-CoV-2 is still unknown, it is thought to have originated from wildlife sold at a seafood market in Wuhan and then spread via human-to
This document discusses COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. It describes coronaviruses as large, positive-sense RNA viruses that infect humans and animals. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, a betacoronavirus related to SARS. It spreads rapidly between humans via respiratory droplets and surfaces. While less deadly than SARS, COVID-19 has a higher transmission rate and has caused a global pandemic. Prevention focuses on social distancing, hand washing, and disinfecting surfaces. Vaccines face challenges due to the virus's ability to mutate.
Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause illnesses such as the common cold and more severe diseases like Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). The document discusses the history, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, transmission, prevention and treatment of coronaviruses. It provides details on the origins and spread of the recent COVID-19 outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms like cough and fever. While there is no vaccine, prevention focuses on hand hygiene and avoiding close contact with infected individuals.
This document provides information on COVID-19, including:
1) It describes the clinical presentation of COVID-19 including dry cough, fever, and shortness of breath.
2) It explains that COVID-19 was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020.
3) It discusses the virus taxonomy, noting it is an enveloped, positive sense single stranded RNA betacoronavirus that primarily infects the respiratory system via the ACE2 receptor.
1) Coronaviruses are the second most prevalent cause of the common cold in humans, infecting 10-15% of people and sometimes up to 35%.
2) There are four common human coronaviruses that normally cause mild respiratory infections, but rare strains from other species like SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 can infect humans and spread between people, causing more severe illness.
3) SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, likely originated in bats and was transmitted to humans through an intermediate host such as pangolins. It has since spread globally through human-to-human transmission.
This document provides information on coronaviruses through a disease briefing. It discusses the facts, morphology, structure, replication, epidemiology, and mortality of coronaviruses. Specifically, it covers the six known human coronaviruses prior to 2019 (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV) and provides details on the SARS outbreak in 2002-2003 and SARS-CoV.
Biology & pathophysiology of covid 19 in humans ChetanNishad
- COVID-19 begins as an asymptomatic infection of the nasal cavity and upper respiratory tract. It then spreads down the airways, potentially causing mild illness confined to the upper respiratory tract in 80% of cases.
- For the remaining 20%, the virus reaches the lung alveoli, infecting type II alveolar cells and potentially causing hypoxia, ground glass opacities on imaging, and progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Elderly individuals are most at risk of severe disease.
- The innate immune response and viral load in the early, asymptomatic stage may help predict disease progression and severity. Monitoring cytokines like CXCL10 could help identify those needing closer monitoring before severe lung infection develops.
-
Similar to Coronavirus by ahmed alghamdi and abdulrahman alghamdi (20)
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Embracing Deep Variability For Reproducibility and Replicability
Abstract: Reproducibility (aka determinism in some cases) constitutes a fundamental aspect in various fields of computer science, such as floating-point computations in numerical analysis and simulation, concurrency models in parallelism, reproducible builds for third parties integration and packaging, and containerization for execution environments. These concepts, while pervasive across diverse concerns, often exhibit intricate inter-dependencies, making it challenging to achieve a comprehensive understanding. In this short and vision paper we delve into the application of software engineering techniques, specifically variability management, to systematically identify and explicit points of variability that may give rise to reproducibility issues (eg language, libraries, compiler, virtual machine, OS, environment variables, etc). The primary objectives are: i) gaining insights into the variability layers and their possible interactions, ii) capturing and documenting configurations for the sake of reproducibility, and iii) exploring diverse configurations to replicate, and hence validate and ensure the robustness of results. By adopting these methodologies, we aim to address the complexities associated with reproducibility and replicability in modern software systems and environments, facilitating a more comprehensive and nuanced perspective on these critical aspects.
https://hal.science/hal-04582287
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
2. HISTORY OF MAIN PLAGUES
Plagues are as certain as death.
Over the last century several important
human microbes causing severe acute
respiratory disease have emerged.
SARS CoV-2 is not the first, and nor will it
be
the last of its kind.
Outbreak
Year
Great flu pandemic, worldwide
1918
Legionnaires’ disease, Philadelphia,
1976
Hanta virus pulmonary syndrome,
1993
Hendra virus infection, Australia
1994
H5N1 influenza infection, Hong Kong
1997
Nipah virus encephalitis/pneumonitis,
Malaysia
1999
History of epidemics over the last century
9. CORONAVIRUS
The genus Coronavirus belongs to the family
Coronaviridae in the order Nidovirales.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect a variety of livestock,
poultry, and companion animals, in which they can
cause serious and often fatal respiratory, enteric,
cardiovascular, and neurological diseases.
Coronaviruses
are the causative agents of an estimated 30%
of upper and lower respiratory tract
infections in humans resulting in :
rhinitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchiolitis,
and
pneumonia .
10. CORONAVIRUS DEFINITIVE HOST
Host Genus Virus
Human Alpha Human CoV-229E
Human CoV-NL63
Beta Human CoV-HKU1
Human CoV-OC43
SARS-CoV
MERS-CoV
Pig Alpha PRCV/ISU-1
TGEV/PUR46-MAD
PEDV/ZJU-G1-2013
SeACoV-CH/GD-01
Dog Alpha Canine CoV/TU336/F/2008
Camel Alpha Camel alphacoronavirus isolate Camel/Riyadh
Cat Alpha Feline infectious peritonitis virus
Cow Beta Bovine CoV/ENT
Horse Beta Equine CoV/OBIHIRO12-1
Mice Beta MHV-A59
Chicken Gamma IBV
Whale Gamma Beluga whale CoV/SW1
Bulbul Delta Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
11.
12. ANIMAL CORONAVIRUS
Historical Background
Coronaviruses were first identified from
domestic and laboratory animals before they
were identified in humans. Infectious
bronchitis virus of chickens was actually
isolated in embryonated eggs in the
1940s.And in human the first case of human
coronavirus was found in the 1960s.
13. EMERGING OF HUMAN CORONA
VIRUS (SARS)
Before the first outbreak of severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS), a limited number of coronaviruses
were known to be circulating in humans, causing only
mild illnesses, such as the common cold.
Following the 2003 SARS pandemic, it became
apparent that coronaviruses could cross the species
barrier and cause life-threatening infections in
humans.
14. THE EMERGENCE MERS-COV.
In June 2012, 10 years after the first emergence of
SARS-CoV, a man in Saudi Arabia died of acute
pneumonia and renal failure by A novel coronavirus,
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
(MERS-CoV).
At that time, MERS-CoV was the sixth human
coronavirus identified.
MERS is a highly lethal respiratory disease and had
a higher case fatality rate than SARS .It caused
large nosocomial outbreaks in Jeddah,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Moreover, MERS-CoV-specific antigens
were detected in camel serum samples collected in
1983 ,suggesting that MERS-CoV was present
in camels at least 30 years ago.
18. WHY CHINA?
several bat CoVs caused outbreaks in China; it is thus
urgent to study the reasons to avoid future
outbreaks.
China is the third largest territory and is also the most
populous nation in the world.
A vast homeland plus diverse climates bring about great
biodiversity including that of bats and bat-borne
viruses.
19. WHY CHINA?
The majority of the CoVs can be
found in China.
most of the bat hosts of these CoVs
live near humans, potentially
transmitting viruses to humans and
livestock.
Chinese food culture maintains
that live slaughtered animals are
more nutritious, and this
belief may enhance viral
transmission.
20. Coronavirus Species Abbreviations Human Bats Other Animals Reported in China
Bat coronavirus HKU10 BtCoV-HKU10 Yes Yes [7,8,26,27]
α-CoV
Bat coronavirus CDPHE15 BtCoV-CDPHE15 Yes No
Rhinolophus
ferrumequinum alphacoronavi
rus HuB-2013
BtRfCoV-HuB13 Yes Yes [8]
* Human coronavirus 229E HCoV-229E Yes Yes [28,29]
Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus LRNV Yes (rat) Yes [30]
Ferret coronavirus FRCoV Yes (ferret) No [31]
* Mink coronavirus 1 MCoV Yes (mink) No [14]
Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1 BtMiCoV-1 Yes Yes [7,8,32,33,34,35,36,37]
Miniopterus bat coronavirus
HKU8
BtMiCoV-HKU8 Yes
Yes
[7,8,33,34,35,37,38,39,40,41]
Myotis
ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-
2011
BtMy-Sax11 Yes Yes [8,37]
Nyctalus
velutinus alphacoronavirus
SC-2013
BtNy-Sc13 Yes Yes [8]
* Porcine epidemic diarrhea
virus
PEDV Yes (pig) Yes [42]
Scotophilus bat coronavirus
512
BtScCoV-512 Yes Yes [37]
* Rhinolophus bat
coronavirus HKU2 (SADS)
BtRhCoV-HKU2 Yes Yes Yes [2,7,8,38,43,44,45]
* Human coronavirus NL63 HCoV-NL63 Yes Yes [28,29]
NL63-related bat coronavirus
strain BtKYNL63-9b
BtKYNL63 Yes No [24]
* Alphacoronavirus 1
(Transmissible gastroenteritis
virus)
TGEV Yes (pig) Yes [42]
22. LINKING BATS TO CORONAVIRUSES
Bat are the only mammals with the capability of powered
flight, which enables them to have
a longer range of migration compared to land mammals.
bats were linked to a few highly pathogenic human diseases,
Some of these well characterized bat viruses, including:
bat lyssaviruses (Rabies virus)
henipaviruses (Nipah virus and Hendra virus)
(SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SADS-CoV)
filoviruses (Marburgvirus, Ebola virus, and Mengla virus)
all these pose a great threat to human health
23. VIROLOGY OF SARS- AND MERS-COV
Coronaviruses are spherical, enveloped,
positive-sense, single-stranded RNA
viruses
SARS- and MERS-CoV transcribe 12 and 9
subgenomic RNAs, respectively,
which encode for:
the spike (S).
envelope (E).
membrane (M).
nucleocapsid (N).
24. VIROLOGY OF SARS- AND MERS-COV
the spike (S) facilitates
host cell attachment to
angiotensin converting
enzyme (ACE)-2 receptors
for SARS-CoV .
the spike (S) in MERS-
CoV facilitates host cell
attachment to dipeptidyl
peptidase
(DPP)-4 receptors.
The N protein
encapsulates the viral
genome to form the helical
nucleocapsid.
27. SARS AND MERS: EPIDEMIOLOGY
Both viruses infect the lower airways and cause
severe respiratory syndromes in humans.
Animal-to-human transmission likely occurs
following direct contact with intermediate hosts.
During the 2003–2004 SARS epidemic, there
were 8096 cases and 774 deaths were reported from
26 countries with no cases reported since .
Human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV
occurred primarily in healthcare settings with
healthcare workers comprising 22% and 40% of
reported cases in China and Canada, respectively .
28. SARS AND MERS: EPIDEMIOLOGY
During 2012 MERS cases in Saudi Arabia
reached>2000 cases and >800 deaths and it
reported that the virus spread in 27 countries in
2020.
While most cases have been reported from the
Arabian Peninsula, an imported case to South
Korea in 2015 resulted in a large outbreak in
multiple healthcare facilities .
MERS and SARS transmission occurs primarily
in healthcare facilities and to a lesser degree
within households.
29.
30.
31. SARS- AND MERS-COV TRANSMISSION AND
MECHANISMS
OF DISEASE
SARS-CoV is transmitted by large
respiratory droplets and by contact with
infected
surfaces.
Epidemiologic data also support small
droplet airborne transmission of SARS-
CoV .
MERS-CoV is transmitted by large
respiratory droplets and by contact with
infected surfaces .
Viral shedding from the lower respiratory
tract may persist for weeks .
32. SARS AND MERS ILLNESS AND COMPLICATIONS
Following an average 5-day incubation
period, SARS-CoV infection presents
with :
fevers .
Chills.
dry cough.
headache.
malaise.
dyspnea which commonly followed by
watery diarrhea .
Age >60 years and pregnancy are
associated with severe disease
manifested by progressive respiratory
failure within 2 weeks of illness onset .
33. SARS AND MERS ILLNESS AND COMPLICATIONS
Initial symptoms of MERS-CoV infection include:
fever.
chills .
cough .
shortness of breath .
myalgia .
following a mean incubation period of 5 days.
Gastrointestinal symptoms, including vomiting and
diarrhea, occur in one third of patients .
MERS patients present with a rapidly progressing
pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation and
additional organ support with the first week of illness
.
34. SARS AND MERS: INFECTION CONTROL AND LAB
DIAGNOSIS
SARS is no longer circulating.
MERS should be suspected in individuals
with a febrile illness and an epidemiological risk factor .
Risk factors include travel to the Arabian Peninsula or contact with
a confirmed or suspected case within 14 days of symptom onset.
Confirmatory testing and infection control should be coordinated
through local or state health authorities.
MERS may be confirmed in designated public health laboratories by
RT-PCR testing of lower respiratory tract specimens .
Multiple other specimen types including upper respiratory tract
samples, serum, and stool should also be collected for testing.
Serologic testing can be used to evaluate for
suspected infection among individuals with no longer shedding
virus .
35. SARS AND MERS TREATMENT
There are currently no licensed therapeutics
or vaccines for SARS or MERS.
supportive care is the mainstay of treatment .
Renal replacement therapy is frequently
required in severe illness .
Empiric antibiotics are often administered
given potential for secondary bacterial
infection.
Ribavirin and pegylated alpha interferon
have been administered to MERS patients,
although effectiveness data is lacking .
37. THE EMERGENCE COVID-19.
The origin of the SARS-CoV-2 genome has been
linked to bats akin which is the host for the SARS-
CoV-1 and MERS-CoV viruses .
The SARS-CoV-2 whole-genome aligned with the
genomes of viruses (pangolins and Bat-CoV
RaTG13) with 96% similarity .
it suspected that in SARS-CoV-2 pangolins is the
natural reservoir.
38. THE EMERGENCE COVID-19. (THE LINK BETWEEN COVID-19
AND PANGILON )
The link between covid-19 and pangolin was
based on the analysis of the genome alignment
between SARS-CoV-2 and Pangolin-CoV
harbored in the lung tissue of two dead Malayan
pangolins .
the Pangolin-CoV’s whole genome had 91.02%
similarity with SARS-CoV-2 and 90.55%
similarity with Bat-CoV RaTG13 .
genomic analysis revealed that the S1 subunit
of Spike glycoprotein (S) was more closely
related to that of SARS-CoV-2 compared to
BaT-CoV RaTG13.
43. CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF COVID-19
Clinical presentation in adults Approximately 15% of
patients present with the symptom triad of fever,
cough, and dyspnea, and 90% present with more
than one symptom.
Some patients may be minimally symptomatic or
asymptomatic, while others may present with severe
pneumonia or complications such as acute
respiratory syndrome, septic shock, acute
myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism,
or multi-organ failure.
44. MOLECULAR TESTING OF COVID-19
Molecular testing is required to confirm the
diagnosis. Order a nucleic acid amplification test,
such as real-time reverse-transcription polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR).for SARS-CoV-2 in patients
with suspected infection whenever possible .
Tests should be performed according to guidance
issued by local health authorities and adhere to
appropriate biosafety practices.
45. WHO TO TEST
People with symptoms of new continuous cough, high temperature, or altered sense of smell/ taste.
People with acute respiratory infection, influenza-like illness, clinical or radiologic evidence of
pneumonia, or acute worsening of underlying respiratory illness, or fever without another cause (whether
presenting in primary or secondary care).
People with symptoms, even if they are mild
People who are asymptomatic and have been in close contact (less than 6 feet [2 meters] for a total of 15
minutes or more over a 24-hour period) with a person with documented infection.
People who are asymptomatic and have not been in close contact with a person with documented infection
only if required by a healthcare provider or public health official.
46. SEROLOGIC TESTING
Serology cannot be used as a standalone
diagnostic test for acute SARS-CoV-2
infections. However, it may be useful in
various settings (e.g, negative molecular
testing, diagnosing patients with late
presentation or prolonged symptoms,
serosurveillance studies).
47. RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
Antigen testing relies on direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 viral
proteins in nasal swabs and other respiratory specimens using a
lateral flow immunoassay.
Results are usually available in less than 30 minutes. While
antigen tests are substantially less sensitive than RT-PCR, they
offer the possibility of rapid, inexpensive, and early detection of
the most infectious cases in appropriate settings.
testing should occur within the first 5 to 7 days following the
onset of symptoms
48. INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL (IPC) FOR COVID-19
Infection prevention and control (IPC) is the practice of
preventing or stopping the spread of infections during
healthcare delivery in facilities like hospitals.
Outpatient clinics, dialysis centres, long-term care
facilities, or traditional practitioners. IPC is a critical part
of health system strengthening and must be a priority
to protect patients and healthcare workers.
49. INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL (IPC) FOR COVID-19 (PRIORITIES)
1- Rapid identification of suspect cases.
Screening/Triage at initial healthcare facility encounter and rapid implementation of source control.
Limiting the entry of healthcare workers and/or visitors with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.
2- Immediate isolation and referral for testing.
Group patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 separately.
Test all suspected patients for COVID-19.
3- Safe clinical management.
Immediate identification of inpatients and healthcare workers with suspected COVID-19.
4- Adherence to IPC practices.
Appropriate use of Personal protective equipment (PPE).
50. TREATMENT
Most people who become ill with COVID-19 will be able to recover at home.
For patients who recovering at home, there are some measures can help reduce symptoms:
They most take plenty of rest.
They most Stay well hydrated.
acetaminophen To reduce fever and ease aches and pains.
51. TREATMENT
For people hospitalized with COVID-19.
Remdesivir
In October 2020, the FDA approved the antiviral drug remdesivir to
treat COVID-19. Clinical trials suggest that in these patients,
remdesivir may modestly speed up recovery time.
Baricitinib in combination with remdesivir
In November 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued
an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the use of baricitinib in
combination with remdesivir in hospitalized adults and children 2
years and older who require respiratory support.
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The key reservoirs and mode of transmission of coronaviruses (suspected reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 are red encircled); only a and b coronaviruses have the ability toinfect humans, the consumption of infected animal as a source of food is the major cause of animal to human transmission of the virus and due to close contact with aninfected person, the virus is further transmitted to healthy persons. Dotted black arrow shows the possibility of viral transfer from bat whereas the solid black arrowrepresent the confirmed transfer.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2020.03.005
https://doi.org/10.3390/v11010059
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
Animal origins of human coronaviruses. Severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a new coronavirus that emerged through recombination ofbat SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs)20. The recombined virus infected civetsand humans and adapted to these hosts before causing the SARS epidemic42,62.Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) likely spilled over frombats to dromedary camels at least 30 years ago100 and since then has been prevalentin dromedary camels. HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 usually cause mild infections inimmunocompetent humans. Progenitors of these viruses have recently been foundin African bats133,134, and the camelids are likely intermediate hosts of HCoV-229E134,135.HCoV-OC43 and HKU1, both of which are also mostly harmless in humans, likelyoriginated in rodents. Recently, swine acute diarrhoea syndrome (SADS) emerged inpiglets. This disease is caused by a novel strain of Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2,named SADS coronavirus (SADS-CoV)34; there is no evidence of infection in humans.Solid arrows indicate confirmed data. Broken arrows indicate potential interspeciestransmission. Black arrows indicate infection in the intermediate animals, yellow arrowsindicate a mild infection in humans, and red arrows indicate a severe infection in humansor animals
Yi Y, Lagniton PNP, Ye S, Li E, Xu RH. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci. 2020 Mar 15;16(10):1753-1766. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45134. PMID: 32226295; PMCID: PMC7098028.
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https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030210
Fan, Y.; Zhao, K.; Shi, Z.-L.; Zhou, P. Bat Coronaviruses in China. Viruses 2019, 11, 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030210
https://doi.org/10.3390/v11030210
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DOI: 10.3390/v11010059
The N protein encapsidates the viralgenome to form the helical nucleocapsid.
MERS-CoV binds dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) onrespiratory epithelial cells and pneumocytes where it undergoes productive replication during a 2–14 days incubation period . Viral shedding from the lower respiratory tract may persist for weeks .
DOI: 10.3390/v11010059
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33803-9_5
Coronavirus: Update Related to the Current Outbreak of COVID-19 | SpringerLink
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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33803-9_5
Map of countries having at least one laboratory-confirmed human MERS-CoV case, 2012–2016. Darkershades indicate greater numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases. (B) Inset of Fig. 1A showing Gulf countries having at leastone laboratory-confirmed human MERS-CoV case. Darker shades indicate greater numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases.Data Source: World Health Organization
Patrick Dawson, Mamunur Rahman Malik, Faruque Parvez, and Stephen S. Morse.Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases.Mar 2019.174-192.http://doi.org/10.1089/vbz.2017.2191
1Global Distribution of Human Coronaviruses. (A) Green, blue, brown, and purple represent the global distribution of the NL63, HKU1, OC43, and 229E human coronaviruses, respectively. (B) Red and yellow represent the global distribution of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, respectively.
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