Several new viral respiratory tract infectious diseases with epidemic potential that threaten global health security have emerged in the past 15 years. A severe viral illness caused by a newly discovered coronavirus was first reported in the 2003. In 2003, WHO issued a worldwide alert for an unknown emerging illness, later named severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The disease caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) rapidly spread worldwide, Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with plus-stranded RNA genomes of 26-32 kb, the
largest contiguous RNA genomes in nature. Symptoms of SARS include: high fever, cough pneumonia, breathing difficulties headache, chills, muscle aches and sore throat. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), From November 2002 to July 2003 a total of 8098 patients, in 25 countries, were affected by the atypical pneumonia which resulted in 774 deaths globally. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a febrile respiratory illness
primarily transmitted by respiratory droplets or close personal contact. There are several laboratory tests used to detect SARS-CoV and other causes of respiratory illness. Many methods used in the treatment of viral infections have been only partially effective. For example, the standard treatment in HCV (with ribavirin and interferon-alpha) is effective in 50% of cases.
Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) exhibit positive single stranded RNA genome with enveloped nucleocapsid. Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae, originated from avian and mammalian species causes upper respiratory tract infection in humans by novel HCoVs viruses named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 but predominant species is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world. HCoV-HKU1 sp. is associated with chronic pulmonary disease, while HCoV-NL63 causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults, but most recent one was MERS-CoV, which caused acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as named by the World Health Organization. According to the recent world statistics report about the COVID-19 cases approx. 101,500 confirmed cases and 3,500 death cases appeared. And mostly, a case of infection with CoV was identified in Wuhan, China. Structurally viral genome constitutes of 2/3rd of replicase gene encoding ORFs regions and rest of the 1/3rd region of genome form the structural proteins. The aim of the study was to understand the viral genetic systems in order to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome and to know the fundamental mechanism during the viral replication, facilitating the development of antidotes against the virus.
The whole world is under the threatens of respiratory disease caused by infections of coronavirus. The latest threat to global health is the ongoing outbreak of the respiratory disease that was recently given the name Coronavirus Disease This article trying to focus on the current outbreak of and explores the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, and prevention and control of the novel coronavirus. The aim of this article to provide valid and reliable information and increasing awareness about the COVID 19. Sameer Pawar | Sayali Budhwant | Ketan Shinde | Ashwini Sable "COVID-19: A Scoping Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30567.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/30567/covid19-a-scoping-review/sameer-pawar
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
Corona viruses are a group of RNA viruses. In late December 2019, Patients with pneumonia with unknown etiology was get admitted in health care facilities in Wuhan, China, and resulted in a pandemic disease which affected more than 200 countries and responsible for 182,989 deaths world wide. The disease is officially named as Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19, by WHO on February 11, 2020 . COVID 19 is a potential zoonotic disease with low to moderate estimated 2 -5 mortality rate. Currently, there is no definite treatment for COVID 19 although some trials are under investigation. Hence, appropriate use of PPE, regular hand hygiene, Respiratory and cough etiquettes, social distancing are some key elements to prevent the spread of disease. Ms. Pabalpreet Kaur | Ms. Eenu | Ms. Pooja Jaswal | Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Sarin "The Outbreak of COVID-19: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30859.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30859/the-outbreak-of-covid19-an-overview/ms-pabalpreet-kaur
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid which is derived from the microalgae Haematococcuspluvialis. As well as being the most powerful antioxidant known to science, it also has potent anti-inflammatory properties. Naturalastaxanthin´s distinct advantage in comparison to other antioxidants, is its ability to span the entire lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, thus providing superior protection from the inside out. Natural astaxanthin has a strong ability to both balance and strengthen the immune system. This article reviews the current available scientific literature regarding the effect of astaxanthin from the algae Haematoccus pluvialis in Astashine capsules as a natural immune booster in covid-19 infections.
Human Coronaviruses (HCoV) exhibit positive single stranded RNA genome with enveloped nucleocapsid. Coronavirus belongs to the family Coronaviridae, originated from avian and mammalian species causes upper respiratory tract infection in humans by novel HCoVs viruses named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63 but predominant species is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world. HCoV-HKU1 sp. is associated with chronic pulmonary disease, while HCoV-NL63 causes upper and lower respiratory tract disease in both children and adults, but most recent one was MERS-CoV, which caused acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain that causes the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) as named by the World Health Organization. According to the recent world statistics report about the COVID-19 cases approx. 101,500 confirmed cases and 3,500 death cases appeared. And mostly, a case of infection with CoV was identified in Wuhan, China. Structurally viral genome constitutes of 2/3rd of replicase gene encoding ORFs regions and rest of the 1/3rd region of genome form the structural proteins. The aim of the study was to understand the viral genetic systems in order to facilitate the genetic manipulation of the viral genome and to know the fundamental mechanism during the viral replication, facilitating the development of antidotes against the virus.
The whole world is under the threatens of respiratory disease caused by infections of coronavirus. The latest threat to global health is the ongoing outbreak of the respiratory disease that was recently given the name Coronavirus Disease This article trying to focus on the current outbreak of and explores the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, and prevention and control of the novel coronavirus. The aim of this article to provide valid and reliable information and increasing awareness about the COVID 19. Sameer Pawar | Sayali Budhwant | Ketan Shinde | Ashwini Sable "COVID-19: A Scoping Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30567.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/30567/covid19-a-scoping-review/sameer-pawar
Hundred samples viz. urine, blood, wound, pus and sputum collected from different patients were found to harbour Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (27%) with a maximum isolation from wound samples (33.33%) and minimum from blood samples (11.11%). The degree of resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to different antibiotics like Ceftazidime (30µg), Amikacin (30µg), Imipenem (10µg), Ciprofloxacin (30µg), Tetracycline (30µg), Gentamicin (10µg), Norfloxacin (10µg), Penicillin (30µg), Chloramphenicol (30µg), and Ofloxacin (5µg) varied from 56% to 100%. Antiseptics i.e. Betadine and Dettol were found to be more effective against the MDR strain of P. aeruginosa at the dilutions of 10-1 and 10-2. Duration of the disease and hospitalization duration, evaluated as risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were found to be statistically significant while age and gender were found to be statistically non- significant. The incidence of multidrug resistance of P. aeruginosa is increasing fast due to the frequent use of antibiotics and antiseptics, which are used extensively in hospitals and healthcare centers, therefore it is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Key-words- Antibiotic, Antiseptic, Betadine and Dettol, Disinfectants, P. aeruginosa
Corona viruses are a group of RNA viruses. In late December 2019, Patients with pneumonia with unknown etiology was get admitted in health care facilities in Wuhan, China, and resulted in a pandemic disease which affected more than 200 countries and responsible for 182,989 deaths world wide. The disease is officially named as Coronavirus Disease 2019 COVID 19, by WHO on February 11, 2020 . COVID 19 is a potential zoonotic disease with low to moderate estimated 2 -5 mortality rate. Currently, there is no definite treatment for COVID 19 although some trials are under investigation. Hence, appropriate use of PPE, regular hand hygiene, Respiratory and cough etiquettes, social distancing are some key elements to prevent the spread of disease. Ms. Pabalpreet Kaur | Ms. Eenu | Ms. Pooja Jaswal | Dr. (Mrs.) Jyoti Sarin "The Outbreak of COVID-19: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30859.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/30859/the-outbreak-of-covid19-an-overview/ms-pabalpreet-kaur
Astaxanthin is a naturally occurring carotenoid which is derived from the microalgae Haematococcuspluvialis. As well as being the most powerful antioxidant known to science, it also has potent anti-inflammatory properties. Naturalastaxanthin´s distinct advantage in comparison to other antioxidants, is its ability to span the entire lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, thus providing superior protection from the inside out. Natural astaxanthin has a strong ability to both balance and strengthen the immune system. This article reviews the current available scientific literature regarding the effect of astaxanthin from the algae Haematoccus pluvialis in Astashine capsules as a natural immune booster in covid-19 infections.
COVID 19, otherwise called coronavirus sickness 2019, is a respiratory disease brought about by extreme intense respiratory condition coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 . Fever is the most common symptom shown by Covid19 and other typical reactions consolidate hack, loss of yearning, depletion, curtness of breath, sputum creation, and muscle and joint pains. Transmission basically occurs through direct contact with infected person via mouth while speaking or coming in contact with spoiled surfaces. The First case of covid 19 was followed back to the city of wuhan, china, in late november 2019, which became serious in december. CoVs are encompassed, positive abandoned RNA infections with nucleocapsid. The agonizing time span for COVID 19 regions from 2– 14 days, with a typical of 5 days, There is no particular antiviral treatment for COVID 19 as of now, and no antibody is right now accessible for which prevention becomes major role in reducing the spread. The Bacille Calmette Guerin BCG antibody, principally utilized for the counteraction of tuberculosis, is being assessed for the avoidance of COVID 1 and Clinical preliminaries are in progress to assess its proficiency against SARS CoV 2 and several pertinent studies and ongoing trials are in process. Roselin Khaklary | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal K Chandrul "Review on Corona Virus 2K19 Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31805.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/31805/review-on-corona-virus-2k19-pandemic/roselin-khaklary
Corona virus was first identified as the cause of the common cold in 1960. In one study carried out in Canada in 2001, more than 510 patients presented with flu-like symptoms. Virological analyses showed that 3.7% of these cases were positive for the HCoV-NL63 strain by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Until 2002, the corona virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus; however, an outbreak in 2002–2003 in the Guangdong province in China, which resulted in spread to many other countries, encompassing Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Hong Kong Singapore, and the United States of America, causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and high mortality rates in over 1000 -1100 patients.
Recent updates of noble Corona Virus and Vaccine formulation under process by Dr. SS Vasan, He working on this virus at Jeff Richardson of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, one of the teams backed by funding from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (Cepi).
Coronavirus Information Guide | Presentation Deck | SlideUpLiftSlideUpLift
Download the Coronavirus Information Guide- https://bit.ly/3kXcDdx
This information deck explains Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in detail. This content deck can be used for giving detailed sessions on COVID-19 to the employees. In brief, the deck explains that Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered family of coronavirus. It is believed that coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged from a bat-borne virus.
The first-ever case of this deadly virus was detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It is said to have spread through a wholesale food market in Wuhan, where humans must have contracted the disease after coming in contact with the infected bat's species. This highly contagious virus spreads from one (infected) person to another, and within six months, WHO announced the COVID-19 outbreak- a pandemic.
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop severe illness. The usual symptoms of this virus are fever, cough, breathing issues, body aches, and in some cases, other diseases accompany it. The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. COVID-19 is a form of respiratory illness, and it gradually attacks the lungs if not taken immediate measures to control it. The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it spreads. To protect oneself from this infection, you must thoroughly wash your hands or use an alcohol-based rub frequently and not touch one's face. Always wear a face mask. By taking these strict measures, we can slowly but gradually control the spread of COVID-19.
A review of literature covering current knowledge areas about pathophysiology and progression of CoVid-19 in humans. I gave a day to day disease account along with serum markers and clinical condition of patients. My objectives are: Appreciate the background knowledge about CoVid-19 in most recent literature.
Explain the progression of CoVid-19 disease in a human body based on current literature.
Correlate the known risk factors for adverse outcomes with pathogenesis of CoVid-19.
Describe the pharmacologic mechanisms being used to halt disease progression and prevent adverse outcomes.
This is a presentation for all the people who are unaware about COVID-19.
COVID-19 = Corona Virus Disease 2019. Please like and share my presentation.
Presentation by:-
C. S. Nelson
VI - E
D.A.V Boys Senior Secondary School.
D.A.V Group of School.
Research often spend a considerable amount of time searching for published papers and articles relevant to their interest, dissertation and research work. A recommender engine is a tool, a means to answer the question. “What are the best recommendations for a user?” Using trust in social networks provides a promising approach to make recommendations to other user based on trust propagation in finding research papers or research papers of a friend/research with similar interests. However, current recommendation algorithms are based on user-item rating. A collaborative filtering based research paper recommender system is proposed here with User and Item Based collaborative filtering approach to implement a recommender system for Research Paper.
COVID 19, otherwise called coronavirus sickness 2019, is a respiratory disease brought about by extreme intense respiratory condition coronavirus 2 SARS CoV 2 . Fever is the most common symptom shown by Covid19 and other typical reactions consolidate hack, loss of yearning, depletion, curtness of breath, sputum creation, and muscle and joint pains. Transmission basically occurs through direct contact with infected person via mouth while speaking or coming in contact with spoiled surfaces. The First case of covid 19 was followed back to the city of wuhan, china, in late november 2019, which became serious in december. CoVs are encompassed, positive abandoned RNA infections with nucleocapsid. The agonizing time span for COVID 19 regions from 2– 14 days, with a typical of 5 days, There is no particular antiviral treatment for COVID 19 as of now, and no antibody is right now accessible for which prevention becomes major role in reducing the spread. The Bacille Calmette Guerin BCG antibody, principally utilized for the counteraction of tuberculosis, is being assessed for the avoidance of COVID 1 and Clinical preliminaries are in progress to assess its proficiency against SARS CoV 2 and several pertinent studies and ongoing trials are in process. Roselin Khaklary | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal K Chandrul "Review on Corona Virus 2K19 Pandemic" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31805.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/31805/review-on-corona-virus-2k19-pandemic/roselin-khaklary
Corona virus was first identified as the cause of the common cold in 1960. In one study carried out in Canada in 2001, more than 510 patients presented with flu-like symptoms. Virological analyses showed that 3.7% of these cases were positive for the HCoV-NL63 strain by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Until 2002, the corona virus was considered a relatively simple, nonfatal virus; however, an outbreak in 2002–2003 in the Guangdong province in China, which resulted in spread to many other countries, encompassing Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Hong Kong Singapore, and the United States of America, causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and high mortality rates in over 1000 -1100 patients.
Recent updates of noble Corona Virus and Vaccine formulation under process by Dr. SS Vasan, He working on this virus at Jeff Richardson of Inovio Pharmaceuticals, one of the teams backed by funding from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (Cepi).
Coronavirus Information Guide | Presentation Deck | SlideUpLiftSlideUpLift
Download the Coronavirus Information Guide- https://bit.ly/3kXcDdx
This information deck explains Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in detail. This content deck can be used for giving detailed sessions on COVID-19 to the employees. In brief, the deck explains that Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered family of coronavirus. It is believed that coronavirus (COVID-19) emerged from a bat-borne virus.
The first-ever case of this deadly virus was detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It is said to have spread through a wholesale food market in Wuhan, where humans must have contracted the disease after coming in contact with the infected bat's species. This highly contagious virus spreads from one (infected) person to another, and within six months, WHO announced the COVID-19 outbreak- a pandemic.
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop severe illness. The usual symptoms of this virus are fever, cough, breathing issues, body aches, and in some cases, other diseases accompany it. The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. COVID-19 is a form of respiratory illness, and it gradually attacks the lungs if not taken immediate measures to control it. The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes, and how it spreads. To protect oneself from this infection, you must thoroughly wash your hands or use an alcohol-based rub frequently and not touch one's face. Always wear a face mask. By taking these strict measures, we can slowly but gradually control the spread of COVID-19.
A review of literature covering current knowledge areas about pathophysiology and progression of CoVid-19 in humans. I gave a day to day disease account along with serum markers and clinical condition of patients. My objectives are: Appreciate the background knowledge about CoVid-19 in most recent literature.
Explain the progression of CoVid-19 disease in a human body based on current literature.
Correlate the known risk factors for adverse outcomes with pathogenesis of CoVid-19.
Describe the pharmacologic mechanisms being used to halt disease progression and prevent adverse outcomes.
This is a presentation for all the people who are unaware about COVID-19.
COVID-19 = Corona Virus Disease 2019. Please like and share my presentation.
Presentation by:-
C. S. Nelson
VI - E
D.A.V Boys Senior Secondary School.
D.A.V Group of School.
Research often spend a considerable amount of time searching for published papers and articles relevant to their interest, dissertation and research work. A recommender engine is a tool, a means to answer the question. “What are the best recommendations for a user?” Using trust in social networks provides a promising approach to make recommendations to other user based on trust propagation in finding research papers or research papers of a friend/research with similar interests. However, current recommendation algorithms are based on user-item rating. A collaborative filtering based research paper recommender system is proposed here with User and Item Based collaborative filtering approach to implement a recommender system for Research Paper.
Symposium presentation by Dr Greer Bennett, Hunter Institute of Mental Health, for the Society of Mental Health Research Conference 2016.
For more information visit www.himh.org.au
SubSift: a novel application of the vector space model to support the academi...Simon Price
Paper presentation at the Workshop on Applications of Pattern Analysis, August 2011, Windsor. SubSift matches submitted conference or journal papers to potential peer reviewers based on the similarity between the paper's abstract and the reviewer's publications as found in online bibliographic databases such as Google Scholar. Using concepts from information retrieval including a bag-of-words representation and cosine similarity, the SubSift tools were originally created to streamline the peer review process for the ACM SIGKDD'09 data mining conference. This paper describes how these tools were subsequently developed and deployed in the form of web services designed to support not only peer review but also personalised data discovery and mashups. SubSift has already been used by several major data mining conferences and interesting applications in other fields are now emerging.
Bio303 Lecture 2 Two Old Enemies, TB and LeprosyMark Pallen
In this lecture I will focusing on another of the most serious infectious threats to humanity, tuberculosis, outlining its evolutionary origins, impact on human health and wealth and the steps taken to control and treat this infection. I will also discuss a related mycobacterial infection, leprosy and recent progress in its control.
Hypotheses and its types
Theoretical framework vs. Conceptual Framework
Scope and Limitations
Limitations vs. Delimitations
Kinds of Variables
Assumptions
Definition of Terms
corona is a pandemic disease in the world so many people are died because of this disease, it's not coming in a particular structure. it's having a different type of structure . how to prevent this disease maintain social distance, maintain hand hygiene, wear masks .nowady vaccines are available covishield ,covaxin, Pfizer, sputnik vaccine etc...this mainly helpful to prevent the corona
COVID-19 is a new strain of Coronaviruses virus declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. While the majority of patients with COVID-19 typically have characteristic respiratory presentations subsequently
COVID-19 is a new strain of Coronaviruses virus declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. While the majority of patients with COVID-19 typically have characteristic respiratory presentations subsequently
COVID-19 is a new strain of Coronaviruses virus declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. While the majority of patients with COVID-19 typically have characteristic respiratory presentations subsequently
COVID-19 is a new strain of Coronaviruses virus declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. While the majority of patients with COVID-19 typically have characteristic respiratory presentations subsequently
COVID-19 is a new strain of Coronaviruses virus declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. While the majority of patients with COVID-19 typically have characteristic respiratory presentations subsequently
COVID-19 is a new strain of Coronaviruses virus declared by the World Health ...semualkaira
COVID-19 is a new strain of Coronaviruses virus declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. While the majority of patients with COVID-19 typically have characteristic respiratory presentations subsequently
COVID-19 is a new strain of Coronaviruses virus declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. While the majority of patients with COVID-19 typically have characteristic respiratory presentations subsequently
COVID-19 is a new strain of Coronaviruses virus declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic on March 11th, 2020. While the majority of patients with COVID-19 typically have characteristic respiratory presentations subsequently
A Brief Review on Covid 19 by Treatment of Ayurvedaijtsrd
In December 2019 in Wuhan, China the pneumonia caused by novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 is a highly contagious disease. The World Health Organization WHO has declared the current rash as a global public health emergency. Currently, the research on novel coronavirus is immobile in the primary stage. Created on the recent published evidence, In this review systematically summarizes the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of knowledge surrounding COVID 19 also the ayurvedic treatments are placed. In this literature review, the causative agent, pathogenesis and immune responses, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and management of the disease, control and preventions strategies are all reviewed. This review in the anticipation of helping the public effectively recognize and deal with the 2019 novel coronavirus SARS CoV 2 , also providing a reference for future studies. Sneha. H. Salunkhe | Pooja. A. Petkar | Monali Lalge | Nilesh Bhosale "A Brief Review on Covid 19 by Treatment of Ayurveda" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31574.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacoinformatics/31574/a-brief-review-on-covid-19-by-treatment-of-ayurveda/sneha-h-salunkhe
all details explain about corona virus
corona virus slide
covid19 pandemic
epidemiology
pathogenesis
oral pathology
medicine
history
introduction
outbreak
prevent
drugs
test
steps taken by govt
In contrast, the highly pathogenic
hCoVs (pathogenic hCoVor hCoV
hereafter) infect the lower respiratory
tract and cause severe pneumonia,
which sometimes leads to fatal acute
lung injury (ALI) and acute respira- tory
distress syndrome (ARDS), resulting in
high morbidity and mortality [
Similar to 3.novel emerging infections sars cov (20)
Meningococcal disease is a severe illness with high case fatality (5-10%) and frequent sequelae. Meningococcal meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the meningitis belt. Meningococcal disease is a major public health challenge in countries of sub-Saharan Africa lying in the meningitis belt. Human infections caused by meningococcal (Neisseria meningitidis) remain a serious health problem, infecting 500,000 to 1.2 million people and killing between 50,000 and 135,000 per year worldwide. The causative agent, Neisseria meningitidis normally lives in a commensal relationship with humans, colonizing the nasopharynx, and is transmitted between healthy persons by close contact. The most common symptoms are a stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, headaches and vomiting. Low meningitis thresholds improve timely detection of epidemics. The diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, Gram stain, polymerase chain reaction, culture of cerebrospinal fluid. Meningococcal disease can be treated with a number of effective antibiotics. It is important that treatment be started as soon as possible. If meningococcal disease is suspected, antibiotics are given right away. Antibiotics effective for this purpose include rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or azithromycin. Currently available meningococcal vaccines include polysaccharide vaccines against serogroups A, C, W135 & Y and newer protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against serogroup C. This review covers key aspects of the pathogenesis and management of meningococcal disease, as well as the very recent developments in disease epidemiology, outbreaks, and the evolution of meningococcal immunizations.
5. swine flu influenza viruses a (h1 n1)Suresh Rewar
Flu viruses have mainly affected humans, birds and pigs worldwide. Influenza A viruses is highly infectious respiratory pathogens that can infect many species. The swine flu H1N1 reassorted subtype caused the first global pandemic in last 40 years, resulting in substantial illness, hospitalizations of millions of peoples and thousands of deaths throughout the world. There is no direct evidence that the reassortment events culminating in the 1918, 1957 or 1968 pandemic influenza viruses originated from pigs. Genetic reassortment among avian, human and/or swine influenza virus gene segments has occurred in pigs and some novel reassortant swine viruses have been transmitted to humans. The WHO declared the H1N1 pandemic on June 11, 2009, after more than 70 countries reported 30000 cases of H1N1 infection. Pandemic (H1N1) influenza most commonly causes a self-limited illness; however, significant morbidity and mortality were reported in the young, the obese and in pregnant women. The CDC recommends real time PCR as the method of choice for diagnosing H1N1. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the use of Oseltamivir
(Tamiflu) or Zanamivir (Relenza) for the treatment. The drugs of choice for treatment and prophylaxis of pandemic (H1N1) influenza are the neuraminidase inhibitors, Oseltamivir and Zanamivir. In this review, a brief overview on swine flu is presented highlighting the characteristics of the causative virus, the disease and its public health consequences, advances made in its diagnosis, vaccine and control to be adapted in the wake of an outbreak.
4. post traumatic stress disorder (ptsd) an overviewSuresh Rewar
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex mental disorder with psychological and emotional components, caused by exposure to single or repeated extreme traumatic events found in war, terrorist attacks, natural or man-caused disasters, and by violent personal assaults and accidents. In recent years, armed conflicts in the Middle East have resulted in high rates of exposure to traumatic events. Despite the increasing demand of mental health care provision, ongoing violence limits conventional approaches of mental health care provision. Internet-based interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have proved feasible and effective in Western countries, but their applicability and efficacy in war and conflict regions remains unknown. Despite clinical studies and improved understanding of the mechanisms of cellular damage, prevention and treatment strategies for patients with PTSD remain unsatisfactory. Posttraumatic stress disorder is a prevalent mental health problem associated with substantial psychiatric morbidity. To develop an improved plan for treating and impeding progression of PTSD, it is important to identify underlying biochemical
changes that may play key role in the initiation and progression of these disorders.
1. transmission of ebola virus disease an overviewSuresh Rewar
Ebola is a viral illness of which the initial symptoms can include a sudden fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and a sore throat, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). Airborne transmission of Ebola virus has been hypothesized but not demonstrated in humans. Ebola is not spread through the air or by water, or in general, by food. However, in Africa, Ebola may be spread as a result of handling bushmeat (wild animals hunted for food) and contact with infected bats. The disease infects
humans through close contact with infected animals, including chimpanzees, fruit bats, and forest antelope. Ebola virus can be transmitted by direct contact with blood, bodily fluids, or skin of patients with or who died of Ebola virus disease. As of late October 2014, the World Health Organization reported 13,567 suspected cases and 4922 deaths, although the agency believes that this substantially understates the magnitude of the outbreak. Experimental vaccines and treatments for Ebola are under development, but they have not yet been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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Rewar. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
NOVEL EMERGING INFECTIONS: SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY
SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS (SARS-COV)
Suresh Rewar*
Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur, Rajasthan,
ABSTRACT
Several new viral respiratory tract infectious diseases with epidemic
potential that threaten global health security have emerged in the past
15 years. A severe viral illness caused by a newly discovered
coronavirus was first reported in the 2003. In 2003, WHO issued a
worldwide alert for an unknown emerging illness, later named severe
acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). The disease caused by a novel
coronavirus (SARS-CoV) rapidly spread worldwide, Coronaviruses are
enveloped viruses with plus-stranded RNA genomes of 26-32 kb, the
largest contiguous RNA genomes in nature. Symptoms of SARS
include: high fever, cough pneumonia, breathing difficulties headache,
chills, muscle aches and sore throat. According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), From November 2002 to July 2003 a total of
8098 patients, in 25 countries, were affected by the atypical pneumonia which resulted in 774
deaths globally. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a febrile respiratory illness
primarily transmitted by respiratory droplets or close personal contact. There are several
laboratory tests used to detect SARS-CoV and other causes of respiratory illness. Many
methods used in the treatment of viral infections have been only partially effective. For
example, the standard treatment in HCV (with ribavirin and interferon-alpha) is effective in
50% of cases.
KEYWORDS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Coronaviruses; Transmission; Treatment.
INTRODUCTION
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is an emerging, sometimes fatal, respiratory
illness. The first identified cases occurred in China in late 2002, and the disease has now
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
SJIF Impact Factor 5.990
Volume 4, Issue 5, 2450-2462. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
Article Received on
17 March 2015,
Revised on 07 April 2015,
Accepted on 28 April 2015
*Correspondence for
Author
Suresh Rewar
Department of
Pharmaceutics, Rajasthan
University of Health
Sciences, Jaipur,
Rajasthan.
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Rewar. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
spread throughout the world. On 11 February 2003 China reported to the WHO that 305 cases
of a typical pneumonia of unknown etiology had been identified in Guangdong Province
since 16 November 2002, and that five people had died.[1]
The emergence of newly human
viral diseases affecting the respiratory tract continues to threaten global public health
security[2]
By the 15th
of March the disease was named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(SARS)[3-5]
and by the 27th of March the causative agent was identified as a completely novel
coronavirus, termed SARS-CoV[6-8]
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV have clear zoonotic origins,
although their exact paths from animal reservoir to human infection are not yet clear. Viruses
with high nucleotide identity to SARS-CoV were found in key amplifying hosts such as palm
civets and raccoon dogs in Guangdong Province China during the 2002–2003 SARS
epidemics [9]
Identified highly conserved viruses circulating in horseshoe bats, including
some strains that are able to bind to, and infect, human cells. The existence of novel bat
SARS-like coronaviruses that also use bat, civet and human angiotensin 1 converting enzyme
2 (ACE2) receptors for entry, such as SARS-CoV, strongly suggests an opportunity for
further zoonotic disease outbreaks in human and animal populations [10-13]
SARS causes an
atypical pneumonia characterized by cough, fever and infiltrates with a ground-glass
appearance on X-ray [14-15]
Early-stage disease was characterized by acute DAD, with
oedema, fibrin and hyaline membranes in the alveolar spaces, typical of ALI [16]
Other
patients predominantly showed an acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia pattern or a
mixture of the two patterns [17-18]
Longer-term disease courses typically progressed to
organizing phase DAD and eventual deposition of fibrous tissue. Autopsy of fatal SARS-
CoV cases also revealed denuded airways, haemorrhage and increased macrophage
populations in the lung [19-20]
During the SARS epidemic, researchers noted that late-term
disease progression was unrelated to viraemia but was more likely to be associated with
immunopathological damage.[21]
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory illness that was first reported
in Asia in February 2003. Over the next few months, the illness spread to more than two
dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe and Asia. According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), From November 2002 to July 2003 a total of 8098 patients, in
25 countries, were affected by the atypical pneumonia which resulted in 774 deaths globally.
The mortality rates were drastically increased in certain population [22]
and age [23]
groups to
as high as 40%–55%. Further local outbreaks were reported in Singapore, Taiwan and
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Beijing from accidental laboratory exposure and animal to human transmission in Guangzhou
in late 2003 and early 2004.[24]
This was directly related to the lifting of a ban on serving
palm civets in wet markets and restaurants, which was implemented during the SARS
outbreak.[25]
As of 4 December 2012, nine laboratory-confirmed cases of severe pneumonia
caused by the novel coronavirus have been reported to WHO. Five of the nine cases were
fatal. Onset of disease was from April to October 2012; all cases were resident in Saudi
Arabia, Qatar or Jordan during the presumed 10 days incubation period.[26]
In November
2002, cases of a highly contagious and severe atypical pneumonia were noted in the
Guangdong Province of southern China. The condition appeared to be particularly prevalent
among healthcare workers and members of their household. Many cases were rapidly fatal.
During the first week of February there was growing concern among the public about a
mysterious respiratory illness, which apparently had a very high mortality and which caused
death within hours.[27]
The most significant recent epidemiological development is the
retrospective identification of novel coronavirus in preserved biological samples from two
fatal cases of severe pneumonia in Jordan in April 2012. The two cases were part of a cluster
of eleven cases with respiratory symptoms linked in time and space to a hospital near
Amman, Jordan. Eight of the cases in the cluster were healthcare workers. The two confirmed
cases were reported on 30 November 2012 through the Event Information Site for
International Health Regulation Focal Points and in a WHO press statement.[26]
VIROLOGY
Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect and cause disease in a wide variety of species, including bats,
birds, cats, dogs, pigs, mice, horses, whales, and humans.[28]
Recent studies suggest that bats
act as a natural reservoir for coronaviruses.[29]
Coronaviruses (CoV) are found in a wide
variety of animals in which they can cause respiratory, enteric, hepatic, and neurological
diseases of varying severity. As a result of the unique mechanism of viral replication, CoV
have a high frequency of recombination.[10]
Until 2003, only two Coronaviruses were known
to infect humans. Human Coronaviruses (HCoVs) HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 were
identified in the 1960s as the causative agents’ of-generally mild-respiratory illnesses.[30-31]
In
2002 to 2003, a previously unknown coronavirus-severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused a widespread outbreak of respiratory disease in humans,
resulting in approximately 800 deaths and affecting around 30 countries.[32-33]
Coronaviruses
are enveloped viruses with plus-stranded RNA genomes of 26-32 kb, the largest contiguous
RNA genomes in nature.[34-35]
They are classified in 3 groups: groups I and II (pathogenic
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viruses for mammals) and group III (poultry). Group I contains 2 prototypic human
pathogenic coronaviruses: human coronavirus (hCoV)-NL63 and hCoV-229E.[31, 36]
Human
pathogenic group II viruses include hCoV-HKU1 and hCoV-OC43.[37-38]
Another human
pathogenic coronavirus within a subgroup of group II (termed group IIb) is the severe acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus.[39-40]
Figure: 1. Novel SARS-CoV [41]
SYMPTOMS & COMPLICATIONS
Symptoms of SARS include: high fever (temperature greater than 38°C), which is often the
first symptom, cough pneumonia (lung infection or inflammation), breathing difficulties
(about 20% require artificial ventilation in an intensive care unit), headache, chills, muscle
aches, poor appetite, dizziness, diarrhoea (in 10 to 20% of patients) and sore throat.[3, 5, 42]
SARS presents as an atypical pneumonia [43-44]
with pneumocytes being the primary target of
infection. Infection results in haemorrhagic inflammation in most pulmonary alveoli with
alveolar thickening diffuse alveolar damage, desquamation of pneumocytes, formation of
hyaline membranes and multinucleated pneumocytes with capillary engorgement and
microthrombosis.[45]
Approximately 60% of patients deteriorated in the second week of
infection, presenting with persistent fever, dyspnoea and oxygen desaturation. Approximately
20%–30% of patients were subsequently admitted to intensive care, where mechanical
ventilation was necessary.[46]
A surprising finding with the SARS outbreak was that it was
not as great a threat to infants and children.[47]
Clinical presentation was less severe in infants
and no children aged between 1 and 12 required intensive care or mechanical
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ventilation.[48-49]
This is in sharp contrast to the age related burden of other respiratory
infections and the underlying biological mechanism remains unclear.[32]
TRANSMISSION
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a febrile respiratory illness primarily
transmitted by respiratory droplets or close personal contact. The fact that the majority of
new infections occurred in close contacts of patients, such as household members, healthcare
workers, or other patients who were not protected with contact or respiratory precautions,
indicates that the virus is predominantly spread by droplets or by direct and indirect
contact.[50]
The airborne spread of SARS does not seem to be a major route of transmission.
However, the apparent ease of transmission in some instances is of concern.[51]
Airborne
transmission of infectious agents refers to the transmission of disease caused by
dissemination of droplet nuclei that remain infectious when suspended in air over long
distance and time. Airborne transmission can be further categorized into obligate or
preferential airborne transmission.[52]
The transmission of SARS in the Metropole Hotel and
the Amoy Gardens has been attributed in part to environmental contamination, with a
possible animal vector19 contributing to the spread of the virus in the Amoy Gardens
outbreak. There has also been limited transmission associated with air travel.[53]
Figure 2: Emerging infectious diseases is influenced by the host-pathogen interaction
DIAGNOSIS
There are several laboratory tests used to detect SARS-CoV and other causes of respiratory
illness. Laboratory test results should always be considered with clinical observations and
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epidemiologic data in making a final diagnosis. Laboratory diagnostics are essential for
detecting and documenting a reappearance of SARS-CoV, responding to and managing
outbreaks, and managing concerns about SARS in patients with other respiratory illnesses.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): It can detect genetic material of the SARS-CoV in
various specimens like blood, stool, respiratory secretions or body tissues sampling for
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) diagnostic tests.[55-58]
ELISA (Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay): A test detecting a mixture of IgM and
IgG antibodies in the serum of SARS patients yields positive results reliably at around day 21
after the onset of illness.[55-56, 58]
IFA (Immunofluorescence Assay): A test detecting IgM antibodies in serum of SARS
patients yields positive results after about day 10 of illness. This test format is also used to
test for IgG. This is a reliable test requiring the use of fixed SARS virus on an
immunofluorescence microscope. Positive antibody test results indicate a previous infection
with SARS-CoV. Seroconversion from negative to positive or a fourfold rise in antibody titre
from acute to convalescent serum indicates recent infection.[55, 57-58]
Negative antibody test results: No detection of antibody after 21 days from onset of illness
seems to indicate that no infection with SARS-CoV took place. Patients with a negative
antibody test result whose specimens were obtained 28 days before illness onset or before
should have another serum specimen collected >28 days after onset of symptoms.[55, 57]
TREATMENT & PREVENTION
People who are thought to have SARS should be checked right away by a health care
provider. If they are suspected of having SARS, they should be kept isolated in the hospital.
Treatment may include [59]
:
Antiviral medications (although how well they work for SARS is unknown)
Antibiotics to treat bacteria that cause pneumonia
High doses of steroids to reduce swelling in the lungs
Oxygen, breathing support (mechanical ventilation), or chest therapy.
Antiviral therapy: Various antiviral agents were prescribed empirically from the outset of
the epidemic and their use was continued despite lack of evidence about their effectiveness.
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Ribavirin, a nucleoside analogue that has activity against a number of viruses in vitro, was
widely used for treating SARS patients after observing the lack of clinical response to broad-
spectrum antibiotics and Oseltamivir.[21, 60]
Antibiotic therapy: Antibacterial agents are routinely prescribed for SARS because its
presenting features are nonspecific and rapid laboratory tests that can reliably diagnose the
SARSCoV virus in the first few days of infection are not yet available.[61]
Protease inhibitor: Lopinavir-ritonavir co-formulation (Kaletra®, Abbott Laboratories,
USA) is a protease inhibitor preparation used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection. Many methods used in the treatment of viral infections have been only partially
effective. For example, the standard treatment in HCV (with ribavirin and interferon-alpha) is
effective in 50% of cases.[62]
Administration of convalescent plasma, serum, or hyperimmune
immunoglobulin may be of clinical benefit for treatment of severe acute respiratory infections
(SARIs) of viral etiology.[63]
Infection control measures in the home[64]
Hand hygiene: All persons in the household should carefully follow recommendations for
hand hygiene (i.e., hand washing with soap and water or use of an alcohol-based hand
rub) after touching body fluids (e.g., respiratory secretions, stool, urine, vomitus) and
potentially contaminated surfaces and materials.
Source control: Patients should cover the nose/mouth when coughing and dispose of
tissues in a lined waste container. If possible, the patient should wear a surgical mask
when others are present.
Gloves and other protective attire: Use of disposable gloves should be considered for any
direct contact with the body fluids of a patient with possible or known SARS-CoV
disease.
Laundry (e.g., bedding, towels and clothing): Towels and bedding should not be shared.
Dishes and other eating utensils: Objects used for eating should not be shared, but
separation of eating utensils for use by the SARS patient is not necessary.
CONCLUSION
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new infectious disease which was first
recognized in late February 2003. Respiratory viruses can cause a wide spectrum of
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pulmonary diseases, ranging from mild, upper respiratory tract infections to severe and life-
threatening lower respiratory tract infections. Mortality, initially believed to be around 3 %,
may well be as high as 15 %.The SARS coronavirus (SARS CoV) is predominantly spread in
droplets that are shed from the respiratory secretions of infected persons. Fecal or airborne
transmission seems to be less frequent. In the absence of effective drugs or a vaccine for
SARS, control of this disease relies on the rapid identification of cases and their appropriate
management, including the isolation of suspect and probable cases and the management of
their close contacts. In the great majority of countries, these measures have prevented
imported cases from spreading the disease to others. At present, the most efficacious
treatment regimen for SARS is still subject to debate. For patients with progressive
deterioration, intensive and supportive care is of primary importance. Immunomodulation by
steroid treatment may be important.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors reported no conflict of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content
and writing of the paper and no funding has been received on this work. Ethical Approval
was not required.
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